Edwin Leuven

• Heinesen, Eskil; Hvid, Christian; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2024). Instrumental Variables with Unordered Treatments: Theory and Evidence from Returns to Fields of Study. Journal of Labor Economics. ISSN 0734-306X. doi: 10.1086/733225. Full text in Research Archive
• Åkerman, Anders; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2022). Information Frictions, Internet and the Relationship between Distance and Trade. American economic journal. Applied economics. ISSN 1945-7782. 14(1), p. 133–163. doi: 10.1257/app.20190589. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We examine how the adoption of information communication technology affects bilateral trade. The context is a public program in Norway that rolled out broadband access points leading to plausibly exogenous variation in the availability and adoption of broadband by firms. We find that broadband makes trade patterns more sensitive to distance and economic size. These results are consistent with a model of trade with variable elasticity of demand. The model predicts that adoption of a technology that lowers information frictions enlarges the choice set of exporters and importers. This makes demand more elastic with respect to trade costs and thus distance.

• Haan, Monique de & Leuven, Edwin (2020). Head start and the distribution of long-term education and labor market outcomes. Journal of Labor Economics. ISSN 0734-306X. 38(3), p. 727–765. doi: 10.1086/706090. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate the effect of Head Start on education and wage income for individuals in their 30s in the NLSY79. We contribute to the existing literature by examining effects across outcome distributions, using an approach that relies on two weak stochastic dominance assumptions that can be checked using pre–Head Start cohorts. We find that Head Start has positive and statistically significant effects on years of education and wage income. We also uncover important heterogeneity in the program’s effectiveness; the effects are concentrated at the lower end of the distribution, and the effects are strongest for women, blacks, and Hispanics.

• Ketel, Nadine; Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Klaauw, Bas Van Der (2019). Do Dutch dentists extract monopoly rents? Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 63(January), p. 145–158. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.11.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We exploit lottery-determined admission to dental school to estimate the payoffs to the study of dentistry in the Netherlands. Using data from up to 22 years after the lottery, we find that in most years after graduation dentists earn around 50,000 Euros more than they would earn in their next-best profession. The payoff is larger for men than for women but does not vary with high school GPA. The large payoffs cannot be attributed to longer working hours, larger investments while studying (opportunity costs and direct costs), or unpleasant aspects of working as a dentist. A plausible explanation is that dentists earn a monopoly rent. Results from regressions of dentists’ earnings on dentists density are consistent with this, as are the facts that the supply of dentists in the Netherlands is low and that the payoff does not vary with high school GPA.

• Leuven, Edwin & Løkken, Sturla Andreas Kise (2018). Long-Term Impacts of Class Size in Compulsory School. The Journal of human resources. ISSN 0022-166X. doi: 10.3368/jhr.55.2.0217.8574R2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How does class size in compulsory school affect people’s long run education and earnings? We use maximum class size rules and Norwegian administrative registries allowing us to observe outcomes up to age 48. We do not find any indication of beneficial effects of class-size reduction in compulsory school. For a one-person reduction in class size we reject effects on income as small as 0.12 percent in primary school and 0.15 percent in middle school. Population differences in parental background, school size, or competitive pressure do not appear to reconcile our findings with previous studies.

• Leuven, Edwin & Løkken, Sturla Andreas Kise (2017). Long Term Impacts of Class Size in Compulsory School. IZA Discussion Papers. doi: 10.3368/jhr.55.2.0217.8574r2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How does class size in compulsory school affect peoples’ long run education and earnings? We use maximum class size rules and Norwegian administrative registries allowing us to observe outcomes up to age 48. We do not find any indication of beneficial effects of class size reduction in compulsory school. For a 1 person reduction in class size we can rule out effects on income as small as 0.087 percent in primary school and 0.12 percent in middle school. Population differences in parental background, school size or competitive pressure do not appear to reconcile our findings with previous studies.

• Booij, Adam S.; Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2017). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Review of Economic Studies. ISSN 0034-6527. 84(2), p. 547–578. doi: 10.1093/restud/rdw045. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper estimates peer effects originating from the ability composition of tutorial groups for undergraduate students in economics. We manipulated the composition of groups to achieve a wide range of support, and assigned students – conditional on their prior ability – randomly to these groups. The data support a specification in which the impact of group composition on achievement is captured by the mean and standard deviation of peers’ prior ability, their interaction, and interactions with students’ own prior ability. When we assess the aggregate implications of these peer effects regressions for group assignment, we find that low and medium ability students gain on average 0.19 SD units of achievement from switching from ability mixing to three-way tracking. Their dropout rate is reduced by 12 percentage points (relative to a mean of 0.6). High-ability students are unaffected. Analysis of survey data indicates that in tracked groups, low-ability students have more positive interactions with other students, and are more involved. We find no evidence that teachers adjust their teaching to the composition of groups. © 2016 Oxford University Press

• Leuven, Edwin & Rønning, Marte (2016). Classroom grade composition and pupil achievement. The Economic Journal. ISSN 0013-0133. 126(593), p. 1164–1192. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12177. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article exploits discontinuous grade mixing rules in Norwegian junior high schools to estimate how classroom grade composition affects pupil achievement. Pupils in mixed grade classrooms are found to outperform pupils in single grade classrooms. This finding is driven by pupils benefiting from sharing the classroom with more mature peers from higher grades. The presence of lower grade peers is detrimental for achievement. Pupils can, therefore, benefit from de-tracking by grade but the effects depend crucially on how the classroom is balanced in terms of lower and higher grades. These results reconcile the contradictory findings in the literature.

• Bonhomme, Stephane; Jolivet, Gregory & Leuven, Edwin (2016). School Characteristics and Teacher Turnover: Assessing the Role of Preferences and Opportunities. The Economic Journal. ISSN 0013-0133. 126(594), p. 1342–1371. doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12279. Full text in Research Archive
• Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2016). Field of Study, Earnings, and Self-Selection. Quarterly Journal of Economics. ISSN 0033-5533. 131(3), p. 1057–1111. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjw019. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Plug, Erik & Rønning, Marte (2016). Education and cancer risk. Labour Economics. ISSN 0927-5371. 43, p. 106–121. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Haan, Monique de & Leuven, Edwin (2016). Head Start and the Distribution of Long Term Education and Labor Market Outcomes. IZA Discussion Papers. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we investigate the effect of Head Start on long term education and labor market outcomes using data from the NLSY79. The contributions to the existing literature on the effectiveness of Head Start are threefold: (1) we are the first to examine distributional effects of Head Start on long term outcomes (2) we do not rely on quasi-experimental variation in Head Start participation but instead perform a nonparametric bounds analysis that relies on weak stochastic dominance assumptions and (3) we consider education and labor market outcomes observed for individuals in their early 30s. The results show that Head Start has a statistically significant positive effect on years of education, in particular for women, blacks and Hispanics. For wage income we also find evidence that Head Start has beneficial impacts, with effects located at the lower end of the distribution.

• Haan, Monique de; Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2016). School consolidation and student achievement. Journal of Law, Economics & Organization. ISSN 8756-6222. 32(4), p. 816–839. doi: 10.1093/jleo/eww006. Full text in Research Archive
• Ketel, Nadine; Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Klaauw, Bas Van Der (2016). The returns to medical school: Evidence from admission lotteries. American economic journal. Applied economics. ISSN 1945-7782. 8(2), p. 225–254. doi: 10.1257/app.20140506. Full text in Research Archive
• Bhuller, Manudeep Singh; Havnes, Tarjei; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2013). Broadband Internet: An Information Superhighway to Sex Crime? Review of Economic Studies. ISSN 0034-6527. 80(4), p. 1237–1266. doi: 10.1093/restud/rdt013. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Wolf, Inge De (2013). The effects of medical school on health outcomes: Evidence from admission lotteries. Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 32(4), p. 698–707. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.04.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Booij, Adam S.; Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2012). The role of information in the take-up of student loans. Economics of Education Review. ISSN 0272-7757. 31(1), p. 33–44. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.08.009. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel; Sonnemans, Joep & Klaauw, Bas Van Der (2011). Incentives versus sorting in tournaments: Evidence from a field experiment. Journal of Labor Economics. ISSN 0734-306X. 29(3), p. 637–658. doi: 10.1086/659345. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2011). Overeducation and mismatch in the labor market. In Hanushek, Eric A.; Machin, Stephen & Woessmann, Ludger (Ed.), Handbook of The Economics of Education, Volume 4. Elsevier. ISSN 9780444534446. p. 283–326. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00003-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Klaauw, Bas Van Der (2010). The effect of financial rewards on students achievement: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Journal of the European Economic Association. ISSN 1542-4766. 8(6), p. 1243–1265. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00554.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Lindahl, Mikael; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Webbink, Dinand (2010). Expanding schooling opportunities for 4-year-olds. Economics of Education Review. ISSN 0272-7757. 29(3), p. 319–328. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.10.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2008). An alternative approach to estimate the wage returns to private-sector training. Journal of applied econometrics. ISSN 0883-7252. 23, p. 423–434. doi: 10.1002/jae.1005. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Rønning, Marte (2008). Quasi-experimental Estimates of the Effect of Class Size on Achievement in Norway. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. ISSN 0347-0520. 110(4), p. 663–693. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00556.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Using a comprehensive Norwegian administrative database, we exploit independent quasi-experimental methods to estimate the effect of class size on student achievement at the end of lower-secondary school. Identification based on maximum class-size rules and population variation (and variations on these methods) give very similar estimates. We cannot reject that the class-size effect is equal to zero, and can rule out effects as small as 1.5 percent of a standard deviation for a one-student change in class size during three consecutive years.

• Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2007). The Effectiveness of Human Capital Policies for Disadvantaged Groups in the Netherlands. In Woessmann, Ludger & Peterson, Paul E. (Ed.), Schools and the Equal Opportunity Problem. MIT Press. ISSN 9780262232579. p. 191–208. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Lindahl, Mikael; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Webbink, Dinand (2007). The effect of extra funding for disadvantaged students on achievement. Review of Economics and Statistics. ISSN 0034-6535. 89(4), p. 721–736. doi: 10.1162/rest.89.4.721. Full text in Research Archive
• Bassannini, Andrea; Booth, Alison; Brunello, Giorgio; Leuven, Edwin & Paola, Maria De (2007). Workplace Training in Europe. In Brunello, Giorgio; Garibaldo, Pietro & Wasmer, Etienne (Ed.), Education and Training in Europe. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780199210978. p. 143–323. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2005). The economics of private-sector training: A review of the literature. Journal of economic surveys. ISSN 0950-0804. 19(1), p. 91–111. doi: 10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00240.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel; Sloof, Randolph & Klaveren, Chris Van (2005). Worker reciprocity and employer investment in training. Economica. ISSN 0013-0427. 72(285), p. 137–149. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-0427.2005.00405.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Ophem, Hans Van (2004). Explaining international differences in male wage inequality by differences in demand and supply of skill. The Economic Journal. ISSN 0013-0133. 144(495), p. 478–498. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00217.x. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2004). Evaluating the effect of tax deductions on training. Journal of Labor Economics. ISSN 0734-306X. 22(2), p. 461–488. doi: 10.1086/381257. Full text in Research Archive
• Sloof, Randolph; Leuven, Edwin; Oosterbeek, Hessel & Sonnemans, Joep (2003). An experimental comparison of reliance levels under alternative breach remedies. RAND Journal of Economics. ISSN 0741-6261. 34(2), p. 205–222. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin; Hartog, Joop & Teulings, Coen N. (2002). Wages and the Bargaining Regime in a Corporatist Setting. European Journal of Political Economy. ISSN 0176-2680. 18, p. 317–331. doi: 10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00083-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Oosterbeek, Hessel (2001). Firm-specific human capital as a shared investment: Comment. The American Economic Review. ISSN 0002-8282. 91(1), p. 342–347. doi: 10.1257/aer.91.1.342. Full text in Research Archive

