Christopher Lord

Bøker

• Lord, C. and Harris, E. (2006) Democracy in the new Europe, Basingstoke, Palgrave/Macmillan.
• Lord, C. (2004) A Democratic Audit of the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
• Lord, C. (1998) Democracy in the European Union, London, UACES.
• Beetham, D. and Lord, C. (1998) Legitimacy and the European Union, London: Longman.
• Hix, S. and Lord, C. (1997) Political Parties and the European Union, Basingstoke, Macmillan.

Artikler

• Lord, C. (forthcoming) 'Polecats, Lions and Foxes: Coasian Bargaining Theory and attempts to legitimate the Union as a Constrained form of Political Power', European Political Science Review.
• Lord, C. and Pollak, J. (2010) ‘The EU’s Many Representative Modes: Colliding? Cohering?’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(1): 117-36.
• Lord, C. (2008) ‘Two Constitutionalisms? A Comparison of British and French attempts to legitimise the Constitutional Treaty’, Journal of European Public Policy 15(7): 1001-18.
• Lord, C. (2007) ‘Contested Meanings, Democracy Assessment and the European Union’, Comparative European Politics (5)1: 70-86.
• Lord, C. (2006) ‘Democracy and the European Union, Matching Means to Standards’, Democratization 13(4): 668-684.
• Lord, C. and Magnette, P. (2004) ‘E Pluribus Unum? Creative Disagreement about Legitimacy in the EU’, Journal of Common Market Studies 42(1): 183-202.

• Lord, Christopher (2021). Legitimacy Crisis in the European Union, In Nathalie Brack & Seda Gürkan (ed.),  Theorising the Crises of the European Union.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780367431402.  Chapter 2.
• Deville, Marion & Lord, Christopher (2020). Parliaments as places of discourse, In Cyril Benoît & Olivier Rozenberg (ed.),  Handbook of Parliamentary Studies. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legislatures.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 9781789906509.  Chapter 26.  s 465 - 478 Vis sammendrag

  In his great work Representative Government, John Stuart Mill (1972 [1861], p. 239) criticises those who dismiss parliaments as ‘mere talking shops or places of bavardage’. There is nothing, Mill argues, parliaments can do better than talk. Yet parliaments do more than talk. They make law. They approve budgets. They oversee. Some still make and break governments. However, time, resources, expertise and attention are limited. Parliaments may need to make trade-offs between political talk and other political work. Whole parliaments can be categorised and compared by how they make that trade-off. According to a distinction suggested by Max Weber (1994 [1917], pp. 176–7), some are said to be working parliaments, others debating parliaments. Still, any distinction between ‘working’ and ‘talking’ parliaments can only be one of degree. Talk is not distinct from the other roles and work of parliaments. It is something parliaments do in performing those other roles. This chapter asks four questions. First, how is the discursive role of parliaments best understood? Second, what are the varieties of parliamentary discourse? Third, how do academic studies evaluate the quality of parliamentary discourse? And, fourth, how does the literature explain differences in the quality of parliamentary discourse? The chapter is organised as follows. Section 26.1 discusses conceptual questions. Section 26.2 comments on how parliaments are organised for discourse. Section 26.3 discusses methods that can be used to evaluate and explain the quality of discourse in parliaments. Section 26.4 summarises some of the main results of different studies on parliamentary discourse.

• Lord, Christopher (2020). Integration through Differentiation and Segmentation: The Case of one Member State from 1950 to Brexit (and Beyond), In John Erik Fossum & Jozef Batora (ed.),  Towards a Segmented European Political Order. The European Union's Post-crises Conundrum.  Routledge.  ISBN 9781138495333.  Chapter 12.
• Lord, Christopher (2020). Lessons from the past? The 1954 Association Agreement between the UK and the European Coal and Steel Community, In Martin Westlake (ed.),  Outside the EU. Options for Britain.  Agenda Publishing.  ISBN 9781788213127.  Kapittel 1.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). How can interparliamentary cooperation contribute to the legitimacy of the EU as an international actor?, In Kolja Raube; Meltem Müftüler-Bac & Jan Wouters (ed.),  Parliamentary Cooperation and Diplomacy in EU External Relations.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 9781786438850.  Chapter 6.  s 105 - 119
• Lord, Christopher (2019). No epistocracy without representation? The case of the European Central Bank. European Politics and Society.  ISSN 2374-5118.  20(1), s 1- 15 . doi: 10.1080/23745118.2018.1515868 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  I argue the European Central Bank shows how mutually defining are i) the epistemic assumptions of independent central banking; ii) the powers of a central bank; iii) the political order in which it operates and iv) representative claims. I identify three ‘representative turns’ whose effects have cumulated over the history of the ECB: the first towards including representative claims in justifications for independent central banking; the second, towards a monetary dialogue between the ECB and the European Parliament; the third, towards providing the ECB with some means of discussing with parliaments how it should act in emergencies.

