Øystein Kravdal

• Rindfuss R., D. Guilkey, S.P. Morgan, Ø. Kravdal (2010). Child care availability and fertility: Norway. Forthcoming in Population and Development Review
• Grundy E and Ø Kravdal. 2010. "Fertility history and cause-specific mortality: a register-based analysis of complete cohorts of Norwegian women and men." Social Science & Medicine  70: 1847-1857.
• Kravdal Ø. 2010. "Demographers’ interest in fertility trends and determinants in developed countries: Is it warranted?"  Demographic Research 22: 663-690.
• Steele, F., W.Sigle-Rushton and Ø. Kravdal. 2009. "Consequences of family disruption on children’s educational outcomes in Norway." Demography 46: 553-574.
• Kravdal,Ø. and R.R. Rindfuss. 2008. "Changing relationships between education and fertility – a study of women and men born 1940-64." American Sociological Review 73: 854-873
• Kravdal, Ø. 2008. "Does income inequality really influence individual mortality? Evidence from a ‘fixed-effects analysis’ where constant unobserved municipality characteristics are controlled." Demographic Research 18: 205-232.
• Kravdal, Ø. 2007. "Effects of Current Education on Second- and Third-Birth Rates Among Norwegian Women and Men Born in 1964: Substantive Interpretations and Methodological Issues." Demographic Research 17: 211-246.
• Kravdal, Ø. 2007. "A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway." Demography 44: 519-536
• DeRose, L.F., and Ø. Kravdal. (2007). "The effects of educational reversals on first births in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel perspective." Demography 44: 59-78.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2004). "Child mortality in India: the community-level effect of education." Population Studies 58: 177-192
• Kravdal, Ø. (2002). "Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects." Demography 39: 233-250.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2001) "The impact of marital status on cancer survival." Social Science and Medicine 52: 357-368.
• Kravdal, Ø (2001). "Has population growth restricted improvements in per capita food availability, 1970-1995." Population Studies 55: 105-117.
• Kravdal, Ø. (2000). "Social inequalities in cancer survival." Population Studies 54: 1-18

• Goisis, Alice; Håberg, Siri Eldevik; Hanevik, Hans Ivar; Magnus, Maria Christine & Kravdal, Øystein (2020). The demographics of assisted reproductive technology births in a Nordic country. Human Reproduction.  ISSN 0268-1161. . doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa055 Show summary

  Study question: What are the socio-demographic characteristics of families in Norway who have children after assisted reproductive technology (ART), and have these characteristics changed over time? Summary answer: Parents who conceive through ART in Norway tend to be advantaged families, and their socio-demographic profile has not changed considerably over the period 1985-2014. What is known already: A small number of studies show that couples who conceive through ART tend to be socio-economically advantaged. Study design, size, duration: Norwegian Population Register, the Medical Birth Register and the national data bases were linked to study all live births in Norway between 1985 and 2014. Participants/materials, setting, methods: The sample consisted of 1 757 768 live births. Simple bivariate analyses were performed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of parents who conceived through ART and changes in these characteristics over the time period 1985-2014. We used linear probability models to estimate the association between parental income and giving birth after ART from 2000 to 2014, before and after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, education and area of residence. Main results and the role of chance: Parents conceiving through ART were more likely to be older, with the highest levels of income and education, and married. Their socio-demographic profiles did not change considerably during the period 1985-2014. In the unadjusted model, parents belonging to the top income quartile were 4.2 percentage points more likely (95% CI: 4.1 to 4.3) to have conceived through ART than parents who belonged to the bottom income quartile. Adjustment for maternal age only partially reduced the income disparities (for the top income quartile by 35% (β = 2.7 with 95% CI: 2.5 to 2.8)). Additional adjustment for maternal education, marital status and area of residence did not further attenuate the associations. Limitations, reasons for caution: The data does not enable us to tell whether the lower numbers of children conceived through ART amongst more disadvantaged individuals is caused by lower success rates with ART treatment, lower demand of ART services or barriers faced in access to ART. The study focuses on Norway, a context characterised by high subsidisation of ART services. Wider implications of the findings: Even though in Norway access to ART services is highly subsidised, the results highlight important and persisting social inequities in use of ART. The results also indicate that children born after ART grow up in resourceful environments, which will benefit their development and well-being

