Stein Andersson

• Kjeverud, Anita; Andersson, Stein; Lerdal, Anners; Schanke, Anne-Kristine & Østlie, Kristin (2026). Prevalence and biopsychosocial predictors of post-stroke fatigue in patients with minor strokes. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. ISSN 1650-1977. 58. doi: 10.2340/jrm.v58.44763. Full text in Research Archive
• Normannseth, Henrik; Andersson, Stein & Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer (2026). BIDS-formatted resting-state and loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) EEG dataset from healthy women. Data in Brief. 67. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2026.112940. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Here, we describe a publicly available electroencephalography (EEG) dataset recorded from 69 healthy women (aged 19–40). Data were acquired using a 64-channel BioSemi ActiveTwo system (10–10 electrode positions) at a sampling rate of 2048 Hz. The dataset includes two EEG paradigms: (1) a resting-state recording consisting of four minutes with eyes closed followed by four minutes with eyes open (available for all 69 participants), and (2) a loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP) paradigm comprising 1000 Hz tones at five intensity levels (55–95 dB SPL; available for 54 participants). The dataset also includes demographic variables, hormonal contraceptive (HC) usage information, menstrual cycle data, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores, and UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale subscale scores. The data are organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) specification and hosted on OpenNeuro. The dataset is suitable for research on resting-state EEG, LDAEP, hormone-related variation in brain electrophysiology, and machine learning applications.

• Sargénius, Hanna Lovise; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Chevignard, Mathilde; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Andersson, Stein & Finnanger, Torun Gangaune [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2026). Goal management training and psychoeducation for executive function in adolescents with paediatric-acquired brain injuries: a 5-year follow-up. Brain Injury. ISSN 0269-9052. 40(5), p. 311–320. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2026.2617465. Full text in Research Archive
• Helland, Gisle Berg; Ihle-Hansen, Håkon; Aamodt, Anne Hege; Leonardsen, Esten Høyland; Kaufmann, Tobias Herbert & Enriquez, Brian Anthony [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2026). Brain age trajectories and cognition after stroke in two longitudinal cohorts. Brain Communications. 8(1). doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaf509. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brain age is a promising neuroimaging biomarker, reflecting biological aging, but long-term trajectories and predictive value for cognitive outcomes post-stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize brain aging trajectories over 8 years following a first-ever stroke and to evaluate the predictive value of brain age estimates for long-term cognitive outcomes. We analysed data from working-age (<65 years) ischaemic stroke patients with small- and medium-sized strokes (lesion volumes <70 ml), using two longitudinal stroke cohorts. T1-weighted MRI was acquired in the acute phase and at multiple time points up to 8 years post-stroke. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was assessed at follow-up sessions. Brain age was estimated using a state-of-the-art deep learning model. Brain-predicted age difference (Brain-PAD) was calculated as estimated brain age minus chronological age and corrected by regressing on age, age² and sex. Linear mixed-effects models examined Brain-PAD over multiple time points (whole-brain, ipsilesional and contralesional). Normalized brain volume was derived from FreeSurfer and included in the whole-brain analysis. Linear regression models evaluated whether brain age was associated with cognitive performance (MoCA) at long-term follow-up. We included 120 patients [n = 50 (42%) female, mean ± SD age at discharge was 54.9 ± 9 and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 3.7 ± 6.4], with a mean follow-up of 3.4 ± 2.5 years. The mean MoCA score at follow-up was 24.7 ± 3.7. Brain-PAD increased significantly over time in the whole-brain analysis (β = 0.6/year, P < 0.01), indicating 60% acceleration in brain aging after stroke, with the association remaining significant after adjusting for normalized brain volume (β = 0.5/year, P < 0.01). Accelerated brain aging was observed in the ipsilesional hemisphere (β = 0.7/year, P < 0.01), but not the contralesional hemisphere (β = 0.3/year, P = 0.12). Higher brain age in the acute phase of stroke predicted lower MoCA scores at follow-up (β = −0.12, P < 0.05), whereas chronological age was not a significant predictor (P = 0.12). The association between brain age estimations and cognitive performance remained significant after adjusting for age, sex and education (β = −0.42, P < 0.01). In this longitudinal study, we found accelerated brain aging following stroke. Furthermore, brain age was associated with cognitive outcomes several years later, highlighting its potential as an early biomarker for long-term cognitive prognosis.

• Sargénius, Hanna Lovise; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Andersson, Stein & Risnes, Kari [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Long-term fatigue in youth with acquired brain injuries: A 5-year follow-up of the CORE trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 0960-2011. p. 19–19. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2025.2609804. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective of this study was to evaluate fatigue trajectories of adolescents with paediatric acquired brain injuries (pABI) following metacognitive strategy training (paediatric Goal Management Training; pGMT) or psychoeducation (paediatric Brain Health Workshop; pBHW) for executive dysfunction in the chronic phase after injury. Five-year follow-up data of the CORE randomized controlled trial including participants aged 10–17 years at baseline, randomized to either pGMT or pBHW is presented. Fatigue was measured at five timepoints using the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL MFS). Linear mixed models and Reliable Change Index (RCI) analyses were utilized to assess outcomes. A significant reduction in total fatigue (F(4,62.820) = 2.81, p = .033) and cognitive fatigue (F(4,59.622) = 4.89, p = .002) was observed based on parent-reported data. However, no significant differences emerged between intervention groups or for the group-by-time interaction. Clinically meaningful improvements in fatigue as determined by the RCIs, were noted in 67.6% of participants per parent-report. In conclusion, both pGMT and pBHW may contribute to sustained reductions in fatigue in young people with pABI, particularly cognitive fatigue. The high rate of clinically meaningful change highlights fatigue as a modifiable symptom that should be a key target in long-term rehabilitation strategies.

• Bürker, Britta Susanne; Englund, Kristine Victoria Brautaset; Østby, Charlotte M.; Andersson, Stein; Gullestad, Lars & Broch, Kaspar (2025). Cognitive Function Among Heart Transplant Recipients Before and After Intravenous Iron Supplement for Iron Deficiency: Results From a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Treatment Trial. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 39(11). doi: 10.1111/ctr.70370. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ABSTRACT Background Cognitive dysfunction after successful heart transplantation (HTx) is not uncommon. Lower hemoglobin levels have previously been associated with cognitive dysfunction in heart transplant recipients (HTx recipients). In a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind treatment trial, we assessed as a pre‐specified secondary outcome whether a single intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in HTx recipients resulted in changes in cognitive function after 6 months. Methods In the “Intravenous Iron Supplement for Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Transplant Recipients” (IronIC) trial, we assessed cognitive function at baseline and at 6‐month follow‐up with the following tests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery: Reaction Time, Paired Associates Learning, and Spatial Working Memory. Of 94 participants with cognitive data at baseline and follow‐up, 49 were randomized to the single intravenous iron supplement, while 45 received placebo. Results Raw score changes from baseline to follow‐up did not differ statistically significantly between study groups (two measures of each test analyzed). In the total sample, 27%–44% of participants performed at baseline at least one standard deviation below the normative mean on measures of memory and working memory/executive functions. Exploratory analyses indicated that performance on measures of memory might decrease more than expected with increasing age. Conclusion A single intravenous iron supplement for iron deficiency in HTx recipients did not result in statistically significant cognitive changes after 6 months. The group as a whole performed approximately half a standard deviation below the normative mean on measures of memory and working memory/executive functions. Regular cognitive screening after HTx is recommended. Clinical Trial Registration Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03662789

• Normannseth, Henrik; Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Rygvold, Trine Waage; Hadzic, Alena & Andersson, Stein (2025). Hormonal contraceptive use is associated with reduced central serotonergic activity indexed by the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 19. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1647425. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are linked to mood disturbances, but the neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether HC use is associated with altered central serotonergic activity, using the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP). Methods Fifty-four healthy women (30 current HC users and 24 non-users) completed EEG recordings to assess LDAEP. Depressive symptoms were quantified using the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Between-group analyses were controlled for age and depressive symptoms, and effects of menstrual cycle phase, HC type, and mood-related side effects were also examined. Results HC users showed significantly steeper LDAEP slopes than non-users across components (all p  ≤ 0.028) consistent with reduced central serotonergic activity. This remained significant controlling for age and depressive symptoms. No significant effects of menstrual cycle phase or HC type, but HC users reporting adverse mood effects had more somatic symptoms, without corresponding LDAEP differences. Conclusion This study is, to our knowledge, among the first to explicitly test an a priori hypothesis that HC use is associated with reduced serotonergic activity indexed by LDAEP in healthy women, and shows that HC use is linked to attenuated central serotonergic activity independent of mood symptoms. These findings underscore the role of sex hormones in shaping serotonergic function and may explain individual variability in mood and antidepressant response.

