Steinar Strøm

• Dagsvik, John K. & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2022). Aggregate marginal costs of public funds. Public Sector Economics. 46(2), s. 239–260. doi: 10.3326/pse.46.2.3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper, we discuss aggregate measures of marginal costs of public funds (MCF) in populations that are heterogeneous with respect to observed as well as unobserved characteristics. We first discuss how to compute MCF in selected examples of traditional (textbook) labour supply models. Next, we review two types of discrete labour supply models proposed in the literature. Subsequently, we discuss how to calculate aggregate measures of MCF for discrete labour supply models. Finally, we apply an estimated two-sector discrete labour supply model to compute MCF based on Norwegian data.

• Dagsvik, John K.; Strøm, Steinar Øivind & Locatelli, Marilena (2021). Marginal compensated effects in discrete labor supply models. Journal of Choice Modelling. 41, s. 1–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jocm.2021.100326. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper develops analytic results for marginal compensated effects in discrete labor supply models, including a Slutsky equation. The Slutsky equation is aggregate in the sense that it establishes the relationship between the marginal compensated effects of the probability of working and the mean hours of work in terms of the corresponding marginal uncompensated effects. The Slutsky equation differs somewhat from the Slutsky equation in the standard continuous labor supply models. Specifically, the marginal compensated effect of an increase in the wage rate differs from the corresponding effect of a decrease in the wage rate. To illustrate some qualitative properties of the compensated marginal effects we have used an empirical labor supply model to compute numerical compensated (Hicksian) and uncompensated marginal (Marshallian) effects resulting from wage rate changes.

• Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2021). Biosimilar bidding in centralized tenders in Norway. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 9(1), s. 11–23. doi: 10.5617/njhe.7394. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Our objective is to study the competition effect of biosimilar entry in centralized tenders for an expensive category or drugs - TNF-inhibitors. We use monthly observations of prices and volumes for all brands and biosimilars in this drug category in Norway, covering the period from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2016. Descriptive statistics and regression models are used to investigate the impact of biosimilars on the drug price and the effect of the number of brands on the intensity of competition. Both the entry of biosimilars and new branded drugs have increased competition and reduced prices. According to our estimates, an increase in the market share of biosimilars from 10 % to 60 %, will be accompanied with a 50 % reduction in the expected price. Only two years after entry, the first biosimilars in this drug category had gained a market share of 40 % in Norwegian hospitals. Although entry barriers for biosimilars are higher than for generics of chemical substances, significant cost savings are expected from patent expirations of expensive biologics as well. The centralized design of the tenders is an important institutional factor behind the strong competition effect.

• Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2018). Demand for sexual services in Britain: Does Sex Education Matter? Scottish Journal of Political Economy. ISSN 0036-9292. 65(5), s. 550–571. doi: 10.1111/sjpe.12198. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  On survey data from 1999 to 2001 and 2010 to 2012, we estimate the demand for commercial sex among British men. We estimate a zero‐inflated count model, which takes into account the probability of not participating in the sex market and number of times with a prostitute. We find that sex education in school has a negative and significant role in the demand for paid sex. We also find that men with a typical middle‐class income are more likely to buy sex. Travelling abroad or living in London increases the likelihood of British men buying sex.

• Strøm, Steinar Øivind; Piazzalunga, Daniela; Venturini, Alessandra & Villosio, Claudia (2018). Wage assimilation of immigrants and internal migrants: the role of linguistic distance. Regional studies. ISSN 0034-3404. 52(10), s. 1423–1434. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2017.1395003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigates the wage assimilation of foreign immigrants and internal migrants in Italy, comparing them with stayers. Control for the selection in out-migration is performed using a new duration version of the Heckman correction and by taking into account both return migration and moves to other destinations. Internal migrants experience only minor wage differences when compared with stayers. By contrast, foreign immigrants earn about 8% less than stayers and internal migrants at the beginning of their careers, and the wage gap increases over time. Both language distance and job segmentation contribute to immigrants’ lack of wage assimilation.

• Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2018). An Equilibrium Model Estimated on Pharmaceutical Data. Atlantic Economic Journal. ISSN 0197-4254. 46(3), s. 281–296. doi: 10.1007/s11293-018-9592-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this paper is to estimate patients’ and doctors’ responses to prices when making a choice between brand name products and generics. We account for the response of pharmacies to government regulation and to prices set by brand name producers. The data from the Norwegian Prescription Database are unique in the sense that we observe prices set by pharmacies as well as by producers. Our results confirm that estimating only the demand side yields biased estimates of consumers’ price responses. We find much stronger price responses when demand and supply are jointly estimated.