• Kravdal, Øystein; Magnus, Per; Moum, Bjørn & Høivik, Marte Lie (2020). Childbearing is Associated with a Short-term Reduced Risk of Crohn’s Disease in Mothers. American Journal of Epidemiology.  ISSN 0002-9262. . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz285 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Tverdal, Aage & Grundy, Emily (2020). The association between parity, CVD mortality and CVD risk factors among Norwegian women and men. European Journal of Public Health.  ISSN 1101-1262. . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz235 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). Research note: What kind of individual-level effects of childbearing would we ideally be interested in learning about? The important distinction between expected, unexpected, varying and general effects. Journal of Population Research.  ISSN 1443-2447.  36(1), s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1007/s12546-018-9218-7
• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). Taking birth year into account when analysing effects of maternal age on child health and other outcomes: The value of a multilevel-multiprocess model compared to a sibling model. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  40, s 1249- 1290 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.43 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein & Grundy, Emily (2019). Children’s age at parental divorce and depression in early and mid-adulthood. Population Studies.  ISSN 0032-4728.  73(1), s 37- 56 . doi: 10.1080/00324728.2018.1549747 Full text in Research Archive.
• Bævre, Kåre; Kravdal, Øystein & Christiansen, Solveig Tobie Glestad (2018). Befolkningen i Norge, I: Else Karin Grøholt; Linn Bøhler & Hanna Hånes (red.),  Folkehelserapporten - Helsetilstanden i Norge.  Folkehelseinstituttet.  Befolkningen i Norge.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). New evidence about effects of reproductive variables on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Population Studies.  ISSN 0032-4728.  72(2), s 139- 156 . doi: 10.1080/00324728.2018.1439180 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Grundy, Emily & Keenan, Katherine (2018). The increasing mortality advantage of the married: The role played by education. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  38, s 471- 512 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.20 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2017). Large and Growing Social Inequality in Mortality in Norway: The Combined Importance of Marital Status and Own and Spouse's Education. Population and Development Review.  ISSN 0098-7921.  43(4), s 645- 665 . doi: 10.1111/padr.12096 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Grundy, Emily & Skirbekk, Vegard (2017). Fertility history and use of antidepressant medication in late mid-life: a register-based analysis of Norwegian women and men.. Aging & Mental Health.  ISSN 1360-7863.  21(5), s 477- 486 . doi: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1118010 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kinge, Jonas Minet; Steingrímsdóttir, Ólöf Anna; Strand, Bjørn Heine & Kravdal, Øystein (2016). Can socioeconomic factors explain geographic variation in overweight in Norway?. SSM - Population Health.  ISSN 2352-8273.  2, s 333- 340 . doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.010 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein & Grundy, Emily (2016). Health effects of parental deaths among adults in Norway: Purchases of prescription medicine before and after bereavement. SSM - Population Health.  ISSN 2352-8273.  2, s 868- 875 . doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.10.013 Full text in Research Archive.
• Kravdal, Øystein; Alver, Kari; Bævre, Kåre; Kinge, Jonas Minet; Meisfjord, Jørgen Rajan; Steingrímsdóttir, Ólöf Anna & Strand, Bjørn Heine (2015). How much of the variation in mortality across Norwegian municipalities is explained by the socio-demographic characteristics of the population?. Health and Place.  ISSN 1353-8292.  33, s 148- 158 . doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.013
• Bævre, Kåre & Kravdal, Øystein (2014). The effects of earlier income variation on mortality: An analysis of Norwegian register data. Population Studies.  ISSN 0032-4728.  68(1), s 81- 94 . doi: 10.1080/00324728.2013.824603
• Grundy, Emily & Kravdal, Øystein (2014). Do short birth intervals have long-term implications for parental health? Results from analyses of complete cohort Norwegian register data. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.  ISSN 0143-005X.  68(10), s 958- 964 . doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204191
