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Dagsvik, John K. & Strøm, Steinar Øivind
(2022).
Aggregate marginal costs of public funds.
Public Sector Economics.
46(2),
s. 239–260.
doi:
10.3326/pse.46.2.3.
Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
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In this paper, we discuss aggregate measures of marginal costs of public funds (MCF) in populations that are heterogeneous with respect to observed as well as unobserved characteristics. We first discuss how to compute MCF in selected examples of traditional (textbook) labour supply models. Next, we review two types of discrete labour supply models proposed in the literature. Subsequently, we discuss how to calculate aggregate measures of MCF for discrete labour supply models. Finally, we apply an estimated two-sector discrete labour supply model to compute MCF based on Norwegian data.
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Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar Øivind
(2021).
Biosimilar bidding in centralized tenders in Norway.
Nordic Journal of Health Economics.
ISSN 1892-9729.
9(1),
s. 11–23.
doi:
10.5617/njhe.7394.
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Our objective is to study the competition effect of biosimilar entry in centralized tenders for an expensive category or drugs - TNF-inhibitors. We use monthly observations of prices and volumes for all brands and biosimilars in this drug category in Norway, covering the period from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2016. Descriptive statistics and regression models are used to investigate the impact of biosimilars on the drug price and the effect of the number of brands on the intensity of competition. Both the entry of biosimilars and new branded drugs have increased competition and reduced prices. According to our estimates, an increase in the market share of biosimilars from 10 % to 60 %, will be accompanied with a 50 % reduction in the expected price. Only two years after entry, the first biosimilars in this drug category had gained a market share of 40 % in Norwegian hospitals. Although entry barriers for biosimilars are higher than for generics of chemical substances, significant cost savings are expected from patent expirations of expensive biologics as well. The centralized design of the tenders is an important institutional factor behind the strong competition effect.
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Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar Øivind
(2018).
An Equilibrium Model Estimated on Pharmaceutical Data.
Atlantic Economic Journal.
ISSN 0197-4254.
46(3),
s. 281–296.
doi:
10.1007/s11293-018-9592-8.
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The purpose of this paper is to estimate patients’ and doctors’ responses to prices when making a choice between brand name products and generics. We account for the response of pharmacies to government regulation and to prices set by brand name producers. The data from the Norwegian Prescription Database are unique in the sense that we observe prices set by pharmacies as well as by producers. Our results confirm that estimating only the demand side yields biased estimates of consumers’ price responses. We find much stronger price responses when demand and supply are jointly estimated.
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Dagsvik, John K. & Strøm, Steinar Øivind
(2017).
Labor supply analysis with non-convex budget set without the Hausman approach.
Documents - Statistics Norway, Research Department.
ISSN 0805-9411.
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Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena; Sorisio, Enrico & Strøm, Steinar
(2014).
Does the Identity of the Third-Party Payer Matter for Prescribing Doctors?
Applied Economics and Finance.
ISSN 2332-7294.
1(1).
doi:
10.11114/aef.v1i1.324.
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Brekke, Kurt; Dalen, Dag Morten & Strøm, Steinar
(2012).
Should pharmaceutical costs be curbed?
Nordic Economic Policy Review.
ISSN 1904-4526.
2,
s. 1–27.
Vis sammendrag
Pharmaceuticals account for almost a fifth of total health spending in OECD-countries. Both pharmaceutical innovations and the aging of the population explain the increasing importance of pharmaceuticals in health care. Due to the importance of patent protection and insurance coverage, pharmaceutical markets are subjected to economic regulation – both on the supply-side and the demand-side. In this paper, we briefly review the Nordic pharmaceutical market, before explaining the main regulatory policy measures taken by governments in these countries. Empirical re-search has been undertaken to investigate regulation and competition, and we provide a review of some of the findings.
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Strøm, Steinar & Locatelli, Marilena
(2011).
Computation of the Compensating Variation Within a Random Utility Model Using GAUSS Software.
Modern Economy.
ISSN 2152-7245.
2,
s. 383–389.
doi:
10.4236/me.2011.23041.
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Hernæs, Erik; Piggott, John; Strøm, Steinar & Zhang, Tao
(2011).
Occupational pensions, tenure, and taxes.
Journal of Pension Economics and Finance.
ISSN 1474-7472.
10(03),
s. 435–456.
doi:
10.1017/S1474747210000089.
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The occurrence in firms of occupational pensions is investigated with a linked employer–
employee dataset, supplemented with actuarial calculations of tax savings when labour compensation
is in the form of pensions compared to wages. Tax gains, which can be shared
between employers and employees, and expected increases in average tenure are both clearly
associated with the occurrence of an occupational pension. Occupational pensions are typically
found in large firms, with decentralized wage negotiations, a high degree of unionization, and
the requirement of long training. The results and the approach provide a basis for analyzing
also the trend towards DB pensions.