• Dagsvik, John K. & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2017). Labor supply analysis with non-convex budget set without the Hausman approach. Documents - Statistics Norway, Research Department. ISSN 0805-9411. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andreassen, Leif; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di & Strøm, Steinar (2016). Nurses and physicians: a longitudinal analysis of mobility between jobs and labor supply. Empirical Economics. ISSN 0377-7332. s. 1–35. doi: 10.1007/s00181-016-1116-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moscarola, Flavia Coda; Fornero, Elsa & Strøm, Steinar (2016). Absenteeism, childcare and the effectiveness of pension reforms. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies. 5(1). doi: 10.1186/s40174-016-0056-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar (2015). Longitudinal analysis of generic substitution. Atlantic Economic Journal. ISSN 0197-4254. 43(3), s. 363–374. doi: 10.1007/s11293-015-9462-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena; Sorisio, Enrico & Strøm, Steinar (2014). Does the Identity of the Third-Party Payer Matter for Prescribing Doctors? Applied Economics and Finance. ISSN 2332-7294. 1(1). doi: 10.11114/aef.v1i1.324. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  TNF-alpha inhibitors represent one of the most important areas of biopharmaceuticals by sales, with threeblockbusters accounting for 8 per cent of total pharmaceutical sale in Norway. Novelty of the paper is to examine, with the use of a unique natural policy experiment in Norway, to what extent the price responsiveness of prescription choices is affected when the identity of the third-party payer changes. The three dominating drugs in this market, Enbrel, Remicade, and Humira, are substitutes, but have had different and varying funding schemes -hospitals and the national insurance plan. A stochastic structural model for the three drugs, covering demand and price setting, is estimated in a joint maximum likelihood approach. We find that doctors are more responsive when the costs are covered by the hospitals compared to when costs are covered by national insurance

• Andreassen, Leif; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di & Strøm, Steinar (2013). Do medical doctors respond to economic incentives? Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 32(2), s. 392–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.12.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar & Corsi, Alessandro (2013). The Price Premium for Organic Wines: Estimating a Hedonic Farm-Gate Price Equation. Journal of Wine Economics. ISSN 1931-4361. doi: 10.1017/jwe.2012.22. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brekke, Kurt; Dalen, Dag Morten & Strøm, Steinar (2012). Should pharmaceutical costs be curbed? Nordic Economic Policy Review. ISSN 1904-4526. 2, s. 1–27. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Pharmaceuticals account for almost a fifth of total health spending in OECD-countries. Both pharmaceutical innovations and the aging of the population explain the increasing importance of pharmaceuticals in health care. Due to the importance of patent protection and insurance coverage, pharmaceutical markets are subjected to economic regulation – both on the supply-side and the demand-side. In this paper, we briefly review the Nordic pharmaceutical market, before explaining the main regulatory policy measures taken by governments in these countries. Empirical re-search has been undertaken to investigate regulation and competition, and we provide a review of some of the findings.

• Colombino, Ugo; Hernæs, Erik; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar (2011). Pension reforms, liquidity constraints and labour supply responses. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. ISSN 1474-7472. 10(1), s. 53–74. doi: 10.1017/S1474747209990357. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Labour supply responses among older people are estimated on 1996 cross-section register data covering all Norwegians aged 55–68, with an inter-temporal structural model of retirement decisions. Simulations illustrate the impact of introducing flexible pension take-up with actuarial adjustment. With the option of perfect consumption smoothing via the credit market, the reform which comes into effect in Norway from 2011 will reduce the share of retired persons in the age bracket 60–67 (in the base year 15–16%) by around 3 percentage points. With no consumption smoothing, the reduction will be 0.75 percentage points.

• Eide, Erling; Simson, Kristine von & Strøm, Steinar (2011). Rank-Dependent Utility, Tax Evasion, and Labor Supply. FinanzArchiv / Public Finance Analysis (FA). ISSN 0015-2218. 67(3), s. 261–281. doi: 10.1628/001522111X600597. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hernæs, Erik; Piggott, John; Strøm, Steinar & Zhang, Tao (2011). Occupational pensions, tenure, and taxes. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance. ISSN 1474-7472. 10(03), s. 435–456. doi: 10.1017/S1474747210000089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The occurrence in firms of occupational pensions is investigated with a linked employer– employee dataset, supplemented with actuarial calculations of tax savings when labour compensation is in the form of pensions compared to wages. Tax gains, which can be shared between employers and employees, and expected increases in average tenure are both clearly associated with the occurrence of an occupational pension. Occupational pensions are typically found in large firms, with decentralized wage negotiations, a high degree of unionization, and the requirement of long training. The results and the approach provide a basis for analyzing also the trend towards DB pensions.