• Lord, Christopher (2019). No epistocracy without representation? The case of the European Central Bank., In Eva Krick & Cathrine Holst (ed.),  Experts and Democratic Legitimacy. Tracing the Social Ties of Expert Bodies in Europe.  Routledge.  ISBN 9780367427535.  Chapter 5.
• Lord, Christopher (2018). Exploring the connection between knowledge and democracy, In Cathrine Holst; Marta Warat & Magdalena Góra (ed.),  Expertisation and Democracy in Europe.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1138288232.  1.  s 17 - 32
• Lord, Christopher (2018). The European Parliament: a working parliament without a public?. The Journal of Legislative Studies.  ISSN 1357-2334.  24(1), s 34- 50 . doi: 10.1080/13572334.2018.1444624
• Lord, Christopher (2018). The UK and European "centre formation" from 1950 to brexit. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations.  ISSN 1948-9145.  10(1), s 46- 78 . doi: 10.22381/GHIR10120183 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lord, Christopher & Deville, Marion (2018). Le parlement: l'État, des lieux, du discours, I: Eric Thiers & Olivier Rozenberg (red.),  Traité d'études parlementaires.  Bruylant.  ISBN 9782802760481.  20.  s 637 - 656
• de Wilde, Pieter & Lord, Christopher (2017). Assessing Actually-Existing Trajectories of EU Politicisation, In Pieter de Wilde; Anna Leupold & Henning Schmidtke (ed.),  The Differentiated Politicisation of European Governance.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-138-69521-4.  Chapter 7.  s 143 - 161
• Lord, Christopher (2017). An indirect legitimacy argument for a directly elected European Parliament. European Journal of Political Research.  ISSN 0304-4130.  56(3), s 512- 528 . doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12204 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Can a directly elected European Parliament help deliver standards by which the European Union can be indirectly legitimated through its component national democracies? This article argues that the Union can be indirectly legitimate where it helps member state democracies meet their own obligations to their own publics. The Union can do just that by managing externalities in ways needed to secure core values of justice, democracy and freedom from arbitrary domination within member states. Yet that poses a predicament: for if any one member state has an interest in imposing negative externalities or in freeriding on positive externalities provided by another, then so may its voters and democratic institutions. The article argues a directly elected European Parliament can help manage that predicament both by identifying externalities and by ensuring their regulation meets standards of public control, political equality and justification owed to individual national democracies.

• Lord, Christopher (2017). How can Parliaments contribute to the Legitimacy of the European Semester?. Parliamentary Affairs.  ISSN 0031-2290.  70(4), s 673- 690 . doi: 10.1093/pa/gsx017 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Legitimacy and Democracy, In Michael Smith; Sophie Vanhoonacker & Christopher Hill (ed.),  International Relations and the European Union.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780198737322.  chapter 9.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Segmentation, Differentiation and the Aims of European Integration, In Andreas Grimmel (ed.),  The Crisis of the European Union Challenges, Analyses, Solutions.  Routledge.  ISBN 9781138215641.  Chapter 13.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). The legitimacy of exits from the European Union. Journal of European Integration.  ISSN 0703-6337.  39(5), s 499- 513 . doi: 10.1080/07036337.2017.1333117 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Justifications for extending the Union’s boundaries to include new Member States have been much discussed. Only since the Brexit referendum have justifications for shrinking the Union’s boundaries through withdrawals of Member States received the same attention. This paper uses concepts of historical responsibility to ask whether decisions Member States take together constrain the manner in which any one of them can justifiably exit the Union? It argues that much depends on how far Members States make laws together that are important to the lives of their citizens; that pre-empt their subsequent choices; and which affect their ability to manage collective action problems.