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Colombino, Ugo; Hernæs, Erik; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar
(2011).
Pension reforms, liquidity constraints and labour supply responses.
Journal of Pension Economics and Finance.
ISSN 1474-7472.
10(1),
s. 53–74.
doi:
10.1017/S1474747209990357.
Vis sammendrag
Labour supply responses among older people are estimated on 1996 cross-section register data covering all Norwegians aged 55–68, with an inter-temporal structural model of retirement decisions. Simulations illustrate the impact of introducing flexible pension take-up with actuarial adjustment. With the option of perfect consumption smoothing via the credit market, the reform which comes into effect in Norway from 2011 will reduce the share of retired persons in the age bracket 60–67 (in the base year 15–16%) by around 3 percentage points. With no consumption smoothing, the reduction will be 0.75 percentage points.
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Eide, Erling; Strøm, Steinar & von Simpson, Kristine
(2010).
Rank Dependent Utility, Tax Evasion and Labor Supply.
CESifo Working Papers.
ISSN 1617-9595.
Vis sammendrag
In the simple Allingham-Sandmo portfolio model of tax evasion an expected utility maximizer will cheat more than what is estimated in empirical studies. Two main types of explanation have been suggested as solutions to this puzzle: (1) Tax payers act according to some non-expected utility theory, and (2) Individual ethical norms and social stigma induce people not to cheat. In the present study we test two hypotheses within these broad explanations: (1) Tax payers are weighting subjective probabilities of being penalised according to the rank dependent utility theory, and (2) Tax payers’ beliefs about social norms have an effect on their decision to evade taxes. Our model is characterized by a simultaneous determination of tax evasion and labour supply, including the effect on tax payers of a social norm of not cheating. Using Norwegian survey data our hypotheses are corroborated. Our estimates imply that if the objective probability of being penalized is, say 3%, the weighted probability is about 23%. Our study provides an independent confirmation of the rank dependent expected utility theory. The model explains data 53% better than pure random choices and predicts hours worked in the regular economy, among tax evaders as well non tax evaders, rather precisely. The model is an example of a two sector choice model and the results indicate that an overall wage increase may shift labor supply away from the irregular part of the economy towards the regular.
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Della Giusta, Marina; Di Tommaso, Maria Laura; Shima, Isilda & Strøm, Steinar
(2009).
What money buys: clients of street sex workers in the US.
Applied Economics.
ISSN 0003-6846.
41(18),
s. 2261–2277.
doi:
10.1080/00036840701222561.
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Dalen, Dag Morten; Hoel, Michael & Strøm, Steinar
(2008).
Kalkulasjonsrenten på lang sikt i en usikker verden.
Samfunnsøkonomen.
ISSN 1890-5250.
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Sorisio, Enrico & Strøm, Steinar
(2008).
Innovation and the Nordic Erythropoietin Market.
Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali.
ISSN 0035-676X.
116(1),
s. 99–128.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2008).
Hvordan dekke behovet for sykepleiere.
RØST: Radikalt økonominettverks skriftserie.
ISSN 1503-9595.
s. 54–57.
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Bye, Torstein & Strøm, Steinar
(2008).
Norsk kraft i hundre år - utvikling og økonomisk teori.
Samfunnsøkonomen.
ISSN 1890-5250.
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Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Jia, Zhyiang
(2007).
Retirement in non-cooperative and cooperative families.
I Hamada, Koichi & Kato, Hiromi (Red.),
Ageing and the labor market in Japan.
Edward Elgar Publishing.
ISSN 9781845428495.
s. 159–182.
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Della Giusta, Marina; Di Tommaso, Maria Laura; Shima, Isilda & Strøm, Steinar
(2007).
What Money Buys: Clients of Street Sex Workers in the US.
Applied Economics.
ISSN 0003-6846.
doi:
10.1080/00036840701222561.
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Dalen, Dag Morten & Strøm, Steinar
(2006).
The pharmaceutical market in Norway,
Competition and Welfare: The Norwegian Experience, ed. Lars Sørgard.
Konkurransetilsynet.
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Dalen, Dag Morten; Strøm, Steinar & Haabeth, Tonje
(2006).
Price regulation and generic competition in the pharmaceutical market.
European Journal of Health Economics.
ISSN 1618-7598.
7,
s. 208–214.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2006).
Den nordiske modellen.
I Clarhäll, Jenny & Stensbak, Helle (Red.),
Kvinner og Cash.
Radikalt Økonominettverk.
ISSN 82-996845-4-4.
s. 44–49.
