Markus Bugge

• Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Szulecka, Julia; Bugge, Markus & Forsberg, Ellen-Marie (2026). Navigating sustainability paradoxes: Unveiling the dynamics of transformative change in the food industry. Research Policy. ISSN 0048-7333. 55(2). doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105407. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The sustainability transitions literature suggests that individual firms struggle to move toward sustainability unless the broader socio-economic system also evolves. Despite firms' willingness to change, existing systemic challenges often impede their progress. This paper employs paradox theory to address this struggle and examines how firms balance economic and societal concerns in their transition from business thinking to sustainability thinking. Based on a qualitative case study of the food industry's collaboration initiatives on food waste reduction and prevention in Norway, the study identifies the systemic challenges and sustainability paradoxes that the industry faces. We find that the firms' efforts to reduce food waste collide with established food industry agreements, standards, business strategies, regulations, and agricultural policies, impeding a systemic and structural transformation of the industry. The paper discusses how the food industry may navigate these challenges collectively and draws implications for the sustainability transitions literature. Primarily, the conclusions signal a need for governance and incentive structures at the system level beyond the action space of individual firms, and secondarily, illustrate how such governance approaches to sustainability transitions are sector-specific and geographically embedded.

• Bugge, Markus; Normann, Håkon Endresen; Lund, Carl Filip; Skogli, Erland; Nævestad, Tor-Olav & Elvik, Rune [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). From theory to practice: how decentralized implementation of missions affects directionality, legitimacy, and coordination. Science and Public Policy. ISSN 0302-3427. doi: 10.1093/scipol/scaf066. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite significant attention and theoretical advancements, empirical understanding of the practical implementation of mission-oriented innovation policies remains limited. This article presents a case study of a mission-oriented innovation policy on traffic safety in Norway, exploring how decentralization of the mission from national to county level affects directionality, legitimacy, and coordination. The changes in governance have fragmented the professional traffic safety community and weakened its standing relative to health and sustainability. However, it has also strengthened legitimacy through closer collaboration with other policy domains and enhanced ties to politicians, leading to more flexible and responsive policies. The article concludes that decentralization of mission governance may be important for legitimacy and generation of experiences and knowledge locally. Nonetheless, it also highlights that to facilitate public capacity building nationally, one needs centralized coordination and orchestration.

• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Pedersen, Cathrine; Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia & Bugge, Markus (2025). A systemic and longitudinal examination on professional development initiatives followed by the implementation of 1:1 coverage of digital device in primary and secondary schools | Education and Information Technologies. Education and Information Technologies: The Official Journal of the IFIP Technical Committee on Education. ISSN 1360-2357. doi: 10.1007/s10639-025-13841-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Nordic countries were early adopters of digital technologies in education. Thus, implementations of 1:1 digital device coverage in schools have been widely studied in this context. However, the studies tend to apply cross-sectional data and focus primarily on short-term effects. There is also a lack of studies which follow the same sample of schools over several years combining the perspectives of both students, teachers, school leaders, and school districts. The purpose of the paper is to examine how a school district in Norway supported professional development with 1:1 digital device coverage, the roles of school leaders in the implementation, and teachers’ perceptions of pedagogical change. The study uses longitudinal mixed-methods data over six years, from 2017 to 2023, including surveys (n = 448, n = 110), interviews (n = 58), and observations of meetings (n = 76). Key findings reveal a shift from a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to a model tailored to individual schools’ needs. Over time, school leaders became facilitators of pedagogical change, enhancing teachers’ digital competence. Teachers increasingly recognised the pedagogical possibilities and constraints of 1:1 digital device coverage. Insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the complexities and impacts of 1:1 digital device coverage on stakeholders, including teachers, school leaders, and school owners, and how their competencies develop and interconnect over time.

• Elvik, Rune; Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Blom, Jenny; Egner, Lars Even; Milch, Vibeke & Bugge, Markus [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Changes in road safety following regional administrative reforms in Norway. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 214, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2025.107969. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A reform of regional government in Norway was implemented on January 1, 2020. The management of county roads was transferred from the National Public Roads Administration to the counties. The number of counties was reduced from 19 to 11. In 2022 it was decided to split some of the counties that were merged in 2020, and the number of counties increased to 15 from January 1, 2024. This paper studies whether these reforms were associated with changes in the number of injured road users on county roads. Four counties and the city of Oslo were included in the study. The city of Oslo was not affected by the reforms in 2020 and 2024. The other counties were affected either by: (1) Transfer of the management of county roads only (one county); (2) transfer of the management of county roads and merger with another county (one county); or (3) transfer of the management of county roads and merger with another county, followed by splitting up the merged counties (two counties). A before-and-after study with comparison group using county roads as treated group and other public roads as comparison group, and 2010–2019 as before-period and 2020–2023 as after-period found very small changes in the number of injured road users. Trends established during 2010–2019 continued almost unchanged after 2020. It is concluded that the regional administrative reforms were not associated with any detectable changes in road safety in the counties included in the study.

• Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Milch, Vibeke; Blom, Jenny; Elvik, Rune; Bugge, Markus & Normann, Håkon Endresen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Factors influencing whether safety management systems are living after extensive reforms: An analysis of four Norwegian county authorities. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives (TRIP). 28(November 2024), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2024.101241. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norwegian county authorities’ management of road safety has undergone major changes since 2020, when a structural reform was implemented. County authorities merged into fewer administrative units, and took over the responsibility for administering the county roads. Because of this, county authorities had to establish new systems for managing road safety. The aims of the study are to examine: 1) Whether four county authorities have implemented living systems for road safety management, three years after the 2020 regional reform, and 2) Factors influencing whether safety management systems are living, including the impact of extensive reforms. The study is based on qualitative research interviews (n = 42) and an online survey (n = 392). The extent to which the county authorities have managed to implement living safety management systems and maintain their key road safety roles differs substantially. Multivariate analyses show that the most important factors influencing whether county authorities have been able to implement living systems are the safety cultures in the county authorities, and the extent to which respondents believe that the reorganizations related to the structural reform have required a lot of time and energy.

• Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Milch, Vibeke; Blom, Jenny; Elvik, Rune; Bugge, Markus & Normann, Håkon Endresen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Innovation and traffic safety: analysis of four Norwegian county authorities. Traffic Safety Research (TSR). 5, p. 1–29. doi: 10.55329/ntgl3123. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines the relationships between traffic safety innovations, innovation culture, and safety culture in four Norwegian county authorities three years after a comprehensive structural reform. Following the reform, the county authorities had to establish new organisations, routines, and systems. The study is based on qualitative interviews (N = 42) and a quantitative survey (n = 392) among people who work with traffic safety and/or mobility in the county authorities. The qualitative results show in particular that the respondents have gained new perspectives on traffic safety as a result of being co-organised with new professional groups. Additionally, we see examples of new methods and new forms of collaboration in traffic safety being implemented. The survey results show statistically significant differences between the county authorities' scores on an index for traffic safety innovations. County authorities' scores on this index is predicted by the county authorities' innovation culture, which in turn is predicted by safety culture. This indicates that innovation culture should be understood as an aspect of a learning safety culture. We find statistically significant differences between county authorities with respect to how demanding the organizational changes related to the regional reform have been for the county authorities studied. The results from this study can also be useful for change processes in other organisations.

• Bugge, Markus; Berg, Richard & Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard (2023). Transformative innovation policies detached from existing systems of innovation in the global south. Innovation and Development. ISSN 2157-930X. p. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/2157930X.2023.2215628. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Addressing the identified lack of empirical evidence of how the transformative innovation policy (TIP) agenda is implemented in practice, this paper looks at how contemporary policy practices framed as TIP take into account and build upon existing systems of innovation in the global south. We do so by studying a development aid policy programme in Norway targeting the SDGs and transformative change in the global south. The findings show that priority is given to implementing and upscaling Western solutions and that there has been a subordinate orientation towards the local demand these solutions are meant to serve, and to the innovation systems they are meant to strengthen. Based on these findings, we discuss whether this form of technology transfer detached from local production- and innovation systems is the most effective way to secure long-term local capacity building and transformative change in the global south.

• Elvik, Rune; Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Milch, Vibeke; Bugge, Markus; Normann, Håkon Endresen & Skogli, Erland (2023). Innovation and long-term planning in public policy: the case of national road safety plans in Norway. Traffic Safety Research (TSR). 5(2023), p. 1–19. doi: 10.55329/egcn2801. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Vision Zero was adopted as the long-term ideal for transport safety in Norway in 2001. Starting in 2002, national road safety action plans covering a period of four years have been developed. This paper identifies innovative elements in these plans and explores the statistical relationship between innovation and the number of killed or seriously injured road users over time. A statistical relationship is found, but it is noisy and cannot be interpreted as a causal relationship. We show how road safety policy has become upgraded and more systematic over time, and that these developments co-exist with a gradual reduction in number of severe injuries and deaths. Important innovative elements are related to the process of policy development, which now ensures a much broader mobilisation, consensus and commitment to improving road safety than before the action plans were introduced (i.e. before 2002).

• Andersen, Allan Dahl; Geels, Frank Willem; Steen, Markus & Bugge, Markus (2023). Building multi-system nexuses in low-carbon transitions: Conflicts and asymmetric adjustments in Norwegian ferry electrification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 120(47). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2207746120. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While nexus research in sustainability science has investigated the consequences of connected systems, it has paid less attention to the processes of building nexuses which is becoming increasingly important in low-carbon transitions because these often require the creation of new connections between multiple consumption–production systems. Building on multi-system research in the sustainability transitions literature, this paper introduces a conceptual system interface perspective on nexus-building which considers four dimensions (technology, actors, institutions, and resources) that are useful for analyzing nexus-building dynamics. We apply our framework to the case of electrification of ferries in Norway which requires the building of a new interface between the electricity system and the maritime transport system. The case study shows that the system interface was initially characterized by conflicts and tensions in all dimensions, which actors then attempted to resolve through cross-system intermediation and adjustment activities. These activities were asymmetrical because of differences in external pressures, urgency, unequal power relationships, and different degrees of interest in cross-system nexus building. Because important tensions remained unresolved, ferry actors started implementing sub-optimal workaround solutions in the diffusion phase.