• de Wilde, Pieter & Lord, Christopher (2016). Assessing actually-existing trajectories of EU politicisation. Western European Politics.  ISSN 0140-2382.  39(1), s 145- 163 . doi: 10.1080/01402382.2015.1081508
• Leruth, Benjamin & Lord, Christopher (2015). Differentiated integration in the European Union: a concept, a process, a system or a theory?. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  22(6), s 754- 763 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2015.1021196
• Lord, Christopher (2015). The United Kingdom, a once and future (?) non-member state, In Erik Oddvar Eriksen & John Erik Fossum (ed.),  The European Union's non-members: Independence under hegemony?.  Routledge.  ISBN 9781138922457.  Chapter 12.
• Lord, Christopher (2015). Utopia or dystopia? Towards a normative analysis of differentiated integration. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  22(6), s 783- 798 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2015.1020839 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). On the parliamentary control of a reformed monetary union?, In John Erik Fossum & Agustin Jose Menendez (ed.),  The European Union in crises or the European Union as crises?.  ARENA Centre for European Studies.  ISBN 978-82-93137-46-7.  Chapter 14.  s 611 - 637
• Lord, Christopher (2014). Problems of Compound Representation in the European Union After Lisbon, In François Foret & Yann-Sven Rittelmeyer (ed.),  The European Council and European Governance: The Commanding Heights of the EU.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-85733-8.  Kapittel 10.  s 167 - 185
• Lord, Christopher (2013). A European Re-invention of Indirect Legitimacy?, In Dominik Zaum (ed.),  Legitimating International Organizations.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-967209-7.  Kapittel 9.  s 179 - 195
• Lord, Christopher (2013). No representation without justification? Appraising standards of justification in European Parliament debates. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  20(2), s 243- 259 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2013.746123
• Lord, Christopher (2013). The European Union: Parliamentary Wasteland or Parliamentary Field?, In John Erik Fossum & Ben Crum (ed.),  Practices of Inter-parliamentary Coordination in International Politics: The European Union and Beyond.  ECPR Press.  ISBN 9781907301308.  Kapittel 14.
• Lord, Christopher (2013). The democratic legitimacy of codecision. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  20(7), s 1056- 1073 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2013.795400
• Lord, Christopher & Pollak, Johannes (2013). The Pitfalls of Representation as Claims-Making in the European Union. Journal of European Integration.  ISSN 0703-6337.  35(5), s 517- 530 . doi: 10.1080/07036337.2013.799941
• Lord, Christopher & Pollak, Johannes (2013). Unequal but democratic? Equality according to Karlsruhe. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  20(2), s 190- 205 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2013.746116
• Lord, Christopher & Tamvaki, Dionysia (2013). The politics of justification? Applying the ‘Discourse Quality Index’ to the study of the European Parliament. European Political Science Review.  ISSN 1755-7739.  5(1), s 27- 54 . doi: 10.1017/S1755773911000300
• Evas, Tatjana; Liebert, Ulrike & Lord, Christopher (2012). Multilayered Representation Across the European Union in Dialogue: Introduction, In Tatjana Evas; Ulrike Liebert & Christopher Lord (ed.),  Multilayered Representation in the European Union. Parliaments, Courts and the Public Sphere.  Nomos.  ISBN 978-3-8329-7218-9.  1.  s 11 - 24
• Lord, Christopher (2012). A Democratic Achievement and not just a Democratic Deficit, In Hübert Zimmermann & Andreas Dür (ed.),  Key Controversies in European Integration.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 9781137006158.  Chapter.  s 71 - 79
• Lord, Christopher (2012). A democratic audit framework, In Erik Oddvar Eriksen & John Erik Fossum (ed.),  Rethinking Democracy and the European Union.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-60557-1.  Chapter 3.  s 39 - 56
• Lord, Christopher & Pollak, Johannes (2012). Unequal Representation in the European Parliament. A Comment on the Ruling by the German Constitutional Court on the Lisbon Treaty, In Tatjana Evas; Ulrike Liebert & Christopher Lord (ed.),  Multilayered Representation in the European Union. Parliaments, Courts and the Public Sphere.  Nomos.  ISBN 978-3-8329-7218-9.  4.  s 59 - 72
• Lord, Christopher (2011). Legitimate and Democratic? The EU's International Role, In Christopher Hill & Michael Smith (ed.),  International Relations and the European Union.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780199544806.  6.
• Lord, Christopher (2011). Polecats, Lions and Foxes: Coasian bargaining theory and attempts to legitimate the Union as a constrained form of political power. European Political Science Review.  ISSN 1755-7739.  3(1), s 83- 102 . doi: 10.1017/S1755773910000275
• Lord, Christopher (2011). The European Parliament and the legitimation of agencification. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  18(6), s 909- 925 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2011.593317
• Lord, Christopher (2011). The Quality of Democracy, In Magdalena Góra & Katarzyna Zielińska (ed.),  Democracy, State and Society. European Integration in Central and Eastern Europe.  Jagiellonian University Press.  ISBN 978-83-233-3208-4.  Chapter.  s 29 - 36
• Lord, Christopher (2011). The political theory and practice of parliamentary participation in the Common Security and Defence Policy. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  18(8), s 1133- 1150 . doi: 10.1080/13501763.2011.615202
• Lord, Christopher (2010). The aggregating function of political parties in EU decision taking. Living Reviews in European Governance.  ISSN 1813-856X.  (3)
• Lord, Christopher & Pollak, Johannes (2010). Representation and Accountability: Communicating Tubes?. Western European Politics.  ISSN 0140-2382.  33(5), s 968- 988 . doi: 10.1080/01402382.2010.486120
• Lord, Christopher & Pollak, Johannes (2010). The EU's many representative modes: Colliding? Cohering?. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  17(1), s 117- 136 . doi: 10.1080/13501760903464952
• Lord, Christopher (2008). Is there a role for parliamentary participation in European security co-ordination?, In Dirk Peters; Wolfgang Wagner & Nicole Deitelhoff (ed.),  The Parliamentary Control of European Security Policy.  ARENA.  Chapter 2.  s 29 - 49
• Lord, Christopher (2008). Still in Democratic Deficit?. Intereconomics. Review of European Economic Policy.  ISSN 0020-5346.  43(6), s 316- 320 . doi: 10.1007/s10272-008-0266-7
• Lord, Christopher (2008). Two Constitutionalisms? A Comparison of British and French attempts to legitimise the Constitutional Treaty. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  15(7), s 1001- 1018
• Lord, Christopher (2008). Two constitutionalisms? A comparison of British and French government attempts to justify the Constitutional Treaty. Journal of European Public Policy.  ISSN 1350-1763.  15, s 1001- 1018 . doi: 10.1080/13501760802310421