• Andersson, Stein; Rygvold, Trine Waage & Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer (2025). Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential: temporal stability, associations to sociodemographic variables, and functional significance—implications for clinical research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 19. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1507291. Full text in Research Archive
• Hadzic, Alena & Andersson, Stein (2024). Non-ictal, interictal and ictal déjà vu: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 15. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1406889. Full text in Research Archive
• Sargénius, Hanna Lovise; Rø, Torstein Baade; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Andersson, Stein & Finnanger, Torun Gangaune [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with paediatric acquired brain injury: Secondary data analysis from a randomised controlled trial. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1007/s11136-024-03838-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: To explore the characteristic quality of health profiles of children with paediatric acquired brain injury (pABI), and to investigate whether improvement in executive function (EF) following cognitive rehabilitation is associated with improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Method: A study of secondary endpoints in a blinded, parallel-randomised controlled trial with children (ages 10–17 years) with pABI and executive dysfunction. Data was obtained from 73 children-parent dyads. Explorative analyses were conducted comparing baseline with 8-week post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up data. Outcome measures included the EQ-5D-Y-3L health dimensions and the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: At baseline and 6-month follow-up, mean (SD) VAS were 76.22 (17.98) and 79.49 (19.82) on the parent-report, and 77.19 (16.63) and 79.09 (17.91) on the self-report, respectively. Comparing children who improved EF to those who did not improve/worsened, no significant improvement was found for the VAS (parent-report) over time (BRIEF-BRI: F = 2.19, p = 0.12, BRIEF-MI: F = 2.23, p = 0.12) for either group. A significant main effect by group was found for BRIEF-MI (F = 4.02, p = 0.049), but no time*group interaction (F = 0.414, p = 0.662). Conclusion: The children and their parents reported only minor problems across EQ-5D-Y-3L dimensions and evaluated overall health as relatively good. Participants with a clinically significant change in the metacognitive aspect of EF had higher HRQOL. Cognitive interventions aiming to ameliorate deficits in EF in pABI may be beneficial to improve HRQOL.

• Helland, Gisle Berg; Beyer, Mona K.; Enriquez, Brian Anthony; Ihle-Hansen, Hege Beate; Ihle-Hansen, Håkon & Andersson, Stein [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2024). Lesion Volume as a Predictor for Return to Work After Endovascular Treatment: A 4‐Year Prospective Cohort Study. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology. 4(6). doi: 10.1161/SVIN.124.001494. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There are no known objective biomarkers for predicting return to work (RTW) in ischemic stroke survivors. This study aims to explore the predictive utility and defines a cutoff value of lesion volume on RTW after endovascular treatment. Methods We included patients aged <65 years undergoing endovascular treatment at Oslo University Hospital between January 2017 and May 2019. Employment status was obtained at both baseline and a 4‐year follow‐up. Stroke lesion volumes were segmented using magnetic resonance imaging scans 24 hours after endovascular treatment. Logistic regression models were conducted to assess the impact of lesion volume on RTW status at follow‐up, adjusted for patients’ characteristics, stroke‐related factors, and treatment. We calculated the receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the optimal lesion volume cutoff. Machine learning regression models were used to assess the predictive abilities of baseline clinical and imaging variables for RTW. Results Of the 109 individuals treated, 81 (74%) were employed at baseline. Among these, 60 completed 4‐year follow‐up with magnetic resonance imaging available for stroke lesion segmentation and were included in the analyses. Mean age at stroke onset was 51.8 years (range, 23.5–64.9 years), and 50% were female. Median lesion volume was 18 mL (interquartile ranges, 45—47 mL). After 4 years, 34 (57%) had successfully RTW. The odds for not RTW increased by 5% for every 1 mL increase in lesion volume (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02–1.11]; P = 0.02). A lesion volume cutoff value of 29 cm3 yielded a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.65 for predicting RTW. Notably, the most influential feature in the machine learning model for predicting RTW was lesion volume. Conclusion Lesion volume was the most robust predictor of RTW 4 years after endovascular treatment. Our findings suggest that a cutoff of 29 cm3 is suitable to distinguish between those with high and low chance of RTW.

• Sargénius, Hanna Lovise; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Andersson, Stein & Risnes, Kari [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Goal management training for improving fatigue in children and adolescents with acquired brain injuries: A 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 0960-2011. p. 1–21. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2353395. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  To explore the long-term effectiveness of a paediatric adaptation of Goal Management Training (pGMT), relative to a psychoeducative program (pBHW), in reducing fatigue after pABI 2 years post-intervention. Thirty-eight youths and their parents completed the Paediatric Quality of Life – Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Primary outcome measures were Total Fatigue Score, General fatigue, Cognitive fatigue, and Sleep/rest fatigue (parent-report). No significant differences in fatigue symptoms by the parental report was observed between the intervention groups at the 2-year follow-up (total score: F = .16, p = .69; general fatigue: F = .36, p = .55; sleep/rest: F = .48, p = .49; and cognitive fatigue: F = .09, p = .76), nor any time*group interactions (total score: F = .25, p = .86; general fatigue: F = .39, p = .76; sleep/rest: F = .20, p = .89; and cognitive fatigue: F = .08, p = .97). In total, 45% of the participants in the pGMT group and 25% in the pBHW group demonstrated a reliable positive clinical change. The significant improvements in fatigue symptoms that were demonstrated 6 months post-intervention could not be confirmed in this 2-year follow-up study. However, a continued positive tendency on most dimensions of fatigue for the participants in the pGMT group could be observed, suggesting that cognitive rehabilitation may help reduce fatigue.

• Areklett, Elisabeth Wang; Andersson, Stein; Fagereng, Elisabeth; Bruheim, Kjersti; Stubberud, Jan Egil & Lindemann, Kristina Yvonne Kathe (2024). Cognitive impairment in cervical cancer survivors—Exploring the discrepancy between subjective and objective assessment. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. 33(2). doi: 10.1002/pon.6300. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Cancer-related cognitive impairment has severe implications for the quality of life and societal participation of cervical cancer survivors (CCS). However, there is no research on the association between subjective and objective cognitive impairment (CI) in cervical cancer. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the frequency and severity of objective CI in CCS reporting significant subjective CI and explore the discrepancy between subjective and objective CI. Methods Sixty-five CCS reporting significant subjective CI, defined as 1.5 SD below the normative mean, underwent neuropsychological (NP) assessment covering attention, verbal memory, processing speed, verbal fluency, and executive functions. CCS were compared to healthy age-matched controls (n = 74). A subjective versus objective discrepancy score was calculated based on the standardized scores within each group. Results The CCS group performed significantly poorer across all NP tests compared to healthy controls (all p-values <0.001) and 81.5% had scores below cut-off as defined by the International Cognition and Cancer Task Force. However, compared to published normative data, most CCS performed within the clinically normal range. Processing speed and verbal memory were the most affected cognitive domains. By calculating a discrepancy score, both groups on average displayed a quite accurate concordance between subjective and objective cognitive functioning. Conclusion Although CI is evident in CCS, our results confirm that objective and subjective CI represent different constructs and highlight the limitations of normative data. Differentiating subjective and objective CI is important when tailoring effective interventions in the survivorship care of CCS.

• Areklett, Elisabeth Wang; Hagen, Bjørn Ole Ingulfsvann; Stubberud, Jan Egil; Fagereng, Elisabeth; Andersson, Stein & Lindemann, Kristina Yvonne Kathe (2024). Digital goal management training for cognitive impairment in cervical cancer survivors—a randomized comparison study. Journal of cancer survivorship. ISSN 1932-2259. doi: 10.1007/s11764-024-01701-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common late effect after cancer treatment, for which effective interventions are lacking. Goal management training (GMT) is a validated cognitive training protocol reported to improve cognition, including executive functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of digital GMT in cervical cancer survivors (CCS) experiencing CI and compare it to computerized cognitive training (CCT). Methods Thirty-five CCS with significant subjective CI were randomized in a 1:1 ratio between digital GMT (N = 18) and CCT (N = 17). The primary endpoint was attendance, and participants attending ≥ 80% of the sessions were categorized as completers. Acceptability was evaluated post-intervention using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). Secondary outcomes included self-reported and performance-based cognitive functioning. Results The completion rate in both groups was 88%. Participants in both groups reported high levels of satisfaction (CSQ-8; GMT: M = 25.2, SD 3.7, range 18–31, and CCT: M = 24.6, SD 3.1, range 19–30). Exploratory analyses showed improvements in both groups over time in attention and memory as well as self-reported cognitive functioning. Conclusion Digital GMT is feasible with a high level of compliance and satisfaction in CCS. Preliminary efficacy data shows promising cognitive improvement over time, and the results are comparable to CCT and warrant further investigation in a larger-scale trial. Implications for Cancer Survivors If deemed effective in a larger study, digital cognitive training, such as GMT, is a low-cost, low-staff intensive intervention that is easily implemented and available to cancer survivors experiencing CI.