• Kravdal, Øystein (2014). The Estimation of Fertility Effects on Happiness: Even More Difficult than Usually Acknowledged. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  30(3), s 263- 290 . doi: 10.1007/s10680-013-9310-9
• Kravdal, Øystein & Grundy, Emily (2014). Underuse of medication for circulatory disorders among unmarried women and men in Norway. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology.  ISSN 2050-6511.  15:65 . doi: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-65 Full text in Research Archive.
• Sigle-Rushton, Wendy; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Andersen, Patrick Lie & Kravdal, Øystein (2014). Proceed with caution? Parents' union dissolution and children's educational achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family.  ISSN 0022-2445.  76(1), s 161- 174 . doi: 10.1111/jomf.12075
• Kodzi, Ivy & Kravdal, Øystein (2013). What has high fertility got to do with the low birth weight problem in Africa?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  28, s 713- 731
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). The poorer cancer survival among the unmarried in Norway: Is Much explained by comorbidities?. Social Science and Medicine.  ISSN 0277-9536.  81, s 42- 52 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.012
• Kravdal, Øystein; Kodzi, Ivy & Sigle-Rushton, Wendy (2013). Effects of the Number and Age of Siblings on Educational Transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in family planning.  ISSN 0039-3665.  44(3), s 275- 297 . doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00358.x
• Kravdal, Øystein; Grundy, Emily; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Wiik, Kenneth Aarskaug (2012). Family Life History and Late Mid-Life Mortality in Norway. Population and Development Review.  ISSN 0098-7921.  38(2), s 237- 257 . doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00491.x
• Berntsen, Kjersti Norgård & Kravdal, Øystein (2012). The relationship between mortality and time since divorce, widowhood or remarriage in Norway. Social Science and Medicine.  ISSN 0277-9536.  75(12), s 2267- 2274 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.028
• Elstad, Jon Ivar; Torstensrud, Rita; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Kravdal, Øystein (2012). Trends in educational inequalities in mortality, seven types of cancers, Norway 1971-2002. European Journal of Public Health.  ISSN 1101-1262.  22(6), s 771- 776 . doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr181
• Kravdal, Øystein (2012). Further evidence of community education effects on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  27(22), s 645- 680 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.22
• Shkolnikov, Vladimir; Andreev, E; Jdanov, D; Jasilonis, D; Kravdal, Øystein; Vågerø, D & Valkonen, Tapani (2012). Increasing absolute mortality disparities by education in Finland, Norway and Sweden, 1971-2000. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.  ISSN 0143-005X.  66(4), s 372- 378 . doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.104786
• Syse, Astri; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Kravdal, Øystein (2012). Is mortality after childhood cancer dependent on social or economic resources of parents? A population-based study. International Journal of Cancer.  ISSN 0020-7136.  130(8), s 1870- 1878 . doi: 10.1002/ijc.26186
• Cohen, Joel; Kravdal, Øystein & Keilman, Nico (2011). Childbearing impeded education more than education impeded childbearing among Norwegian women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  ISSN 0027-8424.  108(29), s 11830- 11835 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107993108
• Kravdal, Øystein & Kodzi, Ivy (2011). Children's stunting in sub-Saharan Africa: Is there an externality effect of high fertility?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  25, s 565- 594 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2011.25.18
• Grundy, E & Kravdal, Øystein (2010). Fertility history and cause-specific mortality: A register-based analysis of complete cohorts of Norwegian women and men. Social Science and Medicine.  ISSN 0277-9536.  70(11), s 1847- 1857 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.004
• Kravdal, Øystein (2010). Demographers' interest in fertility trends and determinants in developed countries: Is it warranted?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  22, s 663- 690 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2010.22.22
• Kravdal, Øystein (2010). The importance of community education for individual mortality: a fixed-effects analysis of longitudinal multilevel data on 1.7 million Norwegian women and men. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.  ISSN 0143-005X.  64(12), s 1029- 1035 . doi: 10.1136/jech.2008.081034 Show summary

  Background: Earlier investigations have shown mortality effects of community socioeconomic resources. However, the sex differences have not been clear and the estimates may well have been biased because of inadequate control for community factors affecting both the socio-economic resources and mortality. The objective of this study was to see whether effects appeared when time-invariant community characteristics were controlled by including community dummies (fixed effects) and whether there were differences between women and men. Methods: Discrete-time hazard models for all-cause mortality were estimated for 1981-2002 for all Norwegians aged 60-89, using register data. There were 730000 deaths among 1.7 million people observed during 19 million person-years. Average education was measured for 433 municipalities for each of the 22 years. Results: According to the simplest models, a high average education in the municipality is associated with increased mortality. Control for population size (timeaveraged) reversed the effects. Inclusion of municipality dummies instead of population size, to control also for additional unobserved time-invariant municipality characteristics, gave very different results: the effects were even stronger for men, while those for women were no longer significant. The results were quite robust to alternative specifications, including the use of a lagged average-education variable. Conclusion: The study supports the idea that community socio-economic resources may affect mortality and suggests that sex differentials may deserve more attention. It also illustrates the importance of controlling for time-invariant community factors. Unless these can be easily measured, one may in future investigations consider establishing longitudinal data and use a fixed-effects approach such as here.

• Rindfuss, Ronald; Guilkey, David; Morgan, S Philip & Kravdal, Øystein (2010). Child care availability and fertility: Norway. Population and Development Review.  ISSN 0098-7921.  36, s 725- 748
• Kravdal, Øystein (2009). Mortality effects of average education in current and earlier municipality of residence among internal migrants, net of their own education. Social Science and Medicine.  ISSN 0277-9536.  69(10), s 1484- 1492 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.035 Show summary

  Many researchers have shown an association between a person's health or mortality and the socio-economic resources in the community, net of the person's own resources. The focus has typically been on the current community of residence or one where the person lived a few years earlier. Only a few authors have tried to establish whether there is an additional effect of earlier community exposures, and they have not made a distinction between migrants and non-migrants, which there are good reasons to do. The results from these earlier investigations have been rather mixed. In the present study, a discrete-time hazard model for mortality between ages of 60–89 over the period 1991–2002 was estimated from register data that included the entire Norwegian population. For each person, and for each of these years, municipalities of residence during the previous 20 years were known. There was also information on each person's educational level. For the relevant years and each of the 433 municipalities, measures of average education in the population were constructed by aggregating over the individual data. The analysis was focused on the subgroup who had moved across a municipality border only once during the previous 20 years, among whom there were 29,843 deaths during 839,113 person-years of follow-up. The population sizes of the municipalities were included as control variables. Among those who had moved within the last 10 years, the current socio-economic context was not important for mortality. The earlier context had an effect, but this was restricted to men. Those who had lived longer in the current municipality of residence were influenced only by the average education in that municipality. The findings support the idea that neighbourhood socio-economic effects need some time to build up, and that they do not dissipate soon after the person has moved to a new environment.

• Kravdal, Øystein (2009). Mortality effects of average education: a multilevel study of small neighbourhoods in rural and urban areas in Norway. International Journal for Equity in Health.  ISSN 1475-9276.  8 . doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-8-41
• Steele, Fiona; Sigle-Rushton, Wendy & Kravdal, Øystein (2009). CONSEQUENCES OF FAMILY DISRUPTION ON CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN NORWAY. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  46(3), s 553- 574
• Syse, Astri; Tretli, Steinar; Kravdal, Øystein & Kravdal, O (2009). The Impact of Cancer on Spouses' Labor Earnings A Population-Based Study. Cancer.  ISSN 0008-543X.  115(S18), s 4350- 4361
• Grundy, E & Kravdal, Øystein (2008). Reproductive history and mortality in late middle age among Norwegian men and women. American Journal of Epidemiology.  ISSN 0002-9262.  167 . doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm295
• Kravdal, Øystein (2008). A broader perspective on education and mortality: Are we influenced by other people's education?. Social Science and Medicine.  ISSN 0277-9536.  66 . doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.10.009
• Kravdal, Øystein (2008). Does income inequality really influence individual mortality? Results from a 'fixed-effects analysis' where constant unobserved municipality characteristics are controlled. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  18
• Kravdal, Øystein & Rindfuss, Ron (2008). Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility: A Study of Women and Men Born 1940 to 1964. American Sociological Review.  ISSN 0003-1224.  73(5), s 854- 873
• Syse, Astri; Tretli, Steinar & Kravdal, Øystein (2008). Cancer’s impact on employment and earnings – a population-based study from Norway. Journal of cancer survivorship.  ISSN 1932-2259.  2, s 149- 158 . doi: 10.1007/s11764-008-0053-2
• Derose, LF & Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Educational reversals and first-birth timing in sub-Saharan Africa: A dynamic multilevel approach. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  44
• Kravdal, Øystein (2007). A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  44
• Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Effects of current education on second- and third-birth rates among Norwegian women and men born in 1964: Substantive interpretations and methodological issues. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  17, s 211- 246
• Rindfuss, Ron; Guilkey, David; Morgan, Phil; Kravdal, Øystein & Guzzo, Karen (2007). Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  44(2), s 345- 372
• Syse, A; Kravdal, O; Kravdal, Øystein & Tretli, Steinar (2007). Parenthood after cancer - A population-based study. Psycho-Oncology.  ISSN 1057-9249.  16, s 920- 927 . doi: 10.1002/pon.1154
• Syse, Astri & Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Does cancer affect the divorce rate?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  16, s 469- 492
• Kravdal, Øystein (2006). A simulation-based assessment of the bias produced when using averages from small DHS clusters as contextual variables in multilevel models. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  15, s 1- 20
• Kravdal, Øystein (2006). Does place matter for cancer survival in Norway? A multilevel analysis of the importance of hospital affiliation and municipality socioeconomic resources. Health and Place.  ISSN 1353-8292.  12, s 527- 537
• Kravdal, Øystein (2004). An illustration of the problems caused by incomplete education histories in fertility analysis. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  S3(6) Show summary

  When assessing the importance of education for fertility, one should ideally use complete education histories. Unfortunately, such data are often not available. It is illustrated here, using register data for Norwegian women born in 1969, that inclusion of educational level at the latest age observed (28), rather than at the current age, can give substantially biased education effect estimates. It is also illustrated that imputation of education for earlier ages may lead to wrong conclusions. A simple imputation of educational level and enrolment based on the assumption that everyone passes through the educational system with the officially stipulated progress gives particularly misleading results. Somewhat better estimates are obtained when a slower progress more in accordance with reality is assumed, or when educational level and enrolment are imputed stochastically on the basis of distributions calculated from real data. Obviously, one should be very careful when faced with incomplete education histories, and try to make use of relevant information, from other sources, about the actual educational careers.

• Shkolnikov, Vladimir; Deev, Alexander; Kravdal, Øystein & Valkonen, Tapani (2004). Educational differentials in male mortality in Russia and northern Europe. A comparison of an epidemiological cohort from Moscow and St.Petersburg with the male populations of Helsinki and Oslo. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  10(1), s 1- 26
• Kravdal, Øystein (2004). Child mortality in India: The community-level effect of education. Population Studies.  ISSN 0032-4728.  58(2), s 177- 192
• Kravdal, Øystein (2003). Children, family and cancer survival in Norway. International Journal of Cancer.  ISSN 0020-7136.  105, s 261- 266
• Kravdal, Øystein (2003). The problematic estimation of �imitation effects� in multilevel models. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  9(2), s 23- 40
• Moursund, Anne & Kravdal, Øystein (2003). Individual and community effects of women�s education and autonomy on contraceptive use in India. Population Studies.  ISSN 0032-4728.  57, s 285- 302
• Kravdal, Øystein (2002). A cancer survival model that takes sociodemographic variations in ¿normal¿ mortality into account: comparison with other models. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.  ISSN 0143-005X.  56, s 309- 318 Show summary

  Study objectives - Sociodemographic differentials in cancer survival have occasionally been studied by using a relative-survival approach, where all-cause mortality among persons with a cancer diagnosis is compared with that among similar persons without such a diagnosis (¿normal¿ mortality). One should ideally take into account that this ¿normal¿ mortality not only depends on age, sex and period, but also various other sociodemographic variables. However, this has very rarely been done. A method that allows such variations to be considered is presented here, as an alternative to an existing technique, and is compared with a relative-survival model where these variations are disregarded and two other methods that have often been used. Design, setting and participants ¿ The focus is on how education and marital status affect the survival from twelve common cancer types among men and women aged 40-80. Four different types of hazard models are estimated, and differences between effects are compared. The data are from registers and censuses and cover the entire Norwegian population for the years 1960-1991. There are more than 100 000 deaths to cancer patients in this material. Main results and conclusions - A model for registered cancer mortality among cancer patients gives results that for most, but not all, sites are very similar to those from a relative-survival approach where educational or marital variations in ¿normal¿ mortality are taken into account. A relative-survival approach without consideration of these sociodemographic variations in ¿normal¿ mortality gives more different results, the most extreme example being the doubling of the marital differentials in survival from prostate cancer. When neither sufficient data on cause of death nor on variations in ¿normal¿ mortality are available, one may well choose the simplest method, which is to model all-cause mortality among cancer patients. There is little reason to bother with the estimation of a relative-survival model that does not allow sociodemographic variations in ¿normal¿ mortality beyond those related to age, sex and period. Fortunately, both these less data demanding models perform well for the most aggressive cancers.