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Evas, Tatjana; Liebert, Ulrike & Lord, Christopher (ed.) (2012). Multilayered Representation in the European Union. Parliaments, Courts and the Public Sphere. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.  ISBN 978-3-8329-7218-9.  260 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Lord, Christopher (2020). An Indirect Legitimacy Argument for Representation Beyond the State.
• Lord, Christopher (2020). Conflicting Sovereignties and the Brexit state.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Brexit and the European political order.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Conference paper on Justice, Legitimacy and Differentiated Inegration.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Interdemocracy Externalities and Collective Will Formation.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Money as power. Implications for ECB Independence and Epistocracy.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Populism and the European Parliament Elections 2019.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Power, Money and Knowledge. The Case of the European Central Bank..
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Power, Stateness and Legitimacy Crisis in the European Union.
• Lord, Christopher (2019). Presentation to the Defence Sub-Commitee of the European Parliament on accountability and the Common Security and Defence Policy.
• Eriksen, Erik Oddvar & Lord, Christopher (2018). Brexit og EU-kunnskapen. Dagsavisen - Nye Meninger.
• Lord, Christopher (2018). LSE Blog: The Brexit vote has only deepened the political and social divisions within British society. Vis sammendrag

  The UK is now one of the most unequal societies in Europe. The country’s acute territorial differences are only likely to multiply in the coming years. The polarisation between the political right and left is staggering. The society is also now divided by generations. In light of the above, Christopher Lord (ARENA) argues that Brexit is both a product of the breakdown in the British social and political system and a likely source of further crises within it.