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• Leuven, Edwin (2024). High-school match effects. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2023). College admission as a screening and sorting device. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2022). College admission as a screening and sorting device. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2022). The immigrant penalty in college admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2022). Sorting, Screening and College Admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2022). Vi burde sløse mindre med talent. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2022). College admission as a screening and sorting device. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2022). Admission Criteria and Inequality in Access to Education. Full text in Research Archive
• Heinesen, Eskil; Hvid, Christian; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2022). Instrumental variables with unordered treatments: Theory and evidence from returns to fields of study. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2022). College admission as a screening and sorting device. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2021). Sorting, Screening and College Admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2021). Sorting, Screening and College Admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Haan, Monique de; Leuven, Edwin & Semb, Ingrid Mikkelsen (2021). Educational Origins of Entrepreneurship. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2021). Sorting, Screening and College Admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Gandil, Mikkel Høst & Leuven, Edwin (2021). Sorting, Screening and College Admission. Full text in Research Archive
• Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2021). College as a Marriage Market. Discussion Papers. ISSN 0803-074X. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2020). Event Studies, Endogenous Timing and the Child Penalty. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2020). Event Studies, Endogenous Timing and the Child Penalty. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2020). Event Studies, Endogenous Timing and the Child Penalty. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2020). Event Studies, Endogenous Timing and the Child Penalty. Full text in Research Archive
• Huitfeldt, Ingrid Marie Schaumburg; Bensnes, Simon Søbstad & Leuven, Edwin (2020). Event Studies, Endogenous Timing and the Child Penalty. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2019). College as a Marriage Market. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2019). Dynamic Compliance. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2019). College as a Marriage Market. Full text in Research Archive
• Haan, Monique de & Leuven, Edwin (2017). Head Start and the distribution of long term education and labor market outcomes​. Full text in Research Archive
• Haan, Monique de & Leuven, Edwin (2016). Head Start and the distribution of long term education and labor market outcomes. Full text in Research Archive
• Haan, Monique de & Leuven, Edwin (2016). Head Start and the distribution of long term education and labor market outcomes. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Field of Study, Earnings and Self-Selection. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Long run effects of class size. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Field of Study, Earnings and Self-Selection:. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Field of Study, Earnings and Self-Selection:. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Field of Study, Earnings and Self-Selection:. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin (2014). Ability peer effects in university: Evidence from a randomized experiment. Full text in Research Archive
• Semb, Ingrid Mikkelsen & Leuven, Edwin (2024). Essays in Empirical Labor Economics. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Heggelund, Christine & Leuven, Edwin (2023). Sibling Spillovers on College and Major Choice in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Wiese-Hansen, Karen (2022). Schooling and the Socioeconomic Gradient of BMI. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Leuven, Edwin & Bergene, Clara Christine (2021). Where and What to Study?- An empirical analysis of how personal characteristics affect choice of higher education in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is well known that there are differences between genders and students with different socio- economic background when it comes to higher educational attainment. However, how does personal characteristics affect the applicants preferences when one apply to higher education in Norway? And how does these preferences affect the applicants’ educational attainment after six years? In this paper we try to answer these questions. Based on registry data from the National educational database in Norway, applications of first time applicants through The Norwegian University and College Admission Services (NUCAS) from 1999-2012 are used to quantify the applicants’ preferences in terms of field-of study and location. Ordinary least square regression model is used to examine the within-group differences in the preferences between different personal characteristics. In order to analyze how the preferences affect the educational attainment six years after the applicants first applied through NUCAS a linear probability model is used. As a results of the analysis it is found that male applicants have a stronger preference for both field of study and location than female applicants. This indicates that male applicants are more specific in their applications than women. In addition, the stronger the preference for location is, the less likely it is that an applicant has completed higher education six years after they first applied. These, and other results from this study, are reviewed and compared to existing studies on higher education.

• Akerman, Anders; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2018). Information Frictions, Internet and the Relationship between Distance and Trade; Memo 01/2018. Department of Economics, University of Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper studies how and why the adoption of information communication technology (ICT) affects bilateral trade flows. The context is a public program in Norway which rolled out broadband access points leading to plausibly exogenous variation in the availability and adoption of broadband internet by firms. We find that broadband internet makes trade patterns more sensitive to distance and economic size, and show that these results are consistent with a model of international trade with variable elasticity of demand and information frictions. Our findings shed light on the so-called “distance puzzle” in international trade.