• Kravdal, Øystein (2002). Education and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: Individual and community effects. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  39(2), s 233- 250 Show summary

  Using DHS data for 22 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is found that average educational level in the community (DHS cluster) has a significant depressing effect on a woman's birth rates, net of urbanization and her own education. According to simulations, average fertility for these countries would be 1.00 lower if education were expanded from the current level in the region to the relatively high level in Kenya. Exclusion of aggregate education from the model leaves a response of only 0.52. A considerable aggregate contribution is estimated even when several potential determinants of education are included. This illustrates the need to consider aggregate education in future assessments of the total impact of education.

View all works in Cristin

• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). Individnivå-konsekvenser av lav fruktbarhet.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2019). The increasing mortality advantage of the married.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). Children’s Age at Parental Divorce and Depression in Early and Mid-Adulthood.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). Hva betyr barnetall og familiesituasjon for barns helse?.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). The growing mortality advantage of the married.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). The growing mortality advantage of the married.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2018). The increasing mortality advantage of the married.
• Tønnessen, Marianne & Kravdal, Øystein (2017). Demographic consequences of migration.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2016). Expected and unexpected consequences of childbearing - a methodologically and politically important distinction that is overlooked..
• Kravdal, Øystein (2016). Familie og helse.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2016). New evidence about effects of reproductive variables on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2016). Not so Low Fertility in Norway—A Result of Affluence, Liberal Values, Gender-Equality Ideals, and the Welfare State, In Ronald Rindfuss & Minja Kim Choe (ed.),  Low Fertility, Institutions, and Their Policies: Variations across Industrialized Countries.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-32997-0.  2.  s 13 - 47
• Kravdal, Øystein (2015). Fertility history and use of antidepressant medication in late mid-life: a register-based analysis of Norwegian women and men..
• Kravdal, Øystein (2015). How much of the variation in mortality across Norwegian municipalities is explained by the socio-demographic characteristics of the population?..
• Kravdal, Øystein (2014). The estimation of fertility effects on happiness: Even more difficult than usually acknowledged.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2014). The relatively high fertility in Norway – a result of affluence, liberal values, gender-equality ideals, and the welfare state.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). Education in sub-Saharan Africa: A new look at the effects of the number of siblings.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). Further evidence of community education effects on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). Norwegian register data: Some experiences to share with other social scientists and epidemiologists.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). Some reflections on the four papers on fertility (timing) and gender.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). The importance of women’s education for fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel perspective.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2013). The importance of women's education for fertility in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel perspective.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2011). The fixed-effects model admittedly no quick fix, but still a step in the right direction and better than the suggested alternative. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.  ISSN 0143-005X.  65(4), s 291- 292 . doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.131078
• Kravdal, Øystein (2009). Methodological issues in the analysis of the education-fertility relationship.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2009). Sammenhengen mellom barnetall og dødelighet.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2008). The relationship between childbearing and mortality.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Changing relationship between edcuation and fertility among Norwegian women and men born 1940-64.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Chaning relationship between education and fertility among Norwegian women and men born 1940-64.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2007). Multilevel analysis based on Norwegian register data: potentials and challenges.
• Kravdal, Øystein & Rindfuss, Ron (2007). Changig relationships between education and fertility - a study of women and men born 1940-64. Working Paper in Economics. 11.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2006). A fixed-effects analysis of how income inequality in a municipality affects individual mortality in Norway.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2006). A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2006). A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2005). A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2004). Child mortality in India: The community-level effect of education.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2004). The importance of municipality characteristics for cancer survival in Norway: A multilevel analysis.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2003). Alan Carling, Simon Duncan, and Rosalind Edwards (eds.), Analysing families. Morality and rationality in policy and practice, London: Routledge, 2002, xx+303pp. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  19, s 223- 225
• Kravdal, Øystein (2003). Child mortality in India: Individual and community effects of women's education and autonomy.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2003). Socio-demographic differentials in cancer survival in Norway.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2002). Education and fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: individual and community effects.
• Kravdal, Øystein (2002). Familie, barn og kreftoverlevelse.

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