• Zak, Nathalia; Moberget, Torgeir; Bøen, Erlend; Boye, Birgitte; Rygvold, Trine Waage & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Baseline long-term potentiation-like cortical plasticity is associated with longitudinal cortical thinning in healthy adults and in adults with bipolar disorder type II. European Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0953-816X. 58(3), p. 2824–2837. doi: 10.1111/ejn.16038. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The precise neurobiological processes underlying cerebral cortical thinning in aging and psychiatric illnesses remain undetermined, yet aging‐ and synaptic dysfunction‐related loss of synapses are potentially important mechanisms. We used long‐term potentiation‐like plasticity of the visual evoked potential as an index of synaptic function in the cortex and hypothesized that plasticity at baseline would be negatively associated with future cortical thinning in healthy adults and in adults with bipolar disorder type II. Thirty‐two healthy adults and 15 adults with bipolar disorder type II underwent electroencephalography‐based measurement of visual evoked potential plasticity and 3T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at baseline and a follow‐up brain scan on average 2.3 years later. The relationships between visual evoked potential plasticity at baseline and longitudinal cortical thickness changes were examined using Freesurfer and the Permutation Analysis of Linear Models tool. The analyses showed a negative association between the plasticity of the N1 visual evoked potential amplitude at baseline and thinning rate in the medial and lateral parietal and medial occipital cortices in healthy adults and in the right medial occipital cortex in the total sample of healthy adults and adults with bipolar disorder type II, indicating greater thinning over time in subjects with less N1 plasticity ( p FWER  &lt; .05). Although preliminary, the results indicate an association between visual evoked potential plasticity and the future rate of cortical thinning in healthy adults and in bipolar disorder type II, supporting the hypothesis that cortical thinning might be related to synaptic dysfunction.

• Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Rø, Torstein Baade; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Lien, Espen August & Lund, Bendik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Intelligence and executive function are associated with age at insult, time post-insult, and disability following chronic pediatric acquired brain injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1192623. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) profoundly affects cognitive functions, encompassing IQ and executive functions (EFs). Particularly, young age at insult may lead to persistent and debilitating deficits, affecting daily-life functioning negatively. This study delves into the intricate interplay of age at insult, time post-insult, and their associations with IQ and EFs during chronic (>1 year) pABI. Additionally, we investigate cognitive performance across different levels of global function, recognizing the multifaceted nature of developmental factors influencing outcomes. Methods: Drawing upon insult data and baseline information analyzing secondary outcomes from a multicenter RCT, including comprehensive medical and neuropsychological assessments of participants aged 10 to 17 years with pABI and parent-reported executive dysfunctions. The study examined associations between age at insult (early, EI; ≤7y vs. late, LI; > 7y) and time post-insult with IQ and EFs (updating, shifting, inhibition, and executive attention). Additionally, utilizing the Pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, we explored cognitive performance across levels of global functioning. Results: Seventy-six participants, median 8 years at insult and 5 years post-insult, predominantly exhibiting moderate disability (n = 38), were included. Notably, participants with LI demonstrated superior IQ, executive attention, and shifting compared to EI, [adjusted mean differences with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs); 7.9 (1.4, 14.4), 2.48 (0.71, 4.24) and 1.73 (0.03, 3.43), respectively]. Conversely, extended post-insult duration was associated with diminished performances, evident in mean differences with 95% CIs for IQ, updating, shifting, and executive attention compared to 1–2 years post-insult [−11.1 (−20.4, −1.7), −8.4 (−16.7, −0.1), −2.6 (−4.4, −0.7), −2.9 (−4.5, −1.2), −3.8 (−6.4, −1.3), −2.6 (−5.0, −0.3), and −3.2 (−5.7, −0.8)]. Global function exhibited a robust relationship with IQ and EFs. Conclusion: Early insults and prolonged post-insult durations impose lasting tribulations in chronic pABI. While confirmation through larger studies is needed, these findings carry clinical implications, underscoring the importance of vigilance regarding early insults. Moreover, they dispel the notion that children fully recover from pABI; instead, they advocate equitable rehabilitation offerings for pABI, tailored to address cognitive functions, recognizing their pivotal role in achieving independence and participation in society. Incorporating disability screening in long-term follow-up assessments may prove beneficial.

• Sargénius, Hanna Lovise; Andersson, Stein; Haugen, Ingvild; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth & Finnanger, Torun Gangaune [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Cognitive rehabilitation in paediatric acquired brain injury—A 2-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1173480. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Goal management training (GMT), a metacognitive rehabilitation method that has been demonstrated to improve executive function (EF) in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI), could potentially be effective for children in the chronic phase of ABI. In a previously published randomised controlled trial (RCT), the efficacy of a paediatric adaptation of GMT (pGMT) compared to a psychoeducative control intervention (paediatric Brain Health Workshop, pBHW) was investigated. Comparable improvements in EF in both groups were found at 6-month follow-up. However, a specific effect of pGMT could not be conclusively proven. The present study reports 2-year follow-up data (T4; T1: baseline, T2: post-intervention, T3: 6-month follow-up, and T4: 2-year follow-up) from this original RCT. Methods: A total of 38 children and adolescents and also their parents completed questionnaires tapping into daily life EF. Explorative analyses were conducted comparing the 2-year follow-up data (T4) with the baseline (T1) and 6-month follow-up data (T3) for T4-participants in the two intervention groups (pGMT; n = 21, pBHW; n = 17), and we also assessed T4-participants vs. non-responders (n = 38) in the RCT. Primary outcome measures were the Behavioural Regulation Index (BRI) and the Metacognition Index (MI) derived from the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) parent report. Results: No difference between intervention groups was found (BRI, F = 2.25, p = 0.143, MI, F = 1.6, p = 0.213), and no time*group interaction (BRI, F = 0.07, p = 0.976, MI, F = 0.137, p = 0.937) could be seen at the 2-year follow-up. Nevertheless, both pGMT and the pBHW groups improved daily EF as measured by parental reports over time from the baseline to T4 (p = 0.034). T4 participants and non-responders shared similar baseline characteristics. Conclusion: Our results extend the findings from the 6-month follow-up previously published. Both pGMT and pBHW groups sustained their improvements in daily life EFs from the baseline, but additional effectiveness of pGMT relative to pBHW was not found.

• Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Rygvold, Trine Waage & Andersson, Stein (2022). BIDS-structured resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) data extracted from an experimental paradigm. Data in Brief. 45. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108647. Full text in Research Archive
• Rygvold, Trine Waage; Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Moberget, Torgeir & Andersson, Stein (2022). Long term potentiation-like neural plasticity and performance-based memory function. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. ISSN 1074-7427. 196. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107696. Full text in Research Archive
• Løke, Daniel; Andelic, Nada; Helseth, Eirik; Vassend, Olav Mandt; Andersson, Stein & Ponsford, Jennie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Stability and Change in Biopsychosocial Factors Associated With Fatigue 6 and 12 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury: An Exploratory Multilevel Study. The journal of head trauma rehabilitation. ISSN 0885-9701. 38(4). doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000847. Full text in Research Archive
• Rygvold, Trine Waage; Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Moberget, Torgeir & Andersson, Stein (2022). Long-Term Potentiation-Like Visual Synaptic Plasticity Is Negatively Associated With Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression and Stress in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 16. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.867675. Full text in Research Archive
• Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Skovlund, Eva; Skarbø, Anne-Britt; Barder, Helene & Andersson, Stein [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Metacognitive Strategy Training Versus Psychoeducation for Improving Fatigue in Children and Adolescents With Acquired Brain Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neuropsychology. ISSN 0894-4105. 36(7), p. 579–596. doi: 10.1037/neu0000845. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Andersson, Stein; Chevignard, Mathilde; Johansen, Gøril Okkenhaug; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth & Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Assessment of Executive Function in Everyday Life—Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Adaptation of the Children’s Cooking Task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 15. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.761755. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: There are few standardized measures available to assess executive function (EF) in a naturalistic setting for children. The Children’s Cooking Task (CCT) is a complex test that has been specifically developed to assess EF in a standardized open-ended environment (cooking). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, sensitivity and specificity, and also convergent and divergent validity of the Norwegian version of CCT among children with pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (pABI) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: The present study has a cross-sectional design, based on baseline data derived from a multicenter RCT. Seventy-five children with pABI from two university hospitals with parent-reported executive dysfunction and minimum of 12 months since injury/completed cancer therapy, as well as 59 HCs aged 10–17 years, were assessed with CCT using total errors as the main outcome measure. The pABI group completed tests assessing EF (i.e., inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and planning) on the impairment level within the ICF framework (performance-based neuropsychological tests and the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children), and on the participation level (questionnaires). In addition, they completed tests of intellectual ability, processing speed, attention, learning, and memory. Finally, overall functional outcome (pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended) was evaluated for the children with pABI. Results: Acceptable internal consistency and good inter-rater reliability were found for the CCT. Children with pABI performed significantly worse on the CCT than the HCs. The CCT identified group membership, but the sensitivity and specificity were overall classified as poor. Convergent validity was demonstrated by associations between the CCT and performance-based tests assessing inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, as well as teacher-reported executive dysfunction (questionnaires). Divergent validity was supported by the lack of association with performance-based measures of learning and memory, attention, and verbal intellectual ability. However, there was a moderate association between the CCT and performance-based tests of processing speed. Lastly, better performance on the CCT was associated with a better functional outcome. Conclusion: Our study with a relatively large sample of children with pABI and HC’s demonstrated good psychometric properties of the CCT. CCT performance was associated with the overall level of disability and function, suggesting that CCT is related to the level of activity in everyday life and participation in society. Hence, our study suggests that the CCT has the potential to advance the assessment of EF by providing a valid analysis of real-world performance. Nevertheless, further research is needed on larger samples, focusing on predictors of task performance, and evaluating the ability of CCT to detect improvement in EF over time. The patterns of error and problem-solving strategies evaluated by the CCT could be used to inform neuropsychological rehabilitation treatmentand represent a more valid outcome measure of rehabilitation interventions.

• Stubberud, Jan Egil; Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skovlund, Eva & Andersson, Stein [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Predictors of Functional School Outcome in Children With Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury. Frontiers in Neurology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.872469. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Among the variety of domains that may be impacted after pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) are functional school outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify demographic, medical, and psychological factors associated with impairments in functional school outcomes, defined as school absence, need of educational and psychological services, quality of life (QoL) in the school setting, and academic performance in children with pABI, with a specific emphasis on the significance of fatigue. Materials and Method: We used baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of seventy-six children aged 10 to 17 (M = 13 yrs) with pABI in the chronic phase (>1 year). All completed assessments of school-related QoL, academic performance, global functioning, fatigue, IQ, behavioral problems, and executive function. Results: Fatigue, IQ, global functioning, behavioral problems, and sex emerged as potential predictors for functional school outcomes. Of note, overall fatigue emerged as the strongest potential predictor for parent-reported QoL in school (β = 0.548; p < 0.001) and self-reported QoL in school (β = 0.532; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Following pABI, specific psychological, medical, and demographic factors are associated with functional school outcomes. Neither of the injury-related variables age at insult and time since insult were associated with functional school outcomes. Overall, our findings may suggest that a reintroduction to school with personalized accommodations tailored to the child's specific function and symptoms, such as fatigue, is recommended.

• Løke, Daniel; Løvstad, Marianne; Andelic, Nada; Andersson, Stein; Ystrøm, Eivind & Vassend, Olav Mandt (2022). The role of pain and psychological distress in fatigue: a co-twin and within-person analysis of confounding and causal relations. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. 10(1), p. 160–179. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2033121. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Fatigue is a common symptom in somatic and mental illness. Musculoskeletal pain and psychological distress have in turn frequently been shown to be associated with fatigue across clinical conditions and in the general population. The study aims to disentangle direct effects from those due to mere confounding from shared etiologies. Design: The study used genetically informative longitudinal twin data, through a co-twin control design with an additional within-person dimension. Methods: Data on fatigue, pain and distress from 2196 mono – and dizygotic twins from the Norwegian Twin Registry examined at two time points five years apart was analyzed using multilevel generalized linear regression modeling. Fatigue was regressed on pain and distress, with further controls added for confounding from genetic and stable non-shared environmental sources. Results: Pain and distress had a significant impact on fatigue at genetic, stable non-shared environmental and time-varying levels, even when controlling for somatic comorbidity. Conclusion: The findings indicate that a significant proportion of the association between fatigue, pain and distress is due to genetic and environmental confounding. Pain and distress exert significant, albeit smaller effects on fatigue even when controlling for genetic and stable environmental contributions, indicating direct effects. Potential etiological pathways and underlying mechanisms are discussed.

• Løke, Daniel; Andelic, Nada; Helseth, Eirik; Vassend, Olav Mandt; Andersson, Stein & Ponsford, Jennie L. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Impact of Somatic Vulnerability, Psychosocial Robustness and Injury-Related Factors on Fatigue following Traumatic Brain Injury—A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 11(6), p. 1–19. doi: 10.3390/jcm11061733. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fatigue is a common symptom after traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and a crucial target of rehabilitation. The subjective and multifactorial nature of fatigue necessitates a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the mechanisms involved in its development. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive exploration of factors relevant to identification and rehabilitation of fatigue following TBI. Ninety-six patients with TBI and confirmed intracranial injuries were assessed on average 200 days post-injury with regard to injury-related factors, several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) of fatigue, neuropsychological measures, and PROMS of implicated biopsychosocial mechanisms. Factor analytic approaches yielded three underlying factors, termed Psychosocial Robustness, Somatic Vulnerability and Injury Severity. All three dimensions were significantly associated with fatigue in multiple regression analyses and explained 44.2% of variance in fatigue. Post hoc analyses examined univariate contributions of the associations between the factors and fatigue to illuminate the relative contributions of each biopsychosocial variable. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

• Hestad, Knut & Andersson, Stein (2021). Er COVID-19 sykdom assosiert med nevropsykologiske følgetilstander? Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. p. 16–22. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Covid-19 er en smittsom sykdom som i verste fall kan forårsake akutt lungesykdom, metabolske sykdommer, multiorgan svikt, respiratorisk stress syndrom, og i noen tilfeller død. Eldre personer får som regel flere og større komplikasjoner ved infeksjonen enn yngre. SARS‐CoV‐2 som viruset heter, påvirker ikke bare luftveiene, men kan også å gi skader på sentralnervesystemet (CNS). Viruset påvirker hjernen både via en direkte og en indirekte vei, som i begge tilfelle potensielt påvirker hjernefunksjon. Det er indikasjoner på at viruset kan affisere hjernen direkte via blodbanen fra lungene over blod-hjerne- eller blod-spinal- barrierene og transport fra perifere nerver. Den inflammatoriske responsen hos COVID-19-pasienter kan gi en indirekte skade på CNS. CNS affeksjon vil variere fra diffuse ikke-fokale symptomer til alvorlige nevrologiske utfall som følge av hjerneslag og encefalitt. Så langt har det ikke vært publisert noen nevropsykologiske resultater fra undersøkelse av Covid-19 pasienter.

• Kjeverud, Anita; Andersson, Stein; Lerdal, Anners; Schanke, Anne-Kristine & Østlie, Kristin (2021). A cross-sectional study exploring overlap in post-stroke fatigue caseness using three fatigue instruments: Fatigue Severity Scale, Fatigue Questionnaire and the Lynch’s Clinical Interview. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. ISSN 0022-3999. 150. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110605. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Post stroke fatigue (PSF) is a frequent symptom affecting 25-73% of stroke survivors. The variability in estimates of prevalence found across studies reflects differences in fatigue measures and use of different cut-offs for defining clinically significant fatigue. The main aim of this study is to explore the frequency and overlap in caseness of fatigue using three different fatigue measures in a sample of patients at 3 months post stroke. Furthermore, we wanted to explore the instrument's associations with demographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: The sample consists of 93 patients with new onset stroke. This cross-sectional study includes three measurements of fatigue, The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), The Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ) and the Lynch Interview. Medical, physical, psychological data and estimates of pre-stroke fatigue were collected 3 months post stroke. Results: The FQ using the bimodal scoring yielded about 2.5 more fatigue cases (n = 57) than the FSS with a cut-off mean score of 5 (n = 22). The Lynch interview identified 48 patients as fatigue cases. Conducting multivariate analyses, the three instruments were differently associated with predictor variables such as prestroke fatigue, reduced balance and burden of symptoms reported post stroke. Conclusion: The use of different instruments leads to a large variability in identifying fatigue cases in a sample of stroke patients. Scientifically and clinically a clarification and consensus on how to measure fatigue is warranted. Without correct identification of PSF-cases, knowledge about the causes of fatigue and development of tailored and interdisciplinary interventions are further delayed. Keywords: Content validity; Fatigue; Outcome measures; Post stroke fatigue; Stroke. Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

• Areklett, Elisabeth Wang; Fagereng, Elisabeth; Bruheim, Kjersti; Andersson, Stein & Lindemann, Kristina Yvonne Kathe (2021). Self-reported cognitive impairment in cervical cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. doi: 10.1002/pon.5818. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a major obstacle for cervical cancer survivors, preventing the return to their social life. This study assessed the prevalence of CRCI in cervical cancer survivors and studied the association of self-reported cognitive impairment with treatment regimen and the quality of life (QoL) domains depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Methods Six hundred twenty one cervical cancer survivors, treated with combined chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) (n = 458) or surgery only (n = 163) were invited in this cross-sectional study. Self-reported cognitive function was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog). Fatigue and psychological distress were assessed using EORTC-QLQ C30 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results Data of 254 women (40.9%) was available for the analysis. Of those, 204 (80.3%) women had received CCRT and 50 (19.7%) surgery only. In the whole cohort, 42.5% reported significant cognitive impairment. In both treatment groups cognitive complaints were significantly associated with anxiety, depression, and fatigue (all p < 0.001). CCRT was strongly associated with increased risk of CRCI (OR = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.57–10.25). Anxiety, depression, and fatigue increased the risk of CRCI by 13% (OR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.23), 16% (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04–1.28) and 2% (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.03), respectively. Conclusion Almost half of the cervical cancer survivors after CCRT report significant cognitive impairment. CRCI is associated with other indicators of poor QoL, such as depression, anxiety and fatigue. An increased understanding of the specific cognitive domains affected and of the associated late effects like fatigue is crucial to customize successful interventions.

• Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Hypher, Ruth E.; Rø, Torstein Baade; Skovlund, Eva & Andersson, Stein [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Rehabilitation of executive function in chronic paediatric brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine. 19(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-02129-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Impaired executive functions (EFs, i.e., purposeful, goal-directed behaviour) cause significant disability after paediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) warranting efficient interventions. Goal Management Training (GMT) is a metacognitive protocol proven effective for executive dysfunction in adults. This pre-registered, blinded, parallel-randomized controlled trial evaluated efficacy of a paediatric adaptation (pGMT) compared to a psychoeducative control (paediatric Brain Health Workshop, pBHW) to improve EF. Methods Children aged 10 to 17 years with pABI (e.g., traumatic brain injury, brain tumour), ≥ 1 year post-onset or ended treatment, with parent-reported EF complaints were eligible. Participants were randomized (computer-algorithm) to either group-based pGMT (n = 38) or pBHW (n = 38). The active control was tailored to keep non-specific factors constant. Thus, both treatments comprised of 7 sessions at hospitals over 3 consecutive weeks, followed by 4 weeks of telephone counselling of participants, parents, and teachers. Parent-reported daily life EF, assessed by the questionnaire Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI) and Metacognition Index (MI)), were co-primary outcomes 6 months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included neuropsychological tests and a complex naturalistic task (Children’s Cooking Task). Results Seventy-three participants (96%) completed allocated interventions and 71 (93%) attended the 6-month follow-up. The results demonstrated no significant difference in effectiveness for the two interventions on parent-reported EF: For BRIEFBRI, mean (SD) raw score for pGMT was 42.7 (8.8) and 38.3 (9.3) for pBHW. Estimated difference was − 2.3 (95% CI − 5.1 to 0.6). For BRIEFMI, the corresponding results were 80.9 (20.4) for GMT and 75.5 (19.3) for pBHW. Estimated difference was − 1.4 (95% CI −8.5 to 5.8). In performance-based tests, pGMT was associated with improved inhibition and executive attention, while pBHW was associated with fewer errors in the naturalistic task. Conclusions In pABI, metacognitive training (pGMT) did not demonstrate additional effectiveness on parent-reported daily life EF at 6-month follow-up, when compared to a psychoeducative control. Both interventions were well-tolerated and demonstrated distinct improvements at different EF assessment levels. To conclude on pGMT efficacy, larger studies are needed, including further investigation of appropriate assessment levels and possible differences in effect related to treatment duration, developmental factors, and injury characteristics.Lagt

• Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Andersson, Stein; Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Hoorelbeke, Kristof & Lie, Hanne Cathrine [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Fatigue Following Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury: Interplay With Associated Factors in a Clinical Trial Population Compared to Healthy Controls. Neuropsychology. ISSN 0894-4105. 35(6), p. 609–621. doi: 10.1037/neu0000753. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The aims of the present study were to compare fatigue levels in children with pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) with healthy controls (HCs), and examine the interplay of fatigue with associated factors. Method: We used baseline data from a preregistered randomized controlled trial. Seventy-six children aged 10–17 (median 13 years) with pABI in the chronic phase (88% with confirmatory cerebral imaging findings) and executive function (EF) complaints were included, most with moderate disability according to The Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE-E) categorization. HCs consisted of 60 children aged 10–17 (median 13 years). All 127 participants completed measures of fatigue and intelligence. pABI participants were also assessed for behavioral problems, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and EF. Nonparametric statistics were employed, in addition to a network analysis to model the unique associations between parent-reported fatigue and related factors. Results: Parents reported significantly more fatigue in the pABI-group (75% of scores in clinical range; < 70) compared to HCs (11.7% of scores in clinical range). No strong associations were found between fatigue and injury characteristics, but findings indicated more fatigue in the older than younger age-group for pABI participants. Network modeling revealed a central role for HRQoL, behavioral, and EF symptoms in relation to fatigue. Conclusions: Fatigue is reported to be highly prevalent in the chronic phase of pABI. When addressing fatigue, our findings demonstrate the advantage of including multidimensional measures of fatigue and examining associated psychological and cognitive constructs, such as HRQoL, behavioral problems, and EF. Impact Statement Question: What is the prevalence and severity of fatigue in children and adolescents with pediatric brain injuries, and is it related to other factors? Findings: For the majority of children in chronic phase of pABI, parents reported fatigue in the clinical range. Fatigue is associated with health-related quality of life, behavioral problems, and executive function. Importance: Fatigue is a complex symptom that negatively impacts functioning across a range of areas, and needs to be addressed in all phases of brain injury rehabilitation. Next Steps: Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the directionality of the relationships between factors associated with fatigue.

• Puhr, Anita; Ruud, Ellen; Anderson, Vivki; Due-Tønnessen, Bernt Johan; Skarbø, Anne-Britt & Finset, Arnstein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Executive Function and Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescent Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumor. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 46(2), p. 149–168. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1900191. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Adolescent survivors of pediatric brain tumor (PBT) are a sparsely studied subset of childhood cancer survivors. Sustaining a PBT may complicate the development of executive functions (EFs), which play a vital role in long-term psychosocial adjustment. In this study, 48 adolescent survivors and their parents completed questionnaires assessing EF, psychological symptoms, fatigue, and adaptive functioning, and 26 survivors underwent neuropsychological assessment. Survivors reported significantly more problems with adaptive functioning than a healthy control group, and this was most strongly associated to executive dysfunction, compared to psychological symptoms and fatigue. The findings have important implications for long-term follow-ups.

• Lengali, Lilly; Hippe, Johannes; Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Rygvold, Trine Waage; Sneve, Markus Handal & Andersson, Stein (2021). Sensory-Induced Human LTP-Like Synaptic Plasticity – Using Visual Evoked Potentials to Explore the Relation Between LTP-Like Synaptic Plasticity and Visual Perceptual Learning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 15. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.684573. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjerknes, Silje Kristin; Toft, Mathias; Brandt, Reidun; Rygvold, Trine Waage; Konglund, Ane & Dietrichs, Espen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: 5-Year Extension Study of a Randomized Trial. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 9(1), p. 48–59. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13348. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In Parkinson's disease (PD) long-term motor outcomes of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) are well documented, while comprehensive reports on non-motor outcomes are fewer and less consistent. Objective To report motor and non-motor symptoms after 5-years of STN-DBS. Methods We performed an open 5-year extension study of a randomized trial that compared intraoperative verification versus mapping of STN using microelectrode recordings. Changes from preoperative to 5-years of STN-DBS were evaluated for motor and non-motor symptoms (MDS-UPDRS I-IV), sleep disturbances (PDSS), autonomic symptoms (Scopa-Aut), quality of life (PDQ-39) and cognition through a neuropsychological test battery. We evaluated whether any differences between the two randomization groups were still present, and assessed preoperative predictors of physical dependence after 5 years of treatment using logistic regression. Results We found lasting improvement of off-medication motor symptoms (total MDS-UPDRS III, bradykinetic-rigid symptoms and tremor), on-medication tremor, motor fluctuations, and sleep disturbances, but reduced performance across all cognitive domains, except verbal memory. Reduction of verbal fluency and executive function was most pronounced the first year and may thus be more directly related to the surgery than worsening in other domains. The group mapped with multiple microelectrode recordings had more improvement of bradykinetic-rigid symptoms and of PDQ-39 bodily discomfort sub-score, but also more reduction in word fluency. Older age was the most important factor associated with physical dependence after 5 years. Conclusion STN-DBS offers good long-term effects, including improved sleep, despite disease progression. STN-DBS surgery may negatively impact verbal fluency and executive function.

• Feyer, Frida Karine; Andersson, Stein; Büchmann, Camilla Bakkalia; Melle, Ingrid; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Vaskinn, Anja (2020). Social perception predicts awareness of illness in persons with schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. ISSN 0022-3018. 208(9), p. 701–705. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001185. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lack of clinical insight in patients with schizophrenia is an obstacle to optimal treatment. Social cognition is one of several variables central to insight deficits in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical insight in relation to one domain of social cognition, social perception, while controlling for effects of nonsocial cognition and symptom severity. Clinical insight was measured in 55 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, using the Birchwood Insight Scale. Relationships across domains were used to assess social perception. Social perception predicted one of three subscales of clinical insight, “awareness of illness,” and was the only unique contributor to this subscale. This indicates that social perception is linked to clinical insight through awareness of illness. More research is needed to fully understand the relationship between social and nonsocial cognition and symptoms in relation to clinical insight.

• Rygvold, Trine Waage; Hatlestad-Hall, Christoffer; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Moberget, Torgeir & Andersson, Stein (2020). Do visual and auditory stimulus-specific response modulation reflect different mechanisms of neocortical plasticity? European Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0953-816X. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14964. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Stimulus response modulation (SRM) of sensory evoked potentials represents a promising method as a non‐invasive index of long‐term potentiation (LTP)‐like synaptic plasticity in the human sensory cortices. As of today, however, no consensus exists regarding which experimental parameters elicit the most robust SRM response. The aim of the current study was twofold; firstly, we aimed to replicate former studies demonstrating visual SRM in healthy adults. Second, we integrated visual and auditory stimuli within the same SRM recording session to assay potential cross‐modal associations. Such an association between modalities would strengthen the assumption that the SRM effect reflects common mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity rather than reflecting modality‐specific phenomena. A replication of previous findings showing robust potentiation of the visual evoked potential was evident, supporting the majority of previous work using similar paradigms, lending further support to the notion that high‐frequent visual stimulation is a viable probe into LTP‐like synaptic plasticity in the human visual cortex. The auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) did not, however, fully replicate previous work, though a significant increase of temporally later AEP components was found. In contrast to our hypothesis, there were no significant within‐subject cross‐modality correlations between the visual and auditory SRM. This lack of significant association might suggest that auditory and visual SRM depend on different mechanisms, and that further SRM studies on non‐invasive LTP‐like synaptic plasticity should focus on optimizing paradigms within the visual modality.

• Hypher, Ruth Elizabeth; Brandt, Anne Elisabeth; Risnes, Kari Ravndal; Rø, Torstein Baade; Skovlund, Eva & Andersson, Stein [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Paediatric goal management training in patients with acquired brain injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 9:e029273(8), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029273. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Compromised integrity of the brain due to paediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) has been associated with cognitive impairment, particularly executive dysfunction, in addition to somatic and emotional symptoms and reduced everyday function. Goal Management Training (GMT) is a cognitive rehabilitation intervention for improving executive function (EF) that has received empirical support in studies of adults with ABI. The purpose of the present study is to determine the efficacy of a recently developed paediatric version of GMT (pGMT) for children and adolescents with ABI and reported executive dysfunction. Methods and analysis This study protocol describes a parallel randomised controlled trial including allocation concealment and assessor blinding. Eighty survivors after pABI, aged 10–17 years at the time of intervention, will be recruited. Participants will be randomly allocated to either pGMT (n=40) or a psychoeducative control intervention (n=40; paediatric Brain Health Workshop). Both interventions consist of seven group sessions for participants and parents, followed by external cueing and telephone counselling. The study also includes involvement of teachers. Assessments will be performed at baseline, immediately postintervention and at 6 months’ follow-up. Primary outcome measure will be changes in daily life EF as reported by parents (The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function). Secondary outcomes include other assessments of EF (neuropsychological tests and questionnaires). Furthermore, we aim to assess generalisation effects of pGMT on other cognitive functions, as well as emotional, behavioural, adaptive and family function, academic performance, fatigue and quality of life. Ethics and dissemination Results from this study will be disseminated to relevant research, clinical, health service and patient communities through publications in peer-reviewed and popular science journals, in addition to presentations at scientific conferences. The study will be conducted in accordance with the Helsinki declaration and the Ethical Research Involving Children (ChildWatch International and Unicef). In accordance to Good Clinical Practice our study includes safety and quality monitoring guarantees in compliance with research ethics and safety. The trial will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials 2010 statement and Standard Protocol Items for Reporting in Trials recommendations, in addition to being registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The study has been approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics Norway (2017/772).

• Puhr, Anita; Ruud, Ellen; Anderson, Vicki; Due-Tønnessen, Bernt Johan; Skarbø, Anne-Britt & Finset, Arnstein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Social attainment in physically well-functioning long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumour; the role of executive dysfunction, fatigue, and psychological and emotional symptoms. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 0960-2011. p. 1–26. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1677480. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate long-term social attainment in physically well-functioning adult survivors of pediatric brain tumour (PBT) and identify demographic, medical, and psychological factors related to poor social outcomes, with a special focus on the significance of executive dysfunction. One hundred and fourteen PBT survivors and a healthy control group provided personal data on social outcomes, i.e., education, work, and government benefits, and completed questionnaires on executive function (EF), psychological and emotional difficulties, and fatigue. A significantly higher number of survivors compared to healthy controls reported having received educational adjustments and substantial government benefits, and significantly more survivors than controls were currently not engaged in regular employment/training. PBT survivors and healthy controls did not differ on educational level or living situation. The factors most strongly associated with poor social outcomes were self-reported executive dysfunction, difficulties with adaptive functioning, and fatigue. The findings show that physically well-functioning PBT survivors are at risk of poorer social outcomes and financial dependence in adulthood compared to their healthy peers, and underline the importance of investigating EF in short- and long-term follow-ups. Future rehabilitation efforts should focus more on compensatory strategies for executive dysfunction and improving EF skills.

• Myhre, Marianne; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Andersson, Stein & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Cognitive Effects of Perioperative Pregabalin: Secondary Exploratory Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-controlled Study. Anesthesiology. ISSN 0003-3022. 130(1), p. 63–71. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002473. Full text in Research Archive
• Myhre, Marianne; Jacobsen, Henrik Børsting; Andersson, Stein & Stubhaug, Audun (2019). Cognitive Effects of Perioperative Pregabalin: Reply. Anesthesiology. ISSN 0003-3022. 131(3), p. 753–754. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002872. Full text in Research Archive
• Bürker, Britta Susanne; Gullestad, Lars; Gude, Einar; Havik, Odd E.; Relbo, Anne & Grov, Ingelin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). The predictive value of depression in the years after heart transplantation for mortality during long-term follow-up. Psychosomatic Medicine. ISSN 0033-3174. 81(6), p. 513–520. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000702. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Current understanding of the prognostic impact of depression on mortality after heart transplantation (HTx) is limited. We examined whether depression after HTx is a predictor of mortality during extended follow-up. Subsequently, we explored whether different symptom dimensions of depression could be identified and whether they were differentially associated with mortality. Methods Survival analyses were performed in a sample of 141 HTx recipients assessed for depression, measured by self-report of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory – version 1A [BDI-1A]), at median 5.0 years after HTx, and followed thereafter for survival status for up to 18.6 years. We used uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association of clinically significant depression (BDI-1A total score ≥10), as well as the cognitive-affective and the somatic subscales of the BDI-1A (resulting from principal component analysis) with mortality. In the multivariate analyses, we adjusted for relevant sociodemographic and clinical variables. Results Clinically significant depression was a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 2.088; 95% confidence interval = 1.366–3.192; p = .001). Clinically significant depression also was an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.982; 95% confidence interval = 1.220–3.217; p = .006). The somatic subscale, but not the cognitive-affective subscale, was significantly associated with increased mortality in univariate analyses, whereas neither of the two subscales was an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions Depression measured by self-report after HTx is associated with increased mortality during extended follow-up. Clinical utility and predictive validity of specific depression components require further study.