• Leuven, Edwin & Løkken, Sturla Andreas Kise (2017). Long term impacts of class size in compulsory school. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How does class size in compulsory school affect peoples’ long run education and earnings? We use maximum class size rules and Norwegian administrative registries allowing us to observe outcomes up to age 48. We do not find any indication of beneficial effects of class size reduction in compulsory school. For a 1 person reduction in class size we can rule out effects on income as small as 0.087 percent in primary school and 0.12 percent in middle school. Population differences in parental background, school size or competitive pressure do not appear to reconcile our findings with previous studies.

• Leuven, Edwin; Plug, Erik & Rønning, Marte (2014). Education and Cancer Risk. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There exists a strong educational gradient in cancer risk, which has been documented in a wide range of populations. Yet relatively little is known about the extent to which education is causally linked to cancer incidence and mortality. This paper exploits a large social experiment where an education reform expanded compulsory schooling during the 1960s n Norway. The reform led to a discontinuous increase in educational attainment, which we exploit to estimate the effect of the reform on various cancer outcomes. Our main finding is that education has little if any impact on cancer risk. This holds for all cancer sites together as well as the most common cancer sites in isolation, with two exceptions. The compulsory school reform lowered the risk of lung cancer for men, but increased the risk of colorectal cancer for women.

• Leuven, Edwin; Plug, Erik & Rønning, Marte (2014). The Relative Contribution of Genetic and Environmental Factors to Cancer Risk and Cancer Mortality in Norway. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Using Norwegian cancer registry data we study twin and non-twin siblings to decompose variation in cancer at most common sites and cancer mortality into a genetic, shared environment and individual (unshared environmental) component. Regardless the source of sibling variation, our findings indicate that genes dominate over shared environment in explaining relatively more of the variation in cancer at most common cancer sites (but lung and skin cancer) and cancer mortality. The vast majority of the variation in cancer and cancer mortality, however, is explained by individual (unshared environmental) factors

• Leuven, Edwin; Kirkebøen, Lars & Mogstad, Magne (2014). Field of Study, Earnings, and Self-Selection. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Why do individuals choose different types of post-secondary education, and what are the labor market consequences of those choices? We show that answering these questions is difficult because individuals choose between several unordered alternatives. Even with a valid instrument for every type of education, instrumental variables estimation of the payoffs require information about individuals' ranking of education types or strong additional assumptions, like constant effects or restrictive preferences. These identification results motivate and guide our empirical analysis of the choice of and payoff to field of study. Our context is Norway's post-secondary education system where a centralized admission process covers almost all universities and colleges. This process creates credible instruments from discontinuities which effectively randomize applicants near unpredictable admission cutoffs into different fields of study. At the same time, it provides us with strategy-proof measures of individuals' ranking of fields. Taken together, this allows us to estimate the payoffs to different fields while correcting for selection bias and keeping the next-best alternatives as measured at the time of application fixed. We find that different fields have widely different payoffs, even after accounting for institutional differences and quality of peer groups. For many fields the payoffs rival the college wage premiums, suggesting the choice of field is potentially as important as the decision to enroll in college. The estimated payoffs are consistent with individuals choosing fields in which they have comparative advantage. We also test and reject assumptions of constant effects or restrictive preferences, suggesting that information on next-best alternatives is essential to identify payoffs to field of study

• Leuven, Edwin; Eielsen, Gaute; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Rønning, Marte & Raaum, Oddbjørn (2013). Effektevaluering av intensivopplæringen i Overgangsprosjektet, Ny GIV. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253788050. Full text in Research Archive
• Bhuller, Manudeep Singh; Havnes, Tarjei; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2012). Broadband Internet: An Information Superhighway to Sex Crime? CESIfO. Full text in Research Archive
• Bhuller, Manudeep Singh; Havnes, Tarjei; Leuven, Edwin & Mogstad, Magne (2011). Broadband Internet: An Information Superhighway to Sex Crime? Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Full text in Research Archive

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