• Strøm, Steinar & Locatelli, Marilena (2011). Computation of the Compensating Variation Within a Random Utility Model Using GAUSS Software. Modern Economy. ISSN 2152-7245. 2, s. 383–389. doi: 10.4236/me.2011.23041. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten; Furu, Kari; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar (2011). Generic substitution: micro evidence from register data in Norway. European Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1618-7598. 12(1), s. 49–59. doi: 10.1007/s10198-010-0226-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eide, Erling; Strøm, Steinar & Simpson, Kristine von (2010). Rank Dependent Utility, Tax Evasion and Labor Supply. CESifo Working Papers. ISSN 1617-9595. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the simple Allingham-Sandmo portfolio model of tax evasion an expected utility maximizer will cheat more than what is estimated in empirical studies. Two main types of explanation have been suggested as solutions to this puzzle: (1) Tax payers act according to some non-expected utility theory, and (2) Individual ethical norms and social stigma induce people not to cheat. In the present study we test two hypotheses within these broad explanations: (1) Tax payers are weighting subjective probabilities of being penalised according to the rank dependent utility theory, and (2) Tax payers’ beliefs about social norms have an effect on their decision to evade taxes. Our model is characterized by a simultaneous determination of tax evasion and labour supply, including the effect on tax payers of a social norm of not cheating. Using Norwegian survey data our hypotheses are corroborated. Our estimates imply that if the objective probability of being penalized is, say 3%, the weighted probability is about 23%. Our study provides an independent confirmation of the rank dependent expected utility theory. The model explains data 53% better than pure random choices and predicts hours worked in the regular economy, among tax evaders as well non tax evaders, rather precisely. The model is an example of a two sector choice model and the results indicate that an overall wage increase may shift labor supply away from the irregular part of the economy towards the regular.

• Giusta, Marina Della; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di; Shima, Isilda & Strøm, Steinar (2009). What money buys: clients of street sex workers in the US. Applied Economics. ISSN 0003-6846. 41(18), s. 2261–2277. doi: 10.1080/00036840701222561. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tommaso, ML Di; Strøm, Steinar & Sæther, EM (2009). Nurses wanted Is the job too harsh or is the wage too low? Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 0167-6296. 28(3), s. 748–757. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.01.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dagsvik, John K.; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar (2009). Tax Reform, Sector-specific Labor Supply and Welfare Effects. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. ISSN 0347-0520. 111(2), s. 299–321. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01565.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper focuses in particular on the 1992 tax reform in Norway. In this reform the top marginal tax rates were cut considerably. We find that the impact on overall labor supply is rather modest, but these modest changes shadow for stronger sectoral changes. The tax reform stimulated the women to shift their labor from the public to the private sector and to work longer hours. A calculation of mean compensated variation, calculated within the framework of a random utility model, shows that the richest households benefited far more from the 1992 tax reform than did the poorest households.

• Giusta, M Della; Tommaso, ML Di & Strøm, Steinar (2009). Who is watching? The market for prostitution services. Journal of Population Economics. ISSN 0933-1433. 22(2), s. 501–516. doi: 10.1007/s00148-007-0136-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tommaso, Maria Laura Di; Shima, Isilda; Strøm, Steinar & Bettio, Francesca (2009). As bad as it gets: Well-being deprivation of sexually exploited trafficked women. European Journal of Political Economy. ISSN 0176-2680. 25(2), s. 143–162. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.11.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2008). Hvordan dekke behovet for sykepleiere. RØST: Radikalt økonominettverks skriftserie. ISSN 1503-9595. s. 54–57. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sorisio, Enrico & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Innovation and the Nordic Erythropoietin Market. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali. ISSN 0035-676X. 116(1), s. 99–128. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bye, Torstein & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Norsk kraft i hundre år - utvikling og økonomisk teori. Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten; Hoel, Michael & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Kalkulasjonsrenten på lang sikt i en usikker verden. Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Giusta, Marina Della; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di; Shima, Isilda & Strøm, Steinar (2007). What Money Buys: Clients of Street Sex Workers in the US. Applied Economics. ISSN 0003-6846. doi: 10.1080/00036840701222561. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Jia, Zhyiang (2007). Retirement in non-cooperative and cooperative families. I Hamada, Koichi & Kato, Hiromi (Red.), Ageing and the labor market in Japan. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781845428495. s. 159–182. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar & Dalen, Dag Morten (2006). The pharmaceutical market in Norway. I Sørgård, Lars (Red.), Competition and Welfare: The Norwegian Experience. Konkurransetilsynet. ISSN 9788299747202. s. 51–70. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten & Strøm, Steinar (2006). The pharmaceutical market in Norway, Competition and Welfare: The Norwegian Experience, ed. Lars Sørgard. Konkurransetilsynet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten; Strøm, Steinar & Haabeth, Tonje (2006). Price regulation and generic competition in the pharmaceutical market. European Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1618-7598. 7, s. 208–214. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar & Dagsvik, John K. (2006). Sectoral labour supply, choice restrictions and functional form. Journal of applied econometrics. ISSN 0883-7252. 21(6), s. 803–826. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Dalen, Dag Morten & Haabeth, Tonje (2006). Price regulation an generic comeptition in the pharmaceutical market. European Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1618-7598. 7(3), s. 208–214. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2006). Den nordiske modellen. I Clarhäll, Jenny & Stensbak, Helle (Red.), Kvinner og Cash. Radikalt Økonominettverk. ISSN 9788299684545. s. 44–49. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dagsvik, John K.; Strøm, Steinar & Jia, Zhiyang (2006). Utility of income as a random function: Behavioral characterization and empirical evidence. Mathematical Social Sciences. ISSN 0165-4896. 51, s. 23–57. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper we propose a particular approach to model the utility of income. To this end we develop a theoretical framework that restricts the class of admissible functional forms and distributions of the random components of the model. The theoretical approach is based on ideas and principles that are used in modern psychophysical research and theories of probabilistic choice. The empirical part of the paper is based on “Stated Preference” (SP) data. In the present context this means that individuals are asked to indicate which incomes correspond to different utility levels described verbally. The empirical results demonstrate that our model fits the data quite well.