• Forsberg, Ellen-Marie; Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Brekke, Andreas & Prestrud, Kjersti (2021). RRI and Value Chain Collaboration for Innovations Reducing Food Waste. In Bitran, Iain; Conn, Steffen; Huizingh, K.R.E. & Torkkeli, Marko (Ed.), Proceedings on the 2021 ISPIM innovation conference : Innovating our common future. ISPIM Lappeenranta University of Technology Press. ISSN 9789523354678. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Siddiq, Fazilat (2021). Empowering professionalism in mission-oriented innovation. Science and Public Policy. ISSN 0302-3427. 48(3), p. 423–437. doi: 10.1093/scipol/scab020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the literature on mission-oriented innovation supply side and tech-oriented approaches have been complemented by broader and more inclusive societal approaches. Here, it is highlighted that both directionality and broad anchoring of diverse stakeholders across private, public, and civic domains are key to successful implementation. Still, it is unclear how these dimensions relate and unfold in practice. Using digital literacy in education as an example of mission-oriented innovation, this paper investigates what prerequisites and capabilities are needed to envision and govern such processes. Based upon a case study of innovative teaching practices in twenty-five classes at ten primary schools in Norway, the paper finds that the motivation, dedication, and engagement of the teachers is not primarily related to the digital technologies themselves, but to the professional and pedagogical anchoring of the digital teaching tools. The mobilization of the professionalism of the teachers is enabled by a process of balanced empowerment.

• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Hansen, Teis; Tanner, Anne & Wicken, Olav (2021). Walking the talk? Innovation policy approaches to unleash the transformative potentials of the Nordic bioeconomy. Science and Public Policy. ISSN 0302-3427. 49(2), p. 324–346. doi: 10.1093/scipol/scab083. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article explores whether and how innovation policies promote transitions to more sustainable configurations in socio-technical systems. Empirically it departs from an analysis of the bioeconomy policy strategies and instruments in four Nordic countries. The analysis highlights that while a transformative approach is present at the policy strategy level in the Nordic countries, the bioeconomy policy instruments implemented are significantly less transformative. The article argues that a bioeconomy transition that contributes to sustainable development will require a redirection of policies towards transformative failures (directionality, policy coordination, demand articulation, and reflexivity). In this regard, it is important that policymakers experiment with and explore ways of balancing between traditional market and innovation system approaches and new policy approaches for transformative change.

• Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Andersen, Allan Dahl & Steen, Markus (2021). The role of regional innovation systems in mission-oriented innovation policy: exploring the problem-solution space in electrification of maritime transport. European Planning Studies. ISSN 0965-4313. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2021.1988907. Full text in Research Archive
• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Bugge, Markus; Wollscheid, Sabine & Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia (2020). Ready to Go? Schools? Preparedness for Teaching and Learning Within a One-to-One Program. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 12066, p. 569–580. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-44999-5_47. Full text in Research Archive
• Saidi, Trust; Thune, Taran Mari & Bugge, Markus (2020). Making ‘hidden innovation’ visible? A case study of an innovation management system in health care. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. ISSN 0953-7325. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/09537325.2020.1841156. Full text in Research Archive
• Wollscheid, Sabine; Stensaker, Bjørn & Bugge, Markus (2019). Evidence-Informed Policy and Practice in the Field of Education: The Dilemmas Related to Organizational Design. European Education : Issues and Studies. ISSN 1056-4934. 51(4). doi: 10.1080/10564934.2019.1619465. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Evidence-informed policy and practice has been a trend as part of an effort to increase the use of research to improve education at all levels. In many countries, knowledge-brokering initiatives were established to stimulate links between research, policy, and practice. Drawing on a mapping of initiatives in seven countries, this article describes different organizational designs, and discusses potential dilemmas these might imply for the realization of these organizations’ roles. Given different interests involved, the article shows that organizational design is crucial for enhancing legitimacy. Findings indicate a trend toward locating the knowledge-brokering function in a combined policy–science logic.

• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2019). Directionality and diversity: Contending policy rationales in the transition towards the bioeconomy. In Klitkou, Antje; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Capasso, Marco (Ed.), From Waste to Value: Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies. Routledge. ISSN 9780429460289. p. 233–252. doi: 10.3390/su9020206. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  One of the pressing societal challenges today relates to climate change and the need to replace fossil-based inputs with renewable resources in the production of fuel, energy, and chemical compounds. This has resulted in the development of biofuels, such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas; bio-products, such as bio-plastics, bio-chemicals, and bio-pharmaceuticals; and bioenergy, such as electricity and district heating generated at biogas or combustion plants. The magnitude and diversity of these initiatives have led scholars, commentators, and policy-makers to talk about a “bioeconomy” and, subsequently, to call for a more comprehensive policy framework to support and direct this emerging field of the economy. The bioeconomy concept has been embraced by many governments around the world with a view to responding to diverse societal challenges, including not only solving issues related to climate change, but also dealing with areas such as food security, resource efficiency, and health problems (German Bioeconomy Council, 2015; Staffas, Gustavsson, & McCormick, 2013). Nevertheless, it remains unclear what the bioeconomy is, and how it can contribute to achieving these broad and potentially contending policy objectives.

• Bugge, Markus; Bolwig, Simon; Hansen, Teis & Tanner, Anne Nygaard (2019). Theoretical perspectives on innovation for waste valorisation in the bioeconomy. In Klitkou, Antje; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Capasso, Marco (Ed.), From Waste to Value: Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies. Routledge. ISSN 9780429460289. p. 51–70. doi: 10.4324/9780429460289-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book is anchored in a systemic and evolutionary understanding of how society evolves through technological development and innovation that are socially embedded and conditioned by actors, networks and institutions. This chapter outlines the conceptual framework for the empirical case studies in the book, which will present the innovative dynamics of turning waste into value in breweries, forestry-based industry, meat production, dairy production and urban waste management. The chapter starts by introducing the notion of the circular bioeconomy and interpreting it as an ongoing and broader transition in society. Here we account for the generic and pervasive nature of the bioeconomy as well as the benefits and overall objectives associated with the current transition towards a more circular economy. Following this introduction, waste is presented as a potentially valuable resource within the bioeconomy.

• Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2019). Mission-oriented innovation in urban governance: setting and solving problems in waste valorisation. In Klitkou, Antje; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Capasso, Marco (Ed.), From Waste to Value: Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies. Routledge. ISSN 9780429460289. p. 91–106. doi: 10.4324/9780429460289-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As an ever-greater part of the world’s population is living in cities, dealing with urban waste is becoming an increasingly prominent challenge for local authorities (Frantzeskaki & Kabisch, 2016). In many places, local authorities are struggling to cope with growing amounts of waste annually, as cities grow and citizens’ consumption rises (Hoornweg, Bhada-Tata & Kennedy, 2013). Local authorities that lack the organizational capabilities and physical infrastructure to deal effectively with urban waste are often faced with huge environmental, economic and social problems (Hodson & Marvin, 2010; Mourad, 2016). Nevertheless, investments in organisational capabilities and physical infrastructure come with challenges and problems of their own. These investments tend to create lock-ins (see Chapter 3), which make the waste treatment system inflexible and prevent further improvements (David, 1985; Geels, 2002). The local authorities that make these investments run the risk of becoming stuck with systems that are technologically outdated and adequate only to deal with yesterday’s problems. To introduce new and smarter urban waste systems, local authorities need to challenge existing policies and institutions, technologies and business models (Uyarra & Gee, 2013; Weber & Rohracher, 2012).

• Bugge, Markus; Hansen, Teis & Klitkou, Antje (2019). What is the bioeconomy? In Klitkou, Antje; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Capasso, Marco (Ed.), From Waste to Value: Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies. Routledge. ISSN 9780429460289. p. 19–50. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The notion of grand challenges has over the last decade emerged as a central issue in policymaking and – increasingly – academia. In a European context, the Lund Declaration [1] stressed the urgency of pursuing solutions to problems in diverse fields such as climate change, food security, health, industrial restructuring and energy security. A key common denominator for these grand challenges is that they can be characterised as persistent problems, which are highly complex, open-ended and characterised by uncertainty in terms of how they can be addressed and solved – a partial solution may result in further problems at a later point in time due to feedback effects (Coenen, Hansen & Rekers, 2015; Schuitmaker, 2012; Upham, Klitkou & Olsen, 2016).

• Bugge, Markus; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Klitkou, Antje (2018). Governance for system optimization and system change: The case of urban waste. Research Policy. ISSN 0048-7333. 48(4), p. 1076–1090. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper analyses urban waste systems to explore how local authorities can resolve challenges related to climate change, urbanization and resource depletion. The paper investigates how different public governance regimes affect local authorities’ ability to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. It identifies three different governance regimes – traditional bureaucracy, new public management and networked governance – and uses the insights from innovation in urban waste in three Norwegian city regions – Oslo, Drammen and Bergen – to illuminate how these regimes possess both strengths and weaknesses in how they affect system optimization and system change. The observed working practices signal that the issue of urban waste systems is perceived as a challenge of system optimization rather than system change. Viewing this as a challenge requiring system change would probably have ensured a stronger directionality and a broader anchoring of actors. Such an approach is likely to have arrived at a waste prevention mode earlier than the step-by-step-solutions implemented so far. The paper concludes that there is not one best governance regime, but a need to acknowledge their co-existence and carefully consider the characteristics of the respective regimes in order to arrange urban waste systems for long-term dynamic and sustainable city regions.

• Bugge, Markus; Coenen, Lars & Branstad, Are (2018). Governing socio-technical change: Orchestrating demand for assisted living in ageing societies. Science and Public Policy. ISSN 0302-3427. 45(4), p. 468–479. doi: 10.1093/scipol/scy010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in innovation studies towards grand challenges, and in how demand-side policy instruments can supplement traditional supply-side policy measures. To contribute to an improved understanding of how demand-side policy requires new governance responses, this article presents a case study of trialling assisted living technologies to address the grand challenge of demographic ageing. The article departs from an innovation policy framework that incorporates theorising on transformational system failures, governance modes, and policy mixes. This framework serves as an entry point to explore how different modes of governance condition the ways in which demand for assisted living in healthcare is orchestrated across multiple stakeholders. The case study is embedded in a wider system shift from a reactive to a proactive system of healthcare provision, enabling the elderly to live independently at home longer and thus avoiding or postponing institutionalised care.

• Bugge, Markus; Coenen, Lars; Marques, Pedro & Morgan, Kevin (2017). Governing system innovation: assisted living experiments in the UK and Norway. European Planning Studies. ISSN 0965-4313. 25(12), p. 2138–2156. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2017.1349078. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Debates on how to address societal challenges have moved to the forefront of academic and policy concerns. Of particular importance is the growing awareness that to deal with issues such as ageing, it will be necessary to implement concerted efforts on technological, social, institutional or political fronts. Drawing on a number of theoretical perspectives – including socio-technical transitions and embedded state theory – the aim of this paper is to identify and understand different approaches to the governance of such system innovations by comparing state responses to assisted living in two contrasting national systems of care, namely that of the UK and Norway. Its findings highlight that state-supported and funded experimentation projects have been instrumental in designing and implementing system innovation: through their emphasis on co-design and co-creation, these projects demonstrated the value of early implementation pilots to explore the ‘fit’ between novel technologies and prevailing practices and institutional structures in national systems of care. Still, competition, biases or conflicting interests should not be ignored between well-established agents and institutions and experimental solutions whose efficacy remains relatively untested and which involve a combination of new technical, social, organizational and institutional solutions.

• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2017). Directionality across diversity: governing contending policy rationales in the transition towards the bioeconomy. Sustainability. 9(2). doi: 10.3390/su9020206. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Although the bioeconomy has been embraced by many governments around the world as a way of responding to the grand challenge of climate change, it remains unclear what the bioeconomy is and how it can contribute to achieving these broad policy objectives. The aim of this paper is to improve our understanding of whether, and how, the bioeconomy includes contending rationales for governance and policy-making. In order to do this, we apply a typology of three bioeconomy visions onto the policy discourse on the bioeconomy. These visions are (1) a bio-technology vision; (2) a bio-resource vision; and (3) a bio-ecology vision. Based on a discourse analysis of 41 submissions to a public hearing on the development of a bioeconomy strategy in Norway, the paper explores the actors involved in shaping the new bioeconomy and analyses their positions on this emerging field. The paper finds that it is possible to categorise the consultative inputs into these three visions, and also that the bio-resource vision is predominant, which reflects the structure of the national economy. Moreover, the paper reflects upon how the contending visions observed imply negotiations and power struggles, which may hamper directionality in the current socio-technical transition.

• Bugge, Markus & Thune, Taran Mari (2016). Situated Knowledge Spillovers: A Case Study of Industry Specificity in Urban Knowledge Sourcing. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. ISSN 0435-3684. 98(3), p. 255–270. doi: 10.1111/geob.12097. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Hansen, Teis & Klitkou, Antje (2016). What is the bioeconomy? A review of the literature. Sustainability. 8:691(7). doi: 10.3390/su8070691. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The notion of the bioeconomy has gained importance in both research and policy debates over the last decade, and is frequently argued to be a key part of the solution to multiple grand challenges. Despite this, there seems to be little consensus concerning what bioeconomy actually implies. Consequently, this paper seeks to enhance our understanding of what the notion of bioeconomy means by exploring the origins, uptake, and contents of the term “bioeconomy” in the academic literature. Firstly, we perform a bibliometric analysis that highlights that the bioeconomy research community is still rather fragmented and distributed across many different fields of science, even if natural and engineering sciences take up the most central role. Secondly, we carry out a literature review that identifies three visions of the bioeconomy. The bio-technology vision emphasises the importance of bio-technology research and application and commercialisation of bio-technology in different sectors of the economy. The bio-resource vision focuses on processing and upgrading of biological raw materials, as well as on the establishment of new value chains. Finally, the bio-ecology vision highlights sustainability and ecological processes that optimise the use of energy and nutrients, promote biodiversity, and avoid monocultures and soil degradation.

• Coenen, Lars; Asheim, Bjørn Terje; Bugge, Markus & Herstad, Sverre Johan (2016). Advancing regional innovation systems: What does evolutionary economic geography bring to the policy table? Environment and Planning. C, Government and Policy. ISSN 0263-774X. doi: 10.1177/0263774X16646583. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The evolutionary turn in economic geography has shed new light on historically contingent regional preconditions for innovation and economic growth, which has the potential of improving the analytical input to regional innovation system approaches. Evolutionary economic geography has renewed interest in and sharpened the conceptual lens on firms, their organizational routines and knowledge bases as well as the long-term, self-sustaining development dynamics, which may arise from their co-location in regions. At the same, it has been pointed out that an overreliance on imported evolutionary frameworks (such as Nelson and Winter’s theory of the firm and their lack of an explicit social ontology) may lead to a ‘theoretical relegation’ of institutions and agency. It seems also that the policy agenda of evolutionary economic geography has remained largely implicit. In comparison, regional innovation system has been developed in closer interaction with policy-makers and has been used widely as a framework for the design, implementation and evaluation of regional innovation policies in a variety of countries and regions. The purpose of this article is to critically investigate what evolutionary economic geography brings to the policy table, and how this potentially can advance a regional innovation systems approach. The article specially focuses on how this may improve the capacity of policies based on a regional innovation system framework to support new path development (i.e. path renewal and path creation) to secure regional resilience.

• Bugge, Markus & Bloch, Carter (2016). Between bricolage and breakthroughs—framing the many faces of public sector innovation. Public Money & Management. ISSN 0954-0962. 36(4), p. 281–288. doi: 10.1080/09540962.2016.1162599. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Bugge, Markus & Normann, Håkon Endresen (2026). Er vi rigget for missions i Norge? Full text in Research Archive
• Uyarra, Elvira; Bugge, Markus; Coenen, Lars Martel Antoine; Flanagan, Kieron & Wanzenböck, Iris (2025). Geographies of mission-oriented innovation policy. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. ISSN 2210-4224. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2025.100970. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2024). Bio-ecology & transformative change in agriculture. Full text in Research Archive
• Fremstad, Ester; Bugge, Markus; Ewins, Kristin & Engh, Sunniva (2023). Challenge-based learning: from practice to theory. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2023). Chat GPT i kontekst – Hva kan vi lære av historien? Full text in Research Archive
• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Pedersen, Cathrine; Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia & Bugge, Markus (2023). How to foster professional digital competence development in schools with 1:1 coverage. Inputs from a longitudinal study. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2023). Læringsløypene og det digitale skiftet – et systemperspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Pedersen, Cathrine; Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia; Wollscheid, Sabine & Bugge, Markus (2023). Professional digital competence development for teachers in schools with 1:1 coverage of digital devices. Inputs from a longitudinal study. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2023). Digital transformasjon av utdanning – Innsikter fra implementering av nettbrett i grunnskolen. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Normann, Håkon Endresen & Branstad, Are (2022). The battle of platform power - Exploring the geographies and politics of regulatory regimes. Full text in Research Archive
• Lyng, Kari-Anne Kallerud & Bugge, Markus Michaelsen (2022). Avfallslogistikk i sirkulærøkonomien. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Allan Dahl; Steen, Markus & Bugge, Markus (2022). Sociotechnical tensions in multi-system interactions: A system interface perspective on electrification of maritime transportation in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Forsberg, Ellen-Marie; Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Brekke, Andreas & Prestrud, Kjersti (2022). When urgent challenges demand the time to collaborate: RRI and Value Chain Collaboration for Innovations Reducing Food Waste. Full text in Research Archive
• Daus, Stephan; Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia; Siddiq, Fazilat; Smedsrud, Jørgen Hammer; Håland, Tine Weise & Bugge, Markus Michaelsen (2021). Hvordan fungerer Dragonbox Skole på elevenes matematikkferdigheter og lærelyst? Full text in Research Archive
• Forsberg, Ellen-Marie; Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Brekke, Andreas & Prestrud, Kjersti (2021). RRI and Value Chain Collaboration for Innovations Reducing Food Waste. Full text in Research Archive
• Forsberg, Ellen-Marie; Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Brekke, Andreas & Prestrud, Kjersti (2021). RRI and Value Chain Collaboration for Innovations Reducing Food Waste. Full text in Research Archive
• Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia; Siddiq, Fazilat; Smedsrud, Jørgen Hammer; Bugge, Markus & Daus, Stephan (2021). Innovativ matematikkundervisning på barnetrinnet førte til positive resultater. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Matematikkundervisning på barnetrinnet med læreverket Dragonbox Skole har så langt vært en suksess. Implementeringen har hatt god oppslutning med engasjerte lærere. Elevene som brukte læreverket, gjorde det bedre på matematikkprøver enn elever som ikke brukte det. Lærernes erfaringer med profesjonsutvikling, implementering av læreverket og tilpasset opplæring har blitt undersøkt.

• Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Berg, Richard L. & Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard (2021). Technology transfer for transformative change? Systemic barriers ti innovation in the global south. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus Michaelsen (2021). Verdenskafé om matsvinn. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus Michaelsen & Normann, Håkon Endresen (2021). Nærsynt om «mission»-økonomi. Full text in Research Archive
• Strøm-Andersen, Nhat; Szulecka, Julia & Bugge, Markus Michaelsen (2021). A systemic negligence? The transition toward food sustainability and the case of food waste. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Allan Dahl; Bugge, Markus; Capasso, Marco; Jolly, Suyash; Klitkou, Antje & Sotarauta, Markku [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Green growth in Nordic regions: Eight case studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Bugge, Markus & Wennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia (2020). Organization of teaching and learning with 1:1 digital devices. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Markus; Hansen, Teis; Bugge, Markus; Finne, Håkon & Ullern, Eli Fyhn (2020). Policy mixes for regional green growth. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Andersen, Allan Dahl & Steen, Markus (2020). Multi-scalar directionality in mission-oriented innovation policies - A ferrytale from green maritime. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2020). Forutsetninger for en grønn og innovativ avfallslogistikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2020). (How) do we enable transformative innovation in the public sector? Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2019). Innovasjon i avfallshåndtering - Resirkulering eller forebygging? Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2019). Understanding the Bioeconomy. Full text in Research Archive
• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus & Szulecka, Julia (2019). Koordineringsutfordringer i politikken for bioøkonomien. Full text in Research Archive
• Szulecka, Julia; Bugge, Markus & Scordato, Lisa (2019). Bioøkonomi - men hvordan? Koordineringsutfordringer. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Fevolden, Arne Martin & Klitkou, Antje (2019). Er offentlig sektor rigget for det grønne skiftet? Stat & Styring. ISSN 0803-0103. 29(3), p. 20–23. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Silotenkning og manglende koordinering på tvers av offentlig og privat sektor er anerkjente svakheter ved et byråkratisk styringsregime. Disse svakhetene kan hindre Oslo kommune i å oppnå sine ambisiøse miljøpolitiske mål.

• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Vennerød, Frida Felicia & Bugge, Markus (2019). Hvorfor skal vi ha nettbrett i skolen? Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2019). Multi-level directionality in mission-oriented innovation - A ferrytale from green maritime. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2019). Organisering for innovasjon - Er offentlig sektor rigget for det grønne skiftet? Full text in Research Archive
• Røste, Rannveig & Bugge, Markus (2019). "Mission-oriented innovation policy on the ground: co-evolving in the interplay of public, private and civic actors". Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2018). Future studies of policies for research and innovation. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2018). Innovation in an SDG context. Sustainable innovations: Drivers, dilemmas and goals. Full text in Research Archive
• Gregg, Jay Sterling; Happel, Maaike Karlijn; Bolwig, Simon; Bugge, Markus; Tanner, Anne & Klitkou, Antje (2018). The value chain for valorisation of organic waste in promotion of a circular bioeconomy: A literature review. Full text in Research Archive
• Røste, Rannveig; Bugge, Markus & Dybdahl, Linn Meidell (2018). Grand challenges on the ground: Exploring governance dynamics in sustainability transitions. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Dybdahl, Linn Meidell & Szulecka, Julia (2018). Recycling or prevention of waste?Addressing the food waste challenge in the right end (SusValueWaste Policy Brief no. 2). Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2017). Hvordan kan bioøkonomien forstås som et systemskift? Bioøkonomien i et bredere perspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Normann, Håkon Endresen & Bugge, Markus (2017). Politikk uten prioriteringer. 40(2), p. 4–5. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2017). Hvorfor vokser Norge? Paneldebatt om norsk verdiskapning og innovasjon. [Internet]. Deloitte. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2017). Privat eller offentlig søppeldrift? p. 24–24. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2016). Forskning og Innovasjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Klitkou, Antje; Bugge, Markus & Hansen, Teis (2016). Competing visions for the transition to the bioeconomy. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Klitkou, Antje & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2016). Transition to sustainable urban waste management. Full text in Research Archive
• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2016). Deconstructing the policy discourse: Contending visions of the bio-based economy. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2016). From Grand Challenges to Daily Practice: The policy conditions for transformational change. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Skogli, Erland (2016). Spredning av innovative offentlige anskaffelser i norske kommuner. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Smith, Keith (2016). Facing the Grand Challenges: Health and Ageing, Climate and Energy. Full text in Research Archive
• Klitkou, Antje; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2016). Action space in transition to sustainable urban waste management. Full text in Research Archive
• Klitkou, Antje; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2016). Action space in transition to sustainable urban waste management. Full text in Research Archive
• Scordato, Lisa; Bugge, Markus & Fevolden, Arne Martin (2016). Governance in transition: directionality and heterogeneity towards a bioeconomy. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2015). Måling av forskningens samfunnseffekter. 38(2). Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Seland, Idunn (2015). Å måle seg inn i et hjørne. p. 6–6. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2015). Velferdsteknologi, utvikling og samhandling - Relasjon mellom bruker, kommune og leverandør. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2015). A co-evolutionary approach to transformative change in health care – The case of active ageing. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus & Skogli, Erland (2015). Hvordan fremme innovasjon i kommunale anskaffelser? Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2015). A co-evolutionary approach to transformative change in health care – The case of active ageing. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus (2015). Kunnskapens begrensninger. Full text in Research Archive
• Bugge, Markus; Coenen, Lars & Branstad, Are (2015). A co-evolutionary approach to transformative change in health care – The case of active ageing. Full text in Research Archive
• Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Milch, Vibeke Uhlving; Blom, Jenny; Elvik, Rune; Egner, Lars Even & Bugge, Markus [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Systemer for trafikksikkerhetsstyring, sikkerhetskultur og tilretteleggingsatferd – Status for fire norske fylkeskommuner i 2023. Transportøkonomisk institutt . ISSN 9788248022039. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studien undersøker om fire fylkeskommuner har fått på plass levende systemer for trafikksikkerhetsstyring, tre år etter regionreformen og faktorer som påvirker dette, inkludert sikkerhetskultur. Vi undersøker også hva som påvirker tilretteleggingsatferd blant ansatte i fylkes-kommunen som arbeider med trafikksikkerhet, dvs. hvordan de fokuserer på å legge premissene for trafikk-sikkerhet i eget fylke. Resultatene fra spørreundersøk-elser og kvalitative intervjuer viser betydelig variasjon mht. om fylkeskommunene har fått på plass levende systemer for trafikksikkerhetsstyring. Det påvirkes særlig av sikkerhetskulturen i fylkeskommunene og i hvilken grad respondentene mener at omorganiseringen i forbindelse med regionreformen har krevd mye tid og energi. Respondentenes tilretteleggingsatferd påvirkes først og fremst av sikkerhetskulturen i deres egen organisasjon. Studien viser at sikkerhetskultur er grunn-leggende i fylkeskommunens arbeid med trafikksikker-het, og at sikkerhetskulturen varierer blant de studerte fylkeskommunene.

• Nævestad, Tor-Olav; Milch, Vibeke; Blom, Jenny; Elvik, Rune; Bugge, Markus & Normann, Håkon Endresen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Innovasjon og trafikksikkerhet: Analyse av fire norske fylkeskommuner etter regionreformen. Transportøkonomisk institutt . ISSN 9788248020288. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studien analyserer sammenhengen mellom trafikk-sikkerhetsinnovasjoner, innovasjonskultur og sikker-hetskultur i fire norske fylkeskommuner tre år etter regionreformen, som var en omfattende struktur-reform. Reformen innebar at fylkeskommunene måtte etablere nye organisasjoner, rutiner og systemer. De kvalitative resultatene viser særlig at informantene har fått nye perspektiver på trafikksikkerhet, som følge av at de har blitt samorganisert med nye faggrupper. Resultatene viser også at nye metoder og samarbeids-former i trafikksikkerhetsarbeidet har blitt tatt i bruk. De kvantitative resultatene fra spørreundersøkelsen viser signifikante forskjeller mellom fylkeskommunenes scorer på en indeks for trafikksikkerhetsinnovasjoner. Plasseringen på denne indeksen predikeres særlig av fylkeskommunenes innovasjonskultur, som i sin tur predikeres av sikkerhetskultur. Resultatene indikerer at innovasjonskultur bør forstås som et element i en lærende sikkerhetskultur. Det er betydelige forskjeller mellom fylkeskommunene mht. hvor krevende de organisatoriske endringene i forbindelse med region-reformen har vært. Resultatene kan også være nyttige for endringsprosesser i andre organisasjoner.