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Strøm, Steinar & Dalen, Dag Morten
(2006).
The pharmaceutical market in Norway.
I Sørgård, Lars (Red.),
Competition and Welfare: The Norwegian Experience.
Konkurransetilsynet.
ISSN 9788299747202.
s. 51–70.
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Dagsvik, John K.; Strøm, Steinar & Jia, Zhiyang
(2006).
Utility of income as a random function: Behavioral characterization and empirical evidence.
Mathematical Social Sciences.
ISSN 0165-4896.
51,
s. 23–57.
Vis sammendrag
In this paper we propose a particular approach to model the utility of income. To this end we develop a theoretical framework that restricts the class of admissible functional forms and distributions of the random components of the model. The theoretical approach is based on ideas and principles that are used in modern psychophysical research and theories of probabilistic choice. The empirical part of the paper is based on “Stated Preference” (SP) data. In the present context this means that individuals are asked to indicate which incomes correspond to different utility levels described verbally. The empirical results demonstrate that our model fits the data quite well.
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Strøm, Steinar & Dagsvik, John K.
(2006).
Sectoral labour supply, choice restrictions and functional form.
Journal of applied econometrics.
ISSN 0883-7252.
21(6),
s. 803–826.
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Strøm, Steinar; Dalen, Dag Morten & Haabeth, Tonje
(2006).
Price regulation an generic comeptition in the pharmaceutical market.
European Journal of Health Economics.
ISSN 1618-7598.
7(3),
s. 208–214.
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Strøm, Steinar; Strøm, steinar; Dagsvik, John & Locatelli, Marilena
(2006).
Simulating labor supply when workers have preferences for job opportunities and face non-linear budget constraints.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(20).
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Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Iskhakov, Fedor Valentinovich
(2006).
Early retirement and company characteristics.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(16).
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Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Jia, Zhiyang
(2006).
Retirement in non-cooperative and cooperative families.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(15).
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Strøm, Steinar & Sorisio, Enrico
(2006).
Innovation and market dynamics in the EPO market.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(12).
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Strøm, Steinar; Della Giusta, Marina; Di Tommaso, Maria Laura & Shima, Isilda
(2006).
What money buys: Clients of street workers in the US.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(|0).
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Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik; Piggott, John & Tao, Zhang
(2006).
The determinants of occupational pensions.
Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo.
ISSN 0809-8786.
65(1).
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Strøm, Steinar; Boeri, Tito; Del boca, Daniela & Pissarides, Christopher
(2005).
Taxes, transfer, labor supply and household welfare.
I Boeri, Tito; Del boca, Daniela & Pissarides, Christopher (Red.),
Women at Work.
Oxford University Press.
ISSN 0199281874.
s. 205–236.
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Andresen, Kari Due; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar
(2005).
The shadow economy in Norway 1980-2003: Some empirical evidences from voluntary sample surveys.
I Bajada, Christopher & Schneider, Friedrich (Red.),
Size, causes and consequences of the underground economy: An international perspective.
Ashgate.
ISSN 0-7546-4248-8.
s. 139–156.
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Jørgensen, Øystein; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar
(2005).
Labor supply when tax evasion is an option.
Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt.
ISSN 0801-1117.
06.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2004).
Kalkulasjonsrenten.
Økonomisk forum.
ISSN 1502-6108.
58(4/5),
s. 14–19.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2004).
sectoral labor supply, chice restrictions and functional forms.
Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt.
ISSN 0801-1117.
58(13),
s. 1–60.
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Jia, Zhiyang; Strøm, Steinar & Dagsvik, John K.
(2003).
A Stochastic Model for the Utility of Income.
Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt.
ISSN 0801-1117.
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Strøm, Steinar; Haugen, Fredrik & Hernæs, Erik
(2002).
Pension systems and labor force participation in Nordic countries.
I Ihori, Toshihiro & Tachibanaki, Toshiaki (Red.),
Social security reform in advanced countries.
Routledge.
ISSN 0-415-28278-0.
s. 206–234.
Vis sammendrag
In all the Nordic countries, there are numerically important exit routes before the official retirement age at 65 or 67. Male related force participation has declined. At the time of writing male labor force participation in the age group 55-64 is above the OECD average in Norway and Sweden, and below the OECD average in Denmark and Finland (OECD, 2000). Analyzes for Norway indicate that an early retirement program that was introduced in 1989 has opened up a new exit route in that country. A simulation indicates that overall related force participation might have been decreased by 2-3 percentage points. This clearly illustrates the impact on financial incentives in influencing related force participation of elderly persons.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2002).
Barn som økonomisk trussel,
Barn mellom børs og katedral.
Abstrakt forlag.
ISSN 82-7935-048-9.
Vis sammendrag
Tilbake til foredragets tittel og min konklusjon om at barnet er en økonomisk trussel for kvinnen. I det forrige århundret, kalt barnets århundre, da kvinnen fikk kontroll over tidspunktet for første fødsel og hvor mange barn hun skulle ha i sitt fruktbare liv, valgte kvinnen bort barn. En kan ikke utelukke at dette valget var styrt av en økonomisk kalkulasjon: Tidlige fødsler og mange barn er et hinder for kvinners utdanning og karrieremuligheter. En mer treffende merkelapp på forrige århundre enn barnets århundre kunne derfor være at det var kvinnens århundre. Hun ble gitt anledning til å velge livsløp på en helt annen måte enn i tidligere århundrer.
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Strøm, Steinar; Haugen, Fredrik & Hernæs, Erik
(2002).
Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries.
I Ihori, Toshihiro & Tachibanaki, Toshiaki (Red.),
Social security reform in advanced countries.
Routledge.
ISSN 0-415-28278-0.
s. 206–234.
Vis sammendrag
In all the Nordic countries the pension systems are dominated by a public pension component. These public pension systems are re-distributive in that the replacement level falls with income. Up to 1975, the replacement rate increased, but since then it has increased only in Denmark, and has remained fairly constant in the other Nordic countries.
In all the Nordic countries, there are numerically important exit routes before the official retirement age at 65 or 67. Male related force participation has declined. At the time of writing male labor force participation in the age group 55-64 is above the OECD average in Norway and Sweden, and below the OECD average in Denmark and Finland (OECD, 2000). Analyzes for Norway indicate that an early retirement program that was introduced in 1989 has opened up a new exit route in that country. A simulation indicates that overall related force participation might have been decreased by 2-3 percentage points. This clearly illustrates the impact on financial incentives in influencing related force participation of elderly persons.
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Strøm, Steinar
(2002).
Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries,
Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries.
Oxford University Press.
ISSN 0-415-28278-0.
s. 206–235.
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Strøm, Steinar & Røed, Knut
(2002).
Progressive taxes and the labour market-is the trade-off between equality and efficiency inevitable?
Journal of economic surveys.
ISSN 0950-0804.
16(1),
s. 77–110.
Vis sammendrag
Does an income tax harm economic efficiency more the more progressive it is? Public economics provides a strong case for a definite ¿yes¿. But at least three forces may pull in the other direction. First, low-wage workers may on average have more elastic labour supply schedules than high-wage workers, in which case progressive taxes contribute to a more efficient allocation of the total tax burden. Second, in non-competitive labour markets, progressive taxes may encourage wage moderation, and hence reduce the equilibrium level of unemployment. And third, if wage setters have egalitarian objectives, progressive taxes may reduce the need for redistribution in pre-tax wages, and hence increase the demand for low-skilled workers. This paper surveys the theoretical, as well as the empirical literature about labour supply, taxes and wage setting. We conclude that in a second best world, the trade-off between equality and efficiency is not always inevitable.
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Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar
(2002).
Svart sektor i tilbakegang?
Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet.
ISSN 0800-6199.
19(2),
s. 243–252.
Vis sammendrag
Samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter har vært omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001. Samtidig har andelen som jobber svart gått ned. Andelen som sier de ville jobbe svart dersom de hadde muligheten har også gått ned. Denne nedgangen i utbredelsen av svart arbeid gjelder både kvinner og menn, unge og eldre, og det ser ut til å være en nedgang innenfor samtlige bransjer, kanskje med unntak av byggebransjen. Artikkelen ser nærmere på hva som har skjedd med omfang og utbredelse av svart arbeid de siste 20 åra, og hvilke faktorer som kan bidra til å forklare disse endringene. Resultatene bygger på data fra spørreundersøkelser om svart arbeid som ble gjennomført i 1980, 1989 og 2001, med omtrent samme spørreskjema.
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Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar
(2002).
Svart arbeid i tilbakegang?
Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet.
ISSN 0800-6199.
2.
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Bjerkholt, Olav & Strøm, Steinar
(2001).
Decision Models and Preferences: Thge Pinoneering Contributions of Ragnar Frisch.
I Tangian, Andranik S. & Gruber, Josef (Red.),
Constructing and Applying Objective Functions.
Springer.
ISSN 3-540-42669-8.
s. 17–36.
Vis sammendrag
This essay presents the pioneering contributions of Ragnar Frisch to the literature on formation of preferences and macroeconomic planning. A brief review of some of Ragnar Frisch's work in this and related fields is given. His interviewing approach to estimate prefercnes is outlined. It is hinted at how the interview technique can be applied to quantify preferences for a variety of decision makers.