• Lord, Christopher (2018). Referendums and Democratic Theory.
• Lord, Christopher (2018). Status of Brexit.
• Lord, Christopher (2018). The Brexit debate: What role for the EES?.
• Lord, Christopher (2018). The European Parliament: A Working Parliament without a Public?.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Brexit, historical responsibility and the legitimacy of withdrawals from the European Union. Are there any implications for global justice?.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Crisis and Disintegration: The Paradigmatic Case of the United Kingdom.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Democratic Assessment and Illiberal Democracy.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Fragmentation, Segmentation and Centre Formation Some Thoughts on the UK and European Integration from 1950 to Brexit. ARENA Working Papers. 3. Vis sammendrag

  It might be thought that Brexit is just a case of the UK getting honest with itself and its partners. The UK never really accepted European integration. Hence, it should never have joined a body committed to an ‘ever closer Union between the peoples of Europe’ (even allowing for the convenient plural of the word ‘peoples’). Yet, the UK’s attitude to integration has not solely been one of aversion to European centre formation. If centre formation, segmentation into a differentially integrated Union and fragmentation are three possible trajectories of European integration, the UK contributed to a major act of European centre formation: namely, the formation of the single market. Elsewhere, British Governments settled for largely constructive forms of segmentation. One thing the UK has not been is a source of fragmentation. Of course, Brexit may change that. Brexit may be both necessary and impossible: something the British Government must do and something it cannot do. Brexit could fragment both the UK and the EU. Yet, a continuation of ‘constructive segmentation’ by other means – or even renewed centre formation – cannot be fully ruled out as possible outcomes of the Brexit referendum.

• Lord, Christopher (2017). On Brexit (the panel "Looking in, looking out: Brexit and Britain's European partners).
• Lord, Christopher (2017). The known unknowns of Brexit, blogginnlegg 15122017.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Three Models of Legitimacy Crisis.
• Lord, Christopher (2017). Why there is no justification for parliaments playing a lesser role in external rather than internal decisions..
• Eldholm, Marit; Eriksen, Erik Oddvar & Lord, Christopher (2016, 05. januar). Democracy lost for non-members of the European Union. [Internett].  sciencenordic.com.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Brexit, Historical Responsibility and the Legitimacy of Withdrawals from the European Union.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Crisis and disintegration: The paradigmatic case of the United Kingdom.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Crisis, differentiation, democratic governance, monetary union and Brexit.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Debating Brexit.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Indirect Legitimacy and the European Parliament.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Parliaments, Foreign Policy and Diplomacy.
• Lord, Christopher (2016). Presentation to DNB Bank on Brexit.
• Eldholm, Marit; Lord, Christopher; Eriksen, Erik Oddvar & Fossum, John Erik (2015, 01. juli). Britenes fire valg etter Brexit. [Internett].  Forskning.no.
• Eriksen, Erik Oddvar; Fossum, John Erik & Lord, Christopher (2015). Is Brexit akin to Independence under Hegemony?. Vis sammendrag

  Book launch: The European Union's Non-Members: Independence under Hegemony

• Lord, Christopher (2015). Democracy, Expertise and Power.
• Lord, Christopher (2015). Externalities and Representation Beyond the State. Lessons from the European Union..
• Lord, Christopher (2015). Falling out of love With Norway? Norway in the Brexit debate..
• Lord, Christopher (2015). Norway and Switzerland in the Brexit debate.
• Lord, Christopher (2015). The European Parliament and the Indirect Legitimacy of the European Union.
• Lord, Christopher (2015). The United Kingdom and the European Union: Four Futures..
• Lord, Christopher (2015). Which Parliaments should exercise control over a changing Monetary Union?.
• Lord, Christopher & Eldholm, Marit (2015, 19. juli). Brexit and the UK’s future. [Internett].  sciencenordic.com.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). A Plague on all their Houses? Neither Majone, nor Føllesdal/Hix, and, perhaps, not even Sabel/Zeitlin.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). An Indirect Legitimacy Argument for a Directly Elected European Parliament.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). An Indirect Legitimacy argument for a Directly Elected European Parliament. Paper presented to Pademia Conference, Brussels, 12-13 June 2014.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). Experiments in Democratic Auditing.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). Social Justice, Democracy and European Integration.
• Lord, Christopher (2014). The Legitimacy of Monetary Union. New Challenges..
• Lord, Christopher (2013). Utopia or Dystopia? Towards a Normative Analysis of Differentiated Integration.
• Lord, Christopher (2010). Justification during the course of Legislation. The distinctive value added of Parliamentary Representation.
• Lord, Christopher & Tamvaki, Dionysia (2010). Applying the Discourse Quality Index to European Parliament Debates.
• Lord, Christopher (2009). On the Intrinsic Value of Representation.
• Lord, Christopher (2009). The Quality of Representation in the 2004-9 European Parliament.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin