Eva Victoria Sparrman

• Nymoen, Ragnar; Sparrman, Victoria & Gjelsvik, Marit (2020). Cointegration and Structure in Norwegian Wage–Price Dynamics. Econometrics. 8(3). doi: 10.3390/econometrics8030029. Full text in Research Archive
• Holden, Steinar & Sparrman, Victoria (2018). Do Government Purchases Affect Unemployment? The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. ISSN 0347-0520. 120(1), p. 124–158. doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12214. Full text in Research Archive
• Brasch, Thomas von; Sparrman, Victoria & Gjelsvik, Marit (2018). Deunionization and job polarization – a macroeconomic model analysis for a small open economy. Economic Systems Research. ISSN 0953-5314. 30(3), p. 380–399. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2018.1468738. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Declining unionization rates and job polarization are two important labor market developments of recent decades. A large body of literature has analyzed these phenomena separately, but little has been done to see whether there is a link between them. We employ a macroeconomic model for a small open economy with a large input–output core to analyze how deunionization may cause job polarization. Our analysis shows that medium-skilled workers are negatively affected by deunionization, mainly as a result of the heterogeneity of the elasticities of substitution between different types of labor. While the elasticities of substitution between high- and medium-skilled labor are relatively low, the elasticities of substitution between medium- and low-skilled are relatively high. As a result, when deunionization leads to increased wage dispersion, we find that demand for low-skilled increases at the expense of medium-skilled labor, thus yielding a more polarized labor market.

• Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Victoria (2015). Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics in a Panel of OECD Countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. ISSN 0305-9049. 77(2), p. 164–190. doi: 10.1111/obes.12061. Full text in Research Archive
• Sparrman, Victoria (2015). Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics in a Panel of OECD Countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. ISSN 0305-9049. 77(2), p. 164–190. doi: 10.1111/obes.12061. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We focus on the equilibrium unemployment rate as a parameter implied by a dynamic aggregate model of wage and price setting. The equilibrium unemployment rate depends on institutional labour market institutions through mark-up coefficients. Compared with existing studies, the resulting final equation for unemployment has a richer dynamic structure. The empirical investigation is conducted in a panel data framework and uses OECD data up to 2012. We propose to extend the standard estimation method with time dummies to control and capture the effects of common and national shocks by using impulse indicator saturation (WG-IIS), which has not been previously used on panel data. WG-IIS robustifies the estimators of the regression coefficients in the dynamic model, and it affects the estimated equilibrium unemployment rates. We find that wage co-ordination stands out as the most important institutional variable in our data set, but there is also evidence pointing to the tax wedge and the degree of compensation in the unemployment insurance system as drivers of equilibrium unemployment.

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• Sparrman, Eva Victoria (2026). Frontfagsmodellen: Fast anker, fleksibel praksis. Full text in Research Archive
• Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Eva Victoria (2022). Anslagene for smitteutviklingen kan bli sikrere. Full text in Research Archive
• Dapi, Bjorn; Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Victoria (2019). Robustness of the Norwegian wage formation system and free EU labour movement: Evidence from wage data for natives. Discussion Papers. ISSN 0803-074X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway experienced a high immigration flow after the EEA directive in 2004 stating workers right to free movement within the European Union and EEA-countries. There is no clear consensus in the literature on how immigration affects native wages, but some studies using Norwegian micro data have estimated a negative effect of higher immigration for some type of workers. In this paper, to capture that the wage setting is highly coordinated in Norway, we model a system of native wages for three sectors; manufacturing, private service industries and public sector. We estimate that labour immigration has had a negative effect on the attainable wage growth for natives in all three sectors,but that the largest and most direct impact on wages has been in the private service industries. Immigration is found to be exogenous with respect to the parameters of our model of wage formation.

• Haraldsen, Kristine Wika; Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Victoria (2019). Labour market institutions, shocks and the employment rate. Discussion Papers. ISSN 0803-074X. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The average employment rate for the OECD countries was close to 63 percent in the period 2000-2015 but there is considerable variation within and between countries. We find that a dynamic model for employment, derived from a multiple equation macro model with institutional and population variables, can explain much of the development. The estimated models capture the dynamics well and they imply interpretable estimates of the normal employment rate level, conditional on the state of the institutional variables in 2015. The estimated normal employment rate is 2 percentage points higher when shocks are included in the model, implying that shocks have persistent effects. Regulations of the labour market are important for the effect of shocks. Regulated labour markets amplify positive shocks while negative shocks are dampened compared to less regulated labour markets. In the estimation of the models, we use standard panel data estimators, as well as a version of the within-group estimator which is robust to structural breaks in the means. Empirically we find that some of the estimated coefficients of the institutional variables are robust with respect to the breaks, while others are not. We find that the interaction effect between benefit replacement ratio and benefit duration is robust, and that is can significantly affect the employment rate. This result implies that changes in replacement ratios (or duration) may be expected to have larger impacts in countries where duration (or replacement ratio) is long compared to countries characterized by short duration (or replacement ratio).

• Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Victoria (2013). Når ledigheten styrer. p. 34–34. Full text in Research Archive
• Dapi, Bjorn; Nymoen, Ragnar & Sparrman, Victoria (2019). Robustness of the Norwegian wage formation system and free EU labour movement. Evidence from wage data for natives. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway experienced a high immigration flow after the EEA directive in 2004 stating workers right to free movement within the European Union and EEA-countries. There is no clear consensus in the literature on how immigration affects native wages, but some studies using Norwegian micro data have estimated a negative effect of higher immigration for some type of workers. In this paper, to capture that the wage setting is highly coordinated in Norway, we model a system of native wages for three sectors; manufacturing, private service industries and public sector. We estimate that labour immigration has had a negative effect on the attainable wage growth for natives in all three sectors, but that the largest and most direct impact on wages has been in the private service industries. Immigration is found to be exogenous with respect to the parameters of our model of wage formation.

• Cappelen, Ådne; Dapi, Bjorn; Gjefsen, Hege Marie; Sparrman, Victoria & Stølen, Nils Martin (2018). Framskrivinger av arbeidsstyrken og sysselsettingen etter utdanning mot 2035. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253798349. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne rapporten studerer vi sysselsetting og arbeidsstyrke og hvilke drivkrefter som har betydning for sammensetningen av de to frem i tid. Vi framskriver sysselsetting og arbeidsstyrke i perioden 2016 til 2035 etter fem utdanningsnivå og 28 utdanningsfelt. Rapporten tar utgangspunkt i sentrale utviklingstrekk for makroøkonomi og demografi for å framskrive arbeidsstyrken og sysselsettingen. Vi forutsetter at den historiske utviklingen kan brukes for å forutsi videre utvikling. Analysene kan dermed være et referansepunkt for hvordan en situasjon kan se ut i fremtiden dersom norsk økonomi utvikler seg i tråd med forutsetningene. Framskriving av arbeidsstyrken baserer seg på hvordan befolkningen har tatt utdanningsvalg de siste årene, den forventete demografiske utviklingen fremover, samt den observerte yrkesdeltagelsen. Vi framskriver arbeidsstyrke etter utdanning og fagfelt uavhengig av hvordan norsk økonomi utvikler seg. Dette vil si at arbeidsstyrken ikke responderer på potensielle endringer i arbeidsledighet eller lønnsnivå. Framskrivingene av arbeidsstyrken viser økt utdanningsnivå fremover. Etter hvert som de eldre årskullene går av med pensjon, blir personer med utdannelse på grunnskole- eller videregående nivå byttet ut med personer med høyere utdannelse.

• Brasch, Thomas von; Dapi, Bjorn & Sparrman, Victoria (2017). Sammensetningseffekter mellom næringer og veksten i gjennomsnittlig årslønn. Teknisk dokumentasjon. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253796611. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sammensetningseffekter mellom næringer trakk ned veksten i gjennomsnittlig årslønn med 0,3 prosentpoeng i 2016. Dette notatet utleder det analytiske rammeverket for å dekomponere lønnsveksten i lønns- og sammensetningseffekter. Notatet beskriver dermed i detalj det analytiske rammeverket bak Boks 2.5 i ØA 1/2017. Sammensetningseffekter bidro til at årslønnsveksten ble så lav som 1,7 prosent i 2016, mens rammen i lønnsoppgjøret slik det ble anslått av NHO i samråd med LO var 2,4. prosent. Årslønn er i nasjonalregnskapet definert som den lønn en lønnstaker normalt vil motta i løpet av kalenderåret gitt at vedkommende jobber full tid, ikke har fravær og ikke har betalt overtid. Gjennomsnittlig årslønn er en veid sum (antall årsverk/totalt antall årsverk) av årslønn i hver enkelt næring.

• Dapi, Bjorn; Gjefsen, Hege Marie; Sparrman, Victoria & Stølen, Nils Martin (2016). Education-specific labour force and demand in Norway in times of transition. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253794075. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This report analyzes the demand for labour in Norway between 2014 and 2035, and whether this demand corresponds to the educational composition of the labour force. Labour is classified into five levels of education and 28 education groups. We illustrate possible imbalances in these educational groups in the future. In this report we define the labour force as the number of individuals that participate in the labour market. Projections of the labour force are based on the assumption that individuals make educational choices that are similar to the observed patterns during the last five years. Demographic trends and labour force participation rates also are incorporated in the projections. However, the projections of labour force by education do not depend on developments in the Norwegian economy. For example, whether unemployment is believed to be high or low in the future and whether the outlook for future income changes, does not affect the labour force projections.

• Bjørnstad, Roger; Eggen, Fernanda; Kostøl, Fredrik Bakkemo & Sparrman, Victoria (2016). Årsaken bak økt ulikhet: Teknologiske endringer eller maktforskyvning. Senter for Lønnsdannelse. ISSN 9788293320616. Full text in Research Archive
• Haraldsen, Kristine Wika; Hammersland, Roger & Sparrman, Victoria (2015). Wage equations and labour demand by education. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253792514. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Since the early 1990s, Statistics Norway has produced model-based projections on demand and supply of labour by education. The demand and supply side have been modeled separately, but in a consistent manner. The multi-sectoral macroeconomic model MODAG has been the core model on the demand side, and the model is constantly being updated taking into account new data and research. The projections from this model system are uncertain because the projection period is quite long and because they are based on simplifying and discussable assumptions. Therefore, the results must be used with caution. This report presents new research on the demand side of the model. New wage relations and demand functions are estimated using new knowledge and latest available data.

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