• Lyng, Kari-Anne Kallerud; Flygansvær, Bente; Baxter, John; Prestrud, Kjersti; Bø, Eirill & Bugge, Markus (2022). OR.38.22 Sluttrapport for forskningsprosjektet Innovativ Avfallslogistikk. Norsus. ISSN 9788275209021. Full text in Research Archive
• Finne, Håkon; Bugge, Markus Michaelsen; Hansen, Teis; Jolly, Suyash; Steen, Markus & Suvinen, Nina (2021). Regional policies for green growth. Nordic experiences. SINTEF Digital. ISSN 9788214076547. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regional councils find many roads to green growth: The report discusses policies for green growth of a number of regional (or county) councils in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. These policies, which vary in scope, in ambition, and in degree of place-basedness, provide fertile meeting grounds for policy traditions for decarbonization of public services through public procurement and for innovation oriented growth initiatives. They mostly succeed maneuvering within constraints given by existing industrial structure and by inconsistencies in national and international policies, by leaning on second generation innovation system capabilities (correcting for market and systems failures) built over time. The more experimental initiatives involving a stronger directionality seem to benefit from place-based leadership in transforming both institutional settings and socio-cognitive orientations towards what it means to be green and to grow at the same time. Towards the end, we also discuss some challenges ahead, given that all regions are not equally well equipped for these transitions as the ones in our sample, and also given that the policy cases in our sample only to a smaller degree have addressed the heavier systemic restructurings required for successful transitions towards sustainability. Coordinated monitoring is recommended for systematic learning.

• Andersen, Allan Dahl; Bugge, Markus; Capasso, Marco; Jolly, Suyash; Klitkou, Antje & Sotarauta, Markku [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Green growth in Nordic regions: Eight case studies. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232703890. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This working paper is an outcome of the research project “Where does the green economy grow? The Geography of Nordic Sustainability Transitions (GONST)”, funded by the Nordic Green Growth Research and Innovation Programme (appli-cation number 83130). The project started in 2017 is to be finalised in 2020.

• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Bugge, Markus & Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia (2019). Digital læring i askerskolen : Sluttrapport fra følgeforskning. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232704408. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I perioden 2017–2019 gjennomførte Asker kommune prosjektet «Digital læring i Askerskolen». Satsingen innebar at alle elever fikk hver sin digitale enhet; en Chromebook til bruk i læring og undervisning. Som en del av satsingen iverksatte kommunen også et felles kompetanseløft for alle lærerne. NIFU har vært engasjert av kommunen for å gi svar på om satsingen har bidratt til bedre læring for elevene.

• Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard; Wollscheid, Sabine; Bugge, Markus & Vennerød-Diesen, Frida Felicia (2018). Digital læring i askerskolen : Midtveisrapport fra følgeforskning. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232703623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I perioden 2017-2019 gjennomfører Asker kommune prosjektet «Digital læring i askerskolen». Prosjektet omfatter implementering av 1:1 dekning av Chromebooks for alle kommunens skoler og herunder et større kompetanseløft for alle kommunens lærere. NIFU skal følge prosjektet med et følgeforskningsdesign. Datagrunnlaget omfatter skoleeier, skoleledelse, lærere og elever. Denne midtveisrapporten gir et bilde av satsingens første halvannet år.

• Siddiq, Fazilat; Bugge, Markus; Ulriksen, Robin & Tømte, Cathrine Edelhard (2017). Matematikk på nye måter : Erfaringer fra pilotering av Dragonbox ved 10 skoler i Skedsmo kommune. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232702848. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra følgeevalueringen av Dragonbox – et heldigitalt læreverk for å fremme tallforståelse i begynneropplæringen i pilotåret 2016/2017. Formålet har vært å belyse flere sider ved implementeringen av læreverket, slik som organiseringen av uttestingen, opplevelsen av implementeringen hos de involverte aktørene, samt brukertilfredshet og erfaringer med læreverket.

• Bugge, Markus; Wollscheid, Sabine & Stensaker, Bjørn (2016). Evaluering av Kunnskapssenter for utdanning. NIFU Nordisk institutt for studier av innovasjon, forskning og utdanning. ISSN 9788232701889. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Evalueringen er spesielt bedt om å vurdere Forskningsrådets håndtering av oppdraget om etablering av Kunnskapssenter for utdanning, rådets vertskapsrolle for senteret, samt vurdere om Kunnskapssenterets virksomhet er i tråd med de føringer Kunnskapsdepartementet opprinnelig ga. I tillegg er evalueringen bedt om å innhente ulike brukergruppers erfaring med senteret, samt gi en vurdering av Kunnskapsdepartementets rolle i den løpende utviklingen av senteret.

View all works in NVA