• Strøm, Steinar & Sorisio, Enrico (2006). Innovation and market dynamics in the EPO market. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(12). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Jia, Zhiyang (2006). Retirement in non-cooperative and cooperative families. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(15). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Giusta, Marina Della; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di & Shima, Isilda (2006). What money buys: Clients of street workers in the US. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(|0). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik; Piggott, John & Tao, Zhang (2006). The determinants of occupational pensions. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(1). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Strøm, steinar; Dagsvik, John & Locatelli, Marilena (2006). Simulating labor supply when workers have preferences for job opportunities and face non-linear budget constraints. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(20). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Iskhakov, Fedor Valentinovich (2006). Early retirement and company characteristics. Memorandum from Department of Economics, University of Oslo. ISSN 0809-8786. 65(16). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jørgensen, Øystein; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2005). Labor supply when tax evasion is an option. Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 0801-1117. 06. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Boeri, Tito; boca, Daniela Del & Pissarides, Christopher (2005). Taxes, transfer, labor supply and household welfare. I Boeri, Tito; boca, Daniela Del & Pissarides, Christopher (Red.), Women at Work. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780199281879. s. 205–236. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andresen, Kari Due; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2005). The shadow economy in Norway 1980-2003: Some empirical evidences from voluntary sample surveys. I Bajada, Christopher & Schneider, Friedrich (Red.), Size, causes and consequences of the underground economy: An international perspective. Ashgate. ISSN 9780754642480. s. 139–156. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2004). Do more equal slices shrink the cake? Journal of Population Economics. ISSN 0933-1433. 17(4), s. 767–786. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2004). Kalkulasjonsrenten. Økonomisk forum. ISSN 1502-6108. 58(4/5), s. 14–19. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2004). sectoral labor supply, chice restrictions and functional forms. Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 0801-1117. 58(13), s. 1–60. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jia, Zhiyang; Strøm, Steinar & Dagsvik, John K. (2003). A Stochastic Model for the Utility of Income. Memorandum fra Sosialøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 0801-1117. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Haugen, Fredrik & Hernæs, Erik (2002). Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries. I Ihori, Toshihiro & Tachibanaki, Toshiaki (Red.), Social security reform in advanced countries. Routledge. ISSN 9780415282789. s. 206–234. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In all the Nordic countries the pension systems are dominated by a public pension component. These public pension systems are re-distributive in that the replacement level falls with income. Up to 1975, the replacement rate increased, but since then it has increased only in Denmark, and has remained fairly constant in the other Nordic countries. In all the Nordic countries, there are numerically important exit routes before the official retirement age at 65 or 67. Male related force participation has declined. At the time of writing male labor force participation in the age group 55-64 is above the OECD average in Norway and Sweden, and below the OECD average in Denmark and Finland (OECD, 2000). Analyzes for Norway indicate that an early retirement program that was introduced in 1989 has opened up a new exit route in that country. A simulation indicates that overall related force participation might have been decreased by 2-3 percentage points. This clearly illustrates the impact on financial incentives in influencing related force participation of elderly persons.

• Strøm, Steinar; Haugen, Fredrik & Hernæs, Erik (2002). Pension systems and labor force participation in Nordic countries. I Ihori, Toshihiro & Tachibanaki, Toshiaki (Red.), Social security reform in advanced countries. Routledge. ISSN 9780415282789. s. 206–234. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In all the Nordic countries, there are numerically important exit routes before the official retirement age at 65 or 67. Male related force participation has declined. At the time of writing male labor force participation in the age group 55-64 is above the OECD average in Norway and Sweden, and below the OECD average in Denmark and Finland (OECD, 2000). Analyzes for Norway indicate that an early retirement program that was introduced in 1989 has opened up a new exit route in that country. A simulation indicates that overall related force participation might have been decreased by 2-3 percentage points. This clearly illustrates the impact on financial incentives in influencing related force participation of elderly persons.

