Inga Heiland

• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2025). Trade From Space: Shipping Networks and The Global Implications of Local Shocks. Review of Economics and Statistics. ISSN 0034-6535. p. 45–45. doi: 10.1162/rest.a.267. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract This paper analyzes international externalities of a local shock to the global shipping network. The 2016 Panama Canal expansion removed a bottleneck in seaborne transportation. Using reduced-form and structural methods in combination with novel satellite data on ships, we find that trade increased significantly among country-pairs using the canal. We find that the global real income gains from the canal expansion were over three times greater than the income gains for Panama itself. A link removal analysis reveals that most shipping links are associated with positive and quantitatively important positive international externalities.

• Heiland, Inga & Šváb, Patrik (2025). Estimating gravity equations for trade in value added: A structural perspective. Economics Letters. ISSN 0165-1765. 254. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112476. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2025). Common Ownership and Competition: Evidence from Ultimate Owners of Private and Public Firms. The Review of Corporate Finance Studies. ISSN 2046-9128. doi: 10.1093/rcfs/cfaf017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Firms under common ownership have incentives to soften competition. I exploit unique data from Norway to document the economy-wide extent of common ownership, covering private and public firms and the universe of shareholders. Using exogenous variation in common ownership at the firm-household level due to marriages among individual shareholders, I show that firms experiencing an increase in common ownership due to a marriage increase profit margins by 7 to 16 percentage points, compared to firms affected by similar marriages that do not experience a change in common ownership. (JEL: G32, L22, L26)

• Heiland, Inga (2024). Common ownership and competition: Evidence from ultimate owners of private and public firms. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Discussion papers. ISSN 0265-8003. doi: 10.1093/rcfs/cfaf017. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Discussion of: Sanctions on Russia. Economic Policy. ISSN 0266-4658. 39(117), p. 201–202. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Discussion of: EU exit and UK trade. Economic Policy. ISSN 0266-4658. 38(116), p. 765–766. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Šváb, P (2024). Estimating Gravity Equations for Trade in Value Added: A Structural Perspective. CESifo Working Papers. ISSN 1617-9595. Full text in Research Archive
• Fossum, Marius; Heiland, Inga & Moulin, Victor (2024). Analyzing the expiration of the United States Generalized System of Preferences and its impact on imports from developing countries. CESifo Working Papers. ISSN 1617-9595. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Discussion of Teacher Bias. Economic Policy. ISSN 0266-4658. doi: 10.1093/epolic/eiad009. Full text in Research Archive
• Flach, Lisandra; Heiland, Inga; Larch, Mario; Steininger, Marina & Teti, Feodora A. (2023). Quantifying the partial and general equilibrium effects of sanctions on Russia. Review of International Economics. ISSN 0965-7576. 32(1). doi: 10.1111/roie.12707. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper evaluates the effects of sanctions on Russia between 2014 and 2019 and the resulting countersanctions. We estimate their impact on trade in a gravity framework, allowing for treatment heterogeneity among pairs and sectors, and use the estimated elasticities in a general equilibrium analysis. We find that the sanctions decreased trade with Russia in key sectors, translating to a loss in real income in Russia by 0.3%. Full decoupling of the EU and its allies from Russia would increase this effect to over 4%. Our results emphasize the role of deep sanctions as a foreign policy instrument and international cooperation.

• Felbermayr, Gabriel; Groeschl, Jasmin & Heiland, Inga (2022). Complex Europe: Quantifying the Cost of Disintegration. Journal of International Economics. ISSN 0022-1996. 138(103647). doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103647. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We propose novel estimates of the economic consequences of undoing European goods and services markets integration. Using a quantitative multi-country, multi-sector trade model, we disentangle two important layers of complexity: First, European integration is governed by various, partly overlapping arrangements — the Customs Union, the Single Market, the Common Currency, the Schengen Area, free trade agreements — and fiscal transfers, all of which affect production, trade, and income differently. Second, decades of integration have led to dense cross-border input–output (IO) networks, which endogenously adjust to trade cost shocks. Based on our preferred gravity estimates, we find disintegration to trigger statistically significant welfare losses of up to 23%. In a conservative specification, effects are about half the size. Robustly, the Single Market dominates quantitatively, but the losses from dissolving the Schengen Area are substantial, too. Compared to a model variant without IO linkages, our complex model predicts significantly larger aggregate losses.

• Heiland, Inga & Kohler, Wilhelm (2022). Heterogeneous Workers, Trade, and Migration. European Economic Review. ISSN 0014-2921. 144. doi: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104077. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyze the welfare effects of trade and migration, focusing on two-sided horizontal heterogeneity among workers and firms. Horizontal (skill-type) heterogeneity among workers generates monopsonistic labor markets as well as within-firm wage inequality and an endogenous quality of worker–firm matches. In a model combining horizontal worker heterogeneity with monopolistic competition on goods markets, trade liberalization causes firm exit which raises wage markdowns and worsens the average quality of worker–firm matches. It also increases the degree of income inequality. Yet, aggregate welfare is higher under free trade than under autarky. Integration of labor markets leads to two-way migration between symmetric countries. Liberalizing migration has an ambiguous effect on the quality of worker–firm matches and income inequality, but it leads to lower wage markdowns and lower goods prices and thus to higher welfare in both countries. Our model advocates opening up labor markets simultaneously with trade liberalization.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Heiland, Inga (2020). Cumulative COVID-19 restrictions and the global maritime network. In Evenett, Simon & Baldwin, Richard E. (Ed.), Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic ideas for the new WTO Director-General. CEPR Press. ISSN 9781912179381. p. 109–117. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Yalcin, Erdal (2020). Export Market Risk and the Role of State Credit Guarantees. International Economics and Economic Policy. ISSN 1612-4804. doi: 10.1007/s10368-020-00466-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many countries offer state credit guarantees to support credit-constrained exporters. The policy instrument is commonly justified by governments as a means to mitigating adverse outcomes of financial market frictions for exporting firms. Accumulated returns to the German state credit guarantee scheme deriving from risk-compensating premia have outweighed accumulated losses over the past 60 years. Why do private financial agents not step in and provide insurance given that the state-run program yields positive returns? We argue that costs of risk diversification, liquidity management, and coordination among creditors limit the ability of private financial agents to offer comparable insurance products. Moreover, we suggest that the government’s greater effectiveness in recovering claims in foreign countries endows the state with a cost advantage in dealing with the risks involved in large export projects. We test these hypotheses using monthly firm-level data combined with official transaction-level data on covered exports of German firms and find suggestive evidence that positive effects on trade are due to mitigated financial constraints: State credit guarantees benefit firms that are dependent on external finance, if the value at risk which they seek to cover is large, and at times when refinancing conditions on the private financial market are tight.

• Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Heiland, Inga (2020). An unintended crisis in sea transportation due to COVID-19 restrictions. In Baldwin, Richard E. & Evenett, Simon (Ed.), Covid-19 and Trade policy: Why turning inward won't work. CEPR Press. ISSN 9781912179305. p. 151–163. Full text in Research Archive
• Aichele, Rahel & Heiland, Inga (2018). Where is the value added? Trade liberalization and production networks. Journal of International Economics. ISSN 0022-1996. 115, p. 130–144. doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.09.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To what extent has trade liberalization contributed to global and regional production fragmentation and the formation of production networks? We derive structural equations for value added trade flows, the domestic value added content of exports (DVA) and the value added to exports (VAX) ratio, as well as model-based measures for production networks from a multi-sector gravity model with inter-sectoral linkages. We calibrate the model and perform a counterfactual analysis of China's WTO accession in 2001. We find that the associated trade cost changes spurred global production fragmentation, explaining about 6–12% of the decrease in the world DVA ratio as observed between 2000 and 2007. For China, the counterfactual experiment robustly replicates the increase in its DVA ratio, driven by the export-processing zones. Furthermore, our results imply that China's WTO accession was a driving force behind the strengthening of production networks with its neighbors.

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• Heiland, Inga (2024). Common ownership and competition: Evidence from ultimate owners of private and public firms. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Common ownership and competition: Evidence from ultimate owners of private and public firms. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Common ownership and competition: Evidence from ultimate owners of private and public firms. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Discussion of: Supply Chain Disruption Survey - Assessing the resilience of European companies in the face of global supply chain challenges (by Marta Bisztray, Klaus Friesenbichler). Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Discussion of: Should we stay or should we go? Firms’ decisions on services mode of supply (by Holger Breinlich & Martina Magli). Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Common ownership and competition: Evidence from ultimate owners of private and public firms. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2024). Estimating Gravity Equations for Trade in Value Added: A Structural Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Ultimate ownership concentration and markups. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas & Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene (2023). Ultimate Ownership. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Global risk sharing through trade in assets: theory and evidence. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2023). Trade from Space: Shipping Networks and the Global Implications of Local Shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Ultimate ownership concentration and markups. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Friends of friends: Ultimate ownership concentration and markups. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Hinz, Julian (2023). Frictions to Intranational Investment. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Friends of friends: Ownership concentration and markups. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2023). Friends of friends: Ultimate ownership concentration and markups. Full text in Research Archive
• Larch, Mario; Keck, Alexander; Yotov, Yoto; Gourevich, Isabella; Beverelli, Cosimo & Heiland, Inga (2023). TRADE AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF THE WTO TRADE FACILITATION AGREEMENT. WTO Staff Working Papers. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2022). Trade from space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2022). Trade from space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Hinz, Julian (2022). Frictions to Intranational Investment. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2022). Trade from space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2022). Trade from Space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Hinz, Julian (2022). Frictions to Intranational Investment. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Hinz, Julian (2022). Frictions to Intranational Investment. Full text in Research Archive
• Hinz, Julian & Heiland, Inga (2022). Frictions to Intranational Investment. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2022). Trade from space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2021). Trade From Space: Shipping Networks and The Global Implications of Local Shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2021). Trade From Space: Shipping Networks and The Global Implications of Local Shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Yalcin, Erdal (2021). Correction to: Exportmarket risk and the role of state credit guarantees (International Economics and Economic Policy, (2021), 18, 1, (25-72), 10.1007/s10368-020-00466-2). International Economics and Economic Policy. ISSN 1612-4804. 18(1), p. 245–245. doi: 10.1007/s10368-021-00497-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Felbermayr, Gabriel & Gröschl, Jasmin (2020). Complex Europe: Quantifying the Cost of Disintegration. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Discussion papers. ISSN 0265-8003. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2020). Global Risk Sharing Through Trade in Goods and Assets: Theory and Evidence. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene; Moxnes, Andreas; Heiland, Inga & Zi, Yuan (2020). Trade from Space: Shipping Networks and The Global Implications of Local Shocks. http://www.voxeu.org/. Full text in Research Archive
• Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Heiland, Inga (2020). An unintended crisis: COVID-19 restrictions hit sea transportation. http://www.voxeu.org/. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2019). Trade From Space. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2019). Trade From Space. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2019). Trade From Space. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2019). Trade from Space: Shipping Networks and the Global Implications of Local Shocks. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga; Moxnes, Andreas; Ulltveit-Moe, Karen Helene & Zi, Yuan (2019). Trade from space: Shipping networks and the global implications of local shocks. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Discussion papers. ISSN 0265-8003. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2019). Global Risk Sharing Through Trade in Goods and Assets: Theory and Evidence. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Discussion papers. ISSN 0265-8003. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2018). Global Risk Sharing Through Trade in Goods and Assets: Theory and Evidence. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2018). Heterogeneous Workers, Trade, and Migration. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2017). Global Risk Sharing Through Trade in Goods and Assets: Theory and Evidence. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga (2018). Heterogeneous Workers, Trade, and Migration. CESifo. Full text in Research Archive
• Heiland, Inga & Kohler, Wilhelm (2018). Heterogeneous Workers, Trade, and Migration. Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research ‐ CESifo. Full text in Research Archive

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