• Mattsson, Tone Stokkereit; Lind, Ola; Follestad, Turid; Grøndahl, Kjell; Wilson, Wayne & Nicholas, Jude [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Electrophysiological characteristics in children with listening difficulties, with or without auditory processing disorder. International Journal of Audiology. ISSN 1499-2027. 58(11), p. 704–716. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2019.1621396. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To determine if the auditory middle latency responses (AMLR), auditory late latency response (ALLR) and auditory P300 were sensitive to auditory processing disorder (APD) and listening difficulties in children, and further to elucidate mechanisms regarding level of neurobiological problems in the central auditory nervous system. Design: Three-group, repeated measure design. Study sample: Forty-six children aged 8–14 years were divided into three groups: children with reported listening difficulties fulfilling APD diagnostic criteria, children with reported listening difficulties not fulfilling APD diagnostic criteria and normally hearing children. Results: AMLR Na latency and P300 latency and amplitude were sensitive to listening difficulties. No other auditory evoked potential (AEP) measures were sensitive to listening difficulties, and no AEP measures were sensitive to APD only. Moderate correlations were observed between P300 latency and amplitude and the behavioural AP measures of competing words, frequency patterns, duration patterns and dichotic digits. Conclusions: Impaired thalamo-cortical (bottom up) and neurocognitive function (top-down) may contribute to difficulties discriminating speech and non-speech sounds. Cognitive processes involved in conscious recognition, attention and discrimination of the acoustic characteristics of the stimuli could contribute to listening difficulties in general, and to APD in particular.

• Frøyhaug, Mathias; Andersson, Stein; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Ueland, Torill & Vaskinn, Anja (2019). Theory of mind in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Hinting Task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 24(6), p. 454–469. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1674645. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: The quality of measures used to assess theory of mind (ToM) in severe mental illness has not been sufficiently investigated. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Hinting Task in schizophrenia, bipolar I and II disorder and healthy controls. Methods: The study included 90 patients and 183 healthy controls. Internal consistency, ceiling effects, discriminatory power and concurrent and construct validity were investigated. Results: The Hinting Task displayed adequate levels of internal consistency for schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Ceiling effects emerged in all groups except the schizophrenia group. Schizophrenia patients scored significantly lower than all other groups, but no other significant group differences were detected. In the schizophrenia group, the Hinting Task’s concurrent validity was substantiated by significant correlations with measures of neurocognition, symptoms and functional capacity. In the bipolar disorder groups, however, only a few significant relationships were found. Correlations between the Hinting Task and a measure of emotion recognition indicated that construct validity was higher for schizophrenia than bipolar disorder. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Norwegian Hinting Task is suited for use in schizophrenia research and assessment, but caution is warranted when using the test for other populations.

• Værøy, Henning; Adori, Csaba; Legrand, Romain; Lucas, Nicolas; Breton, Jonathan & Cottard, Caroline [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2018). Autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone can alter cortisol secretion in both aggressive and nonaggressive humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 115(28), p. E6576–E6584. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720008115. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Violent aggression in humans may involve a modified response to stress, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that naturally present autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) exhibit distinct epitope-binding profiles to ACTH peptide in subjects with a history of violent aggression compared with controls. Namely, while nonaggressive male controls displayed a preferential IgG binding to the ACTH central part (amino acids 11–24), subjects who had committed violent acts of aggression had IgG with increased affinity to ACTH, preferentially binding to its N terminus (amino acids 1–13). Purified IgGs from approximately half of the examined sera were able to block ACTH-induced cortisol secretion of human adrenal cells in vitro, irrespective of the source of sample (from a control subject or a violent aggressor). Nevertheless, in the resident–intruder test in mice, i.p. injection of residents with ACTH and IgG from aggressive subjects, but not from control subjects, shortened latency for the first attack against intruders. Immunohistochemical screening of violent aggressors’ sera on rat brain and pituitary sections did not show IgG binding to ACTH-producing cells, but 4 of 16 sera revealed selective binding to a nonidentified antigen in vasopressinergic neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Thus, the data show that ACTH-reactive plasmatic IgGs exhibit differential epitope preference in control and violently aggressive subjects. These IgGs can modulate ACTH-induced cortisol secretion and, hence, are involved in the regulation of the stress response. However, the possible role of ACTH-reactive autoantibodies in aggressive behavior needs further investigation.

• Bjerknes, Silje Kristin; Toft, Mathias; Konglund, Ane; Pham, Uyen Ha Gia; Waage, Trine Rygvold & Pedersen, Lena [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Multiple microelectrode recordings in STN-DBS surgery for Parkinson's disease: a randomized study. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 5(3), p. 296–305. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12621. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation improves motor symptoms and fluctuations in advanced Parkinson's disease, but the degree of clinical improvement depends on accurate anatomical electrode placement. Methods used to localize the sensory‐motor part of the nucleus vary substantially. Using microelectrode recordings, at least three inserted microelectrodes are needed to obtain a three‐dimensional map. Therefore, multiple simultaneously inserted microelectrodes should provide better guidance than single sequential microelectrodes. We aimed to compare the use of multiple simultaneous versus single sequential microelectrode recordings on efficacy and safety of subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Methods: Sixty patients were included in this double‐blind, randomized study, 30 in each group. Primary outcome measures were the difference from baseline to 12 months in the MDS‐UPDRS motor score (part III) in the off‐medication state and quality of life using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 (PDQ‐39) scores. Results: The mean reduction of the MDS‐UPDRS III off score was 35 (SD 12) in the group investigated with multiple simultaneous microelectrodes compared to 26 (SD 10) in the single sequential microelectrode group (p = 0.004). The PDQ‐39 Summary Index did not differ between the groups, but the domain scores activities of daily living and bodily discomfort improved significantly more in the multiple microelectrodes group. The frequency of serious adverse events did not differ significantly. Conclusions: After 12 months of subthalamic nucleus stimulation, the multiple microelectrodes group had a significantly greater improvement both in MDS‐UPDRS III off score and in two PDQ‐39 domains. Our results may support the use of multiple simultaneous microelectrode recordings.

• Vaskinn, Anja; Andersson, Stein; Østefjells, Tiril; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Sundet, Kjetil Søren (2018). Emotion perception, non-social cognition and symptoms as predictors of theory of mind in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 85, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.05.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Theory of mind (ToM) can be divided into cognitive and affective ToM, and a distinction can be made between overmentalizing and undermentalizing errors. Research has shown that ToM in schizophrenia is associated with non-social and social cognition, and with clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigate cognitive and clinical predictors of different ToM processes. Methods: Ninety-one individuals with schizophrenia participated. ToM was measured with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) yielding six scores (total ToM, cognitive ToM, affective ToM, overmentalizing errors, undermentalizing errors and no mentalizing errors). Neurocognition was indexed by a composite score based on the non-social cognitive tests in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Emotion perception was measured with Emotion in Biological Motion (EmoBio), a point-light walker task. Clinical symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Seventy-one healthy control (HC) participants completed the MASC. Results: Individuals with schizophrenia showed large impairments compared to HC for all MASC scores, except overmentalizing errors. Hierarchical regression analyses with the six different MASC scores as dependent variables revealed that MCCB was a significant predictor of all MASC scores, explaining 8–18% of the variance. EmoBio increased the explained variance significantly, to 17–28%, except for overmentalizing errors. PANSS excited symptoms increased explained variance for total ToM, affective ToM and no mentalizing errors. Discussion: Both social and non-social cognition were significant predictors of ToM. Overmentalizing was only predicted by non-social cognition. Excited symptoms contributed to overall and affective ToM, and to no mentalizing errors.

• Puhr, Anita; Ruud, Ellen; Anderson, Vicki; Due-Tønnessen, Bernt Johan; Skarbø, Anne-Britt & Finset, Arnstein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Self-reported executive dysfunction, fatigue, and psychological and emotional symptoms in physically well-functioning long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumor. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1540007. Full text in Research Archive
• Zak, Nathalia; Moberget, Torgeir; Bøen, Erlend; Boye, Birgitte; Waage, Trine Rygvold & Dietrichs, Espen [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations of long-term potentiation-like cortical plasticity in bipolar disorder type II and healthy individuals. Translational Psychiatry. 8(103). doi: 10.1038/s41398-018-0151-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Visual evoked potential (VEP) plasticity is a promising assay for noninvasive examination of long-term potentiation (LTP)-like synaptic processes in the cerebral cortex. We conducted longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations of VEP plasticity in controls and individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) type II. VEP plasticity was assessed at baseline, as described previously (Elvsåshagen et al. Biol Psychiatry 2012), and 2.2 years later, at follow-up. The longitudinal sample with VEP data from both time points comprised 29 controls and 16 patients. VEP data were available from 13 additional patients at follow-up (total n = 58). VEPs were evoked by checkerboard reversals in two premodulation blocks before and six blocks after a plasticity-inducing block of prolonged (10 min) visual stimulation. VEP plasticity was computed by subtracting premodulation VEP amplitudes from postmodulation amplitudes. Saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected immediately after awakening in the morning, 30 min later, and at 12:30 PM, at follow-up. We found reduced VEP plasticity in BD type II, that impaired plasticity was present in the euthymic phases of the illness, and that VEP plasticity correlated negatively with depression severity. There was a positive association between VEP plasticity and saliva cortisol in controls, possibly reflecting an inverted U-shaped relationship between cortisol and synaptic plasticity. VEP plasticity exhibited moderate temporal stability over a period of 2.2 years. The present study provides additional evidence for impaired LTP-like cortical plasticity in BD type II. VEP plasticity is an accessible method, which may help elucidate the pathophysiological and clinical significance of synaptic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.

• Mikkelsen, Rebecka; Rødevand, Linn Nilsen; Wiik, Ulrikke Straume; Zahl, Sverre Morten; Berntsen, Torhild & Skarbø, Anne-Britt [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Neurocognitive and psychosocial function in children with benign external hydrocephalus (BEH)-a long-term follow-up study. Child's Nervous System. ISSN 0256-7040. 33(1), p. 91–99. doi: 10.1007/s00381-016-3267-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Bürker, Britta Susanne; Gullestad, Lars; Gude, Einar; Relbo, Anne; Grov, Ingelin & Hol, Per Kristian [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Cognitive function after heart transplantation: Comparing everolimus-based and calcineurin inhibitor-based regimens. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 31(4). doi: 10.1111/ctr.12927. Full text in Research Archive
• Bürker, Britta Susanne; Gude, Einar; Gullestad, Lars; Grov, Ingelin; Relbo, Anne & Andreassen, Arne K. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Cognitive function among long-term survivors of heart transplantation. Clinical Transplantation. ISSN 0902-0063. 31(12), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/ctr.13143. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Olafsen, Kjell; Schnakers, Caroline; Andelic, Nada; Nilsen, Kristian Bernhard & Helseth, Eirik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Cognitive event-related potentials during the sub-acute phase of severe traumatic brain injury and their relationship to outcome. Journal of Neurotrauma. ISSN 0897-7151. 34(22), p. 3124–3133. doi: 10.1089/neu.2017.5062. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Predicting outcome in the early phase after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is a major clinical challenge, particularly identifying patients with potential for good cognitive outcome.The current single-center prospective study aimed to explore presence and normalization of electroencephalography (EEG)-based event-related potentials (ERPs) in the early phase followings TBI, and their relationship to functional and cognitive outcome 6 months post-injury. Fourteen adult patients (eight males) with sTBI were recruited from the neurointensive care unit (mean age = 38.2 years [standard deviation (SD) = 14.7]; mean lowest Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score within first 24 h = 5.4, SD = 1.87). EEG recordings were conducted biweekly at three time-points applying an ERP paradigm encompassing a passive condition involving hearing their own name randomly interspersed between an unfamiliar name (UN), and an active condition with instruction to count their own name. Functional and cognitive outcome 6 months post-injury was measured with Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) and neuropsychological tests of attention and memory. Ten patients demonstrated a significantly enhanced cognitive P3 in the active counting task compared with passive listening across recordings, and six presented with normalization of P3 in the counting task. Moreover, P3 amplitude to the counting task at the third time-point was positively correlated with both functional outcome (GOSE) and cognition (verbal learning, attentional set-shifting, and switching) 6 months post-injury. ERP can index cognitive capacities in the early phase following sTBI, and the cognitive P3 component in an active design is associated with functional and cognitive outcome, demonstrating that the cognitive P3 may yield valuable information of residual cognition and provide supplementary prognostic information.

• Mattsson, Tone Stokkereit; Follestad, Turid; Andersson, Stein; Lind, Ola; Øygarden, Jon & Nordgård, Ståle (2017). Normative data for diagnosing auditory processing disorder in Norwegian children aged 7-12 years. International Journal of Audiology. ISSN 1499-2027. 57(1), p. 10–20. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2017.1366670. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The main purpose of this research was to obtain normative data for auditory processing tests for Norwegian speaking children. Design: Participants were administered routine audiological tests and an auditory processing test-battery consisting of Filtered Words, Competing Words, Dichotic Digits, Gaps In Noise, Duration– and Frequency Pattern, Binaural Masking Level Difference and HIST Speech in Noise test. A group of 10-year-old children were retested after two weeks. The effects ear, age and gender and the test–retest reliability were investigated. Study sample: There were 268 normal hearing children aged 7–12 years who participated in the study. Results: Results revealed no differences between genders. The children showed improving performance by age on all tests, except from the Gaps In Noise and Binaural Masking Level Difference. As expected, the children showed a right ear advantage on dichotic speech tests that decreased with age. The test–retest reliability for the tests was good, with a small learning effect on the Filtered Words test. Conclusion: Normative data were established and the preferred tests for diagnosing Auditory Processing Disorder were suggested for Norwegian children aged 7–12 years.

• Løvstad, Marianne; Sigurdardottir, Solrun; Andersson, Stein; Grane, Venke Arntsberg; Moberget, Torgeir & Stubberud, Jan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Adult Version in Patients with Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Conditions: Symptom Levels and Relationship to Emotional Distress. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. ISSN 1355-6177. 22(6), p. 682–694. doi: 10.1017/S135561771600031X. Full text in Research Archive
• Moberget, Torgeir; Gullesen, Eva Hilland; Andersson, Stein; Lundar, Tryggve; Due-Tønnessen, Bernt Johan & Heldal, Aasta [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Patients with focal cerebellar lesions show reduced auditory cortex activation during silent reading. Brain and Language. ISSN 0093-934X. 161, p. 18–27. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2015.08.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Wojniusz, Slawomir; Callens, Nina; Sütterlin, Stefan; Andersson, Stein; Schepper, Jean De & Gies, Inge [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Cognitive, Emotional, and Psychosocial Functioning of Girls Treated with Pharmacological Puberty Blockage for Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Frontiers in Psychology. 7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01053. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Central precocious puberty (CPP) develops due to premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in early pubertal changes and rapid bone maturation. CPP is associated with lower adult height and increased risk for development of psychological problems. Standard treatment of CPP is based on postponement of pubertal development by blockade of the HPG axis with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) leading to abolition of gonadal sex hormones synthesis. Whereas the hormonal and auxological effects of GnRHa are well-researched, there is a lack of knowledge whether GnRHa treatment influences psychological functioning of treated children, despite the fact that prevention of psychological problems is used as one of the main reasons for treatment initiation. In the present study we seek to address this issue by exploring differences in cognitive function, behavior, emotional reactivity, and psychosocial problems between GnRHa treated CPP girls and age-matched controls. Fifteen girls with idiopathic CPP; median age 10.4 years, treated with slow-release GnRHa (triptorelin acetate—Decapeptyl SR® 11.25) and 15 age-matched controls, were assessed with a comprehensive test battery consisting of paper and pencil tests, computerized tasks, behavioral paradigms, heart rate variability, and questionnaires filled in by the children's parents. Both groups showed very similar scores with regard to cognitive performance, behavioral and psychosocial problems. Compared to controls, treated girls displayed significantly higher emotional reactivity (p = 0.016; Cohen's d = 1.04) on one of the two emotional reactivity task conditions. Unexpectedly, the CPP group showed significantly lower resting heart rates than the controls (p = 0.004; Cohen's d = 1.03); lower heart rate was associated with longer treatment duration (r = −0.582, p = 0.037). The results suggest that GnRHa treated CPP girls do not differ in their cognitive or psychosocial functioning from age matched controls. However, they might process emotional stimuli differently. The unexpected finding of lower heart rate that was associated with longer duration of the treatment should be further explored by methods appropriate for assessment of cardiac health.

• Værøy, Henning; Western, Elin & Andersson, Stein (2016). The Link between Facets of Impulsivity and Aggression in Extremely Violent Prisoners. Open Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 2161-7325. 6(1). doi: 10.4236/ojpsych.2016.61010. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Schanke, Anne-Kristine; Andersson, Stein; Chatelle, Camille; Schnakers, Caroline & Løvstad, Marianne (2016). The clinical diagnostic utility of electrophysiological techniques in assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness following acquired brain injury: a systematic review