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Barn som økonomisk trussel, Barn mellom børs og katedral. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279350484. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tilbake til foredragets tittel og min konklusjon om at barnet er en økonomisk trussel for kvinnen. I det forrige århundret, kalt barnets århundre, da kvinnen fikk kontroll over tidspunktet for første fødsel og hvor mange barn hun skulle ha i sitt fruktbare liv, valgte kvinnen bort barn. En kan ikke utelukke at dette valget var styrt av en økonomisk kalkulasjon: Tidlige fødsler og mange barn er et hinder for kvinners utdanning og karrieremuligheter. En mer treffende merkelapp på forrige århundre enn barnets århundre kunne derfor være at det var kvinnens århundre. Hun ble gitt anledning til å velge livsløp på en helt annen måte enn i tidligere århundrer.

• Strøm, Steinar & Røed, Knut (2002). Progressive taxes and the labour market-is the trade-off between equality and efficiency inevitable? Journal of economic surveys. ISSN 0950-0804. 16(1), s. 77–110. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Does an income tax harm economic efficiency more the more progressive it is? Public economics provides a strong case for a definite ¿yes¿. But at least three forces may pull in the other direction. First, low-wage workers may on average have more elastic labour supply schedules than high-wage workers, in which case progressive taxes contribute to a more efficient allocation of the total tax burden. Second, in non-competitive labour markets, progressive taxes may encourage wage moderation, and hence reduce the equilibrium level of unemployment. And third, if wage setters have egalitarian objectives, progressive taxes may reduce the need for redistribution in pre-tax wages, and hence increase the demand for low-skilled workers. This paper surveys the theoretical, as well as the empirical literature about labour supply, taxes and wage setting. We conclude that in a second best world, the trade-off between equality and efficiency is not always inevitable.

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries, Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780415282789. s. 206–235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart arbeid i tilbakegang? Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet. ISSN 0800-6199. 2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart sektor i tilbakegang? Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet. ISSN 0800-6199. 19(2), s. 243–252. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter har vært omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001. Samtidig har andelen som jobber svart gått ned. Andelen som sier de ville jobbe svart dersom de hadde muligheten har også gått ned. Denne nedgangen i utbredelsen av svart arbeid gjelder både kvinner og menn, unge og eldre, og det ser ut til å være en nedgang innenfor samtlige bransjer, kanskje med unntak av byggebransjen. Artikkelen ser nærmere på hva som har skjedd med omfang og utbredelse av svart arbeid de siste 20 åra, og hvilke faktorer som kan bidra til å forklare disse endringene. Resultatene bygger på data fra spørreundersøkelser om svart arbeid som ble gjennomført i 1980, 1989 og 2001, med omtrent samme spørreskjema.

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• Vislie, Jon; Christiansen, Vidar; Holtsmark, Katinka Kristine & Strøm, Steinar (2015). Effektivitet, fordeling og økonomisk politikk. 2 utgv. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215023588. 400 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Skattepolitikk, knapphet på offentlige goder og private eller offentlige leverandører av tjenester. Alt dette er saker som står på politikernes agenda hver eneste dag, og som engasjerer mange.Hvordan bør knappe ressurser forvaltes i en blandingsøkonomi som den norske? I denne boken fremstilles sentrale tema som allokeringsproblemer, optimalitetskriterier og samfunnsøkonomisk effektivitet.

• Vislie, Jon & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Økonomisk atferd, beslutninger og likevekt en innføring i analytisk mikroøkonomi. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215013572. 314 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Giusta, Marina Della; Tommaso, Maria Di & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Sex Markets: A Denied Industry. Routledge. ISBN 9780415423724. 112 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vislie, Jon & Strøm, Steinar (2007). Effektivitet, fordeling og økonomisk politikk. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215010816. 313 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Pension systems and labor force participation in the Nordic countries. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780415282789. 25 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2016). Book review: The Natural Gas Revolution. Energy Journal. ISSN 0195-6574. 37(2), s. 290–292. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vislie, Jon & Strøm, Steinar (2009). Vi trenger en verdidebatt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2006). Apotekene. Økonomisk forum. ISSN 1502-6108. 60(9), s. 32–37. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hoel, Michael Olaf & Strøm, Steinar (2006). Mongstad-millarder ut av vinduet? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2003). Pensjonsreformer og arbeidsmotivasjon. RØST: Radikalt økonominettverks skriftserie. ISSN 1503-9595. 1(1), s. 35–39. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2002). En Oljet økonomi. Økonomisk Rapport. ISSN 0332-5555. 29(11). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Anta at olje og gassen i Nordsjøen utgjør 3000 mrd kr. I såfall er noe over en femdel plassert på bok i utlandet og resten er fremdeles ute i Nordsjøen. En realavkastning på 5 prosent innebærer at inntekten fra oljen og gassen kan gi permanent årlig inntekt på 150 mrd kr per år. Dette er et betydelig beløp, men heller ikke mer enn at denne inntekten fra utlandet dekker om lag en tredel av norsk import. Følgelig trenger Norge en konkurranseutsatt sektor som kan finansiere de resterende to tredeler av importen. Årets lønnsoppgjør og dagens politiske strømninger peker i den forbindelse i gal retning

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Bør mer av oljepengene investeres i Norge? Horisont : næringspolitisk skriftserie. ISSN 1502-3699. 3(3), s. 22–31. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Siden det kun er spørsmål om når og ikke om oljepengene skal brukes, må handlingsregelens konsekvenser for norsk økonomi vurderes mot andre måter å bruke oljepengene på. I forhold til en politikk som utsetter bruken av oljepenger, vil handlingsregelen bety at flere konkurranseutsatte bedrifter (eksport- og importkonkurrerende) går dukken i nærmeste fremtid. Færre vil imidlertid gå dukken på et senere tidspunkt. NHO er blant de som har ment at en bør bruke mindre oljepenger enn i dag. I forhold til en politikk som bruker mer oljepenger i dag, vil handlingsregelen bety at færre konkurranseutsatte bedrifter går dukken i dag. Flere vil da gjøre det senere. Flere politikere, spesielt i Fremskrittspartiet, er tilhenger av en økt bruk i dag av oljepenger. En politikk som bruker mer enn avkastningen av oljeformuen på forbruk, vil før eller senere ha tømt ikke bare Nordsjøen, men også formuesverdien av den.

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart sektor i tilbakegang? Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet. ISSN 0800-6199. 19(2), s. 243–252. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Economic Consequences of Aging. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Structural modelling confirms the necessity of incorporating forward looking behaviour Strong responses to economic incentives found Correlation in behaviour found for married couples Strong work disincentives of the Norwegian tax system found Strongest responses in low-income brackets Household modelling - Joint utility vs game modelling Estimation of Box-Cox utility functions for joint utility, Nash and Stackelberger models Comparison of within-sample prediction Game model (Stackelberg with husband as leader) performs best Policy simulation: Pension taxed as earnings Labour force simulation Labour force survey data from rotating panel prepared for analysis Quarterly transition model with a large number of explanatory variables estimated Dummy variable capture the effect of the introduction of the AFP Net labour force effect of AFP and interaction with disability studied

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). European Labour Markets: Perspectives and Policy Implication. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In 2000 an amibitous goal was set to increase employment in the EU. This goal can be achieved in the followoing four ways: 1) A reduction in unemployment 2) An increase in labor market participation among married women 3) A reduction in the propensities to retire early Neither of these ways of increasing employment is easy and most likely Continental-EU will strive for many years to bring employment up the level in the Scandinavian countries.

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Retirement in Italy and Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Estimates on Italian and Norwegian data indicate that the preference structure among middle-aged and elderly Italian and Norwegian males and females who are approaching retirement does not differ very much. The pattern in retirement behaviour, however, differs very much between the two countries, with a seniority program (without age requirement) in Italy that gives the Italian incentives to retire rather early. The difference in behaviour seems to be due to differences in opportunities and budget sets rather than to differences in preferences for work and retirement.

• Strøm, Steinar (2002). Retirement and consumption smoothing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A retirment model is estimated on Italian and Norwegian data and it is demonstrated that the responses to economic incentives are stronger the less perfect the credit markets are

• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart sektor i tilbakegang. Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet. ISSN 0800-6199. 19(2), s. 243–251. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter i Norge har vært omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001. Samtidig har andelen som jobber svart gått ned. Andelen som sier de ville jobbet svart dersom de hadde muligheten, har også gått ned. Denne nedgangen i utbredelsen av svart arbeid gjelder både kvinner og menn, unge og eldre, og det ser ut til å være en nedgang innenfor de fleste bransjer.

• Strøm, Steinar (2001). Retirement in non-cooperative and cooperative households. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Models for non-cooperative as well as cooperative behavior of families are estimated on data from Norway from 1994 to 1998. The models aim at explaining labor supply behavior of married couples the first five months after the husband becomes eligible for early retirement, while the wife is not eligible. Estimates and predictions derived from the different models are compared. Econometric tests find that the Stackelberg model with the male as the leader is the best. Simulations with the estimated models show that taxing pension income the same way as labor income would reduce the propensity to retire early considerably.

• Strøm, Steinar; Dagsvik, John K.; Locatelli, Marilena & Soldani, Emilia (2015). The Impact of Tax Reforms on the Labor Supply of Married Women. Economia e Statistica Cognetti de Martiis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andreassen, Leif; Tommaso, Maria Laura Di & Strøm, Steinar Øivind (2015). Wages Anatomy. Labor Supply of Nurses and a Comparison with Physicians. CESifo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dagsvik, John K.; Strøm, Steinar Øivind & Locatelli, Marilena (2014). Compensated Discrete Choice with Particular Reference to Labor Supply. CESifo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar; Hoel, Michael Olaf & Dalen, Dag Morten (2012). Verdsetting av økosystemtjenester. Vista Analyse AS. ISSN 9788281260573. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hoel, Michael Olaf; Strøm, Steinar & Dalen, Dag Morten (2012). Tariffering og bruk av gassinfrastruktur. Vista Analyse AS. ISSN 9788281260566. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vislie, Jon & Strøm, Steinar (2009). Mål og virkemidler for bredere bredbånd. Fornyings-, Administrasjons-, og Kirkedepartementet - Rapport fra interdepartemental arbeidsgruppe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar & Vislie, Jon (2008). A Discrete Choice-Model Approach to Optimal Congestion Charge. Økonomisk institutt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Furu, Kari; Dalen, Dag Morten; Locatelli, Marilena & Strøm, Steinar (2008). Generic substitution. Økonomisk institutt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tommaso, M. L. Di; Strøm, Steinar & Sæther, Erik Magnus (2008). Nurses Wanted. Is the job too harsh or is the wage too low? Økonomisk institutt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Vislie, Jon & Strøm, Steinar (2006). Effektivitet, Fordeling og Økonomisk Politikk. Unipub forlag. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dalen, Dag Morten; Strøm, Steinar & Haabeth, Tonje (2005). Price regulation and generic competition in the pharmaceutical market. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2004). Pris- og avanseregulering for legemidler. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880462. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gitt dagens vertikale integrering av apotek og grossist bør AIP-reguleringen fjernes. Problemene med dagens AIP-regime tilsier at et GIP-regulering vil gi et bedre utgangspunkt for avanseregulering, og at effekten av priskonkurransen i generikasegmentet i større grad vil komme myndighetene og pasientene til gode i form av lavere AUP. I dagens modell er det svak kobling mellom konkurransen på produsentnivå og det prisbildet som avtegner seg ute i apotekene. Kjedene har full kontroll med utsalgsprisene (innenfor maksimalsatsene). I en situasjon med prisufølsom etterspørsel er det liten grunn til å videreføre lave innkjøpspriser til AUP. Med GIP-regulering endres dette. Produsentene gis kontroll over AUP siden kjedene vil måtte holde seg innenfor maksimalavansene. Dette forventes å skjerpe konkurranseeffekten av generisk bytte og eventuelle nye forsøk med referanseprisordninger.

• Jørgensen, Øystein; Strøm, Steinar & Ognedal, Tone (2004). Arbeidstilbud når svart arbeid er en mulighet. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880455. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Lavere marginalskatter, færre jobber med muligheter til å jobbe svart, bedre skattemoral og oppfantinger om at en lettere blir tatt har ført til mindre skatteunndragelser de siste 20 årene

• Strøm, Steinar (2003). A Stochastic Model for the Utility of Income. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract: In this paper we discuss a general framework for analyzing labor supply behavior in the presence of complicated budget- and quantity constraints of which some are unobserved. The point of departure is that an individual’s labor supply decision can be considered as a choice from a set of discrete alternatives (jobs). These jobs are characterized by attributes such as hours of work, sector specific wages and other sector specific aspects of the jobs. We focus in particular on theoretical justification of functional form assumptions and properties of the random components of the model. The paper includes an empirical application based on Norwegian data, in which the labor supply of married women is estimated. Keywords: Labor supply, non-convex budget sets, non-pecuniary job-attributes, sector-specific wages.

• Strøm, Steinar (2003). Do More Equal Slices Shrink the Cake? An Empirical Investigation of Tax-Transfer Reform Proposals in Italy. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar (2003). Analyzing labor supply behavior with latent job opportunity sets and institutional choice constraints. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strøm, Steinar & dagsvik, J.K. (2002). Analyzing Labor Supply Behavior with latent Job Opportunity Sets and Institutional Choice Constraints. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper we discuss a general framework for analyzing labor supply behavior in the presence of complicated budget- and quantity constraints of which some may be unobservable. The point of departure is that an individual's labor supply decision can be considered as a choice from a set of discrete alternatives (jobs). These jobs are characterized by attributes such as hours of work, sector specific wages and other sector specific aspects of the jobs. We focus in particular on theoretical justification of functional form assumptions and properties of the random components of the model. The paper also includes an empirical application based on Norwegian data, in which the labor supply of married women is estimated

• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart arbeid fra 1980 til 2001. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Basert på data fra spørreundersøkelser i 1980, 1989 og 2001 finner vi at samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter var omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001, men at andelen som jobbet svart gikk ned. I 1989 var både utbredelsen og de svarte inntektene høyere enn i 1980 og 2001.

• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart arbeid fra 1980 til 2001. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Basert på data fra spørreundersøkelser i 1980, 1989 og 2001 finner vi at samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter var omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001, men at andelen som jobbet svart gikk ned. I 1989 var både utbredelsen og de svarte inntektene høyere enn i 1980 og 2001.

