Øystein Kravdal

• Rindfuss R., D. Guilkey, S.P. Morgan, Ø. Kravdal (2010). Child care availability and fertility: Norway. Forthcoming in Population and Development Review
• Grundy E and Ø Kravdal. 2010. "Fertility history and cause-specific mortality: a register-based analysis of complete cohorts of Norwegian women and men." Social Science & Medicine  70: 1847-1857.
• Kravdal Ø. 2010. "Demographers’ interest in fertility trends and determinants in developed countries: Is it warranted?"  Demographic Research 22: 663-690.
• Steele, F., W.Sigle-Rushton and Ø. Kravdal. 2009. "Consequences of family disruption on children’s educational outcomes in Norway." Demography 46: 553-574.
• Kravdal,Ø. and R.R. Rindfuss. 2008. "Changing relationships between education and fertility – a study of women and men born 1940-64." American Sociological Review 73: 854-873
• Kravdal, Ø. 2008. "Does income inequality really influence individual mortality? Evidence from a ‘fixed-effects analysis’ where constant unobserved municipality characteristics are controlled." Demographic Research 18: 205-232.
• Kravdal, Ø. 2007. "Effects of Current Education on Second- and Third-Birth Rates Among Norwegian Women and Men Born in 1964: Substantive Interpretations and Methodological Issues." Demographic Research 17: 211-246.
• Kravdal, Ø. 2007. "A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway." Demography 44: 519-536
• DeRose, L.F., and Ø. Kravdal. (2007). "The effects of educational reversals on first births in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel perspective." Demography 44: 59-78.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2004). "Child mortality in India: the community-level effect of education." Population Studies 58: 177-192
• Kravdal, Ø. (2002). "Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects." Demography 39: 233-250.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2001) "The impact of marital status on cancer survival." Social Science and Medicine 52: 357-368.
• Kravdal, Ø (2001). "Has population growth restricted improvements in per capita food availability, 1970-1995." Population Studies 55: 105-117.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2000). "Social inequalities in cancer survival." Population Studies 54: 1-18

• Goisis, Alice; Håberg, Siri Eldevik; Hanevik, Hans Ivar; Magnus, Maria Christine & Kravdal, Øystein (2020). The demographics of assisted reproductive technology births in a Nordic country. Human Reproduction.  ISSN 0268-1161.  35(6), s 1441- 1450 . doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa055 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Study question: What are the socio-demographic characteristics of families in Norway who have children after assisted reproductive technology (ART), and have these characteristics changed over time? Summary answer: Parents who conceive through ART in Norway tend to be advantaged families, and their socio-demographic profile has not changed considerably over the period 1985-2014. What is known already: A small number of studies show that couples who conceive through ART tend to be socio-economically advantaged. Study design, size, duration: Norwegian Population Register, the Medical Birth Register and the national data bases were linked to study all live births in Norway between 1985 and 2014. Participants/materials, setting, methods: The sample consisted of 1 757 768 live births. Simple bivariate analyses were performed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of parents who conceived through ART and changes in these characteristics over the time period 1985-2014. We used linear probability models to estimate the association between parental income and giving birth after ART from 2000 to 2014, before and after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, education and area of residence. Main results and the role of chance: Parents conceiving through ART were more likely to be older, with the highest levels of income and education, and married. Their socio-demographic profiles did not change considerably during the period 1985-2014. In the unadjusted model, parents belonging to the top income quartile were 4.2 percentage points more likely (95% CI: 4.1 to 4.3) to have conceived through ART than parents who belonged to the bottom income quartile. Adjustment for maternal age only partially reduced the income disparities (for the top income quartile by 35% (β = 2.7 with 95% CI: 2.5 to 2.8)). Additional adjustment for maternal education, marital status and area of residence did not further attenuate the associations. Limitations, reasons for caution: The data does not enable us to tell whether the lower numbers of children conceived through ART amongst more disadvantaged individuals is caused by lower success rates with ART treatment, lower demand of ART services or barriers faced in access to ART. The study focuses on Norway, a context characterised by high subsidisation of ART services. Wider implications of the findings: Even though in Norway access to ART services is highly subsidised, the results highlight important and persisting social inequities in use of ART. The results also indicate that children born after ART grow up in resourceful environments, which will benefit their development and well-being.

• Kravdal, Øystein (2020). Are sibling models a suitable tool in analyses of how reproductive factors affect child mortality?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  42(28), s 777- 798 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.28 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2020). Effects of previous birth interval length on child outcomes can be estimated in a sibling analysis even when there are only two siblings. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.  ISSN 0269-5022.  s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1111/ppe.12732
• Kravdal, Øystein; Magnus, Per; Moum, Bjørn & Høivik, Marte Lie (2020). Association of Childbearing with a Short-Term Reduced Risk of Crohn Disease in Mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology.  ISSN 0002-9262.  189(4), s 294- 304 . doi: 10.1093/aje/kwz285 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Magnus, Per; Moum, Bjørn & Høivik, Marte Lie (2020). Childbearing is Associated with a Short-term Reduced Risk of Crohn’s Disease in Mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology.  ISSN 0002-9262.  189(4), s 294- 304 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz285 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Tverdal, Aage & Grundy, Emily (2020). The association between parity, CVD mortality and CVD risk factors among Norwegian women and men. European Journal of Public Health.  ISSN 1101-1262.  30(6), s 1133- 1139 . doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz235 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). Research note: What kind of individual-level effects of childbearing would we ideally be interested in learning about? The important distinction between expected, unexpected, varying and general effects. Journal of Population Research.  ISSN 1443-2447.  36(1), s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1007/s12546-018-9218-7 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.

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• Bergsvik, Janna; Lappegård, Trude & Kravdal, Øystein (2021). Couples in context: Understanding family dynamics in Norway.
• Hart, Rannveig Kaldager & Kravdal, Øystein (2020). Fallende fruktbarhet i Norge. Hva kan det skyldes og hva kan man gjøre med det hvis det oppfattes som et problem?. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). Individnivå-konsekvenser av lav fruktbarhet.

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