• Goldstein, Harald Erik; Hansen, Wiljar G.; Ognedal, Tone & Strøm, Steinar (2002). Svart arbeid fra 1980 til 2001. Stiftelsen Frischsenteret for samfunnsøkonomisk forskning. ISSN 9788279880318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Basert på data fra spørreundersøkelser i 1980,1989 og 2001 finner vi at samlede svarte arbeidsinntekter var omtrent uendret fra 1980 til 2001, men at andelen som jobbet svart gikk ned. I 1989 var både utbredelsen og de svarte inntektene høyere enn i 1980 og 2001. Årsakene er trolig at det i 1989 var høy ledighet og gjeldskrise i mange husholdninger. Rapporten peker på flere faktorer som kan forklare at færre jobber svart i 2001 enn i 1980: Lavere skatt på arbeids- og kapitalinntekt gir lavere gevinst ved å unndra. Økt yrkesdeltakelse blant kvinner har ført til at færre av dem er interessert i strøjobber i det svarte markedet. Andelen med høyere utdanning har økt, noe som kan ha ledet til at flere har jobber med liten mulighet for svart arbeid. Eldre arbeidsstyrke, større tro på at man kan bli tatt og en viss bedring i skattemoralen er andre viktige årsaker.

• Strøm, Steinar; Hernæs, Erik & Røed, Knut (2002). Yrkesdeltakelse, pensjoneringsatferd og økonomiske insentiver. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880325. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Økonomiske insentiver er viktige for valg av pensjoneringstidspunkt. Pensjonsytelser og eventuell arbeidsinntekt etter skatt kan forklare en god del av individers beslutninger knyttet til pensjoneringstidspunkt. 2. En betydelig andel av arbeidstakerne vil velge å gå av ved ¿første og beste¿ anledning, dvs. så fort en eller annen form for pensjonsytelse blir tilgjengelig. For denne gruppen må det nokså sterke (aktuariske) insentiver til for fortsatt yrkesdeltagelse. Den nedre aldersgrensen i førtidspensjoneringsordninger har derfor særdeles stor betydning for det totale avgangsmønsteret, særlig hvis det i liten grad foretas aktuarisk beregning av pensjonen. 3. Det er også en del arbeidstakere som velger å arbeide, selv om de har lite å vinne på dette økonomisk. 4. Det ser ut til at økt generell velstand gir opphav til lavere ønsket pensjonsalder. Dette betyr at vi må regne med redusert arbeidsinnsats blant eldre over tid, selv om pensjonssystemet hadde hatt en rent aktuarisk utforming. 5. Personlige forhold knyttet til helse, familiesituasjon, forhold på arbeidsplassen og andres pensjoneringsatferd er også viktig for en del menneskers pensjonsbeslutning. 6. På grunnlag av norsk og internasjonal empiri må det forventes at den nedre aldersgrensen i AFP-ordningen etter hvert vil sette standarden for hva som oppfattes som den ¿alminnelige¿ pensjonsalder i Norge.

• Strøm, Steinar; Goldstein, Harald Erik; Ognedal, Tone & Hansen, Wiljar G. (2002). Svart arbeid fra 1980 til 2001. Frischsenteret. ISSN 9788279880318. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Vi finner at det har vært en reduksjon i svart arbeid fra 1980 til 2001. Andelen som sier de har unndratt skatt siste 12 måneder har gått ned. Andelen som noen gang har unndratt og andelen som sier de ville unndratt dersom de hadde hatt muligheten, har også gått ned. Årsakene til denne reduksjonen i omfanget av svart arbeid kan være mange. Skatt på arbeidsinntekt og kapitalinntekt er lavere i 2001 enn på 1980-tallet. Gevinsten ved å unndra skatt er følgelig lavere i 2001 enn i 1980. Yrkesdeltakelsen blant kvinner har økt i denne perioden og gjort at færre kvinner er interessert i strøjobber i det svarte arbeidsmarkedet. Spesielt har sysselsettingen av kvinner i offentlig sektor økt i denne perioden og har bidratt til at flere har jobber hvor mulighetene til svart arbeid er begrenset. En viktig årsak til reduksjonen i svart arbeid ser videre ut til å være en bedret skattemoral. I 2001 er det færre som synes det er forståelig at folk utfører arbeid mot skattefri betaling. De svarte inntektene har ikke endret seg mye fra 1980 til 2001.

• Jia, Zhiyang; Strøm, Steinar & Hernæs, Erik (2001). Retirement in non-coopertive and cooperative families. Center for Economic Studies, University of Munich, Germany. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Models that allow for non-cooperative as well as cooperative behavior of families are estimated on data from Norway in 1993 and 1994. The husband is eligible for early retirement while the wife is not. The models aim at explaining labor supply behavior of married couples the first twelve months after the husband became eligible for early retirement. Estimates and predictions derived from the different models are compared. Yet, no definite conclusion is reached with respect to what model is best at explaining the observed behavior. The models are employed to simulate the impacts on labor supply of taxing pension income the same way as labor income. We find that that this change of the tax system may reduce the propensity to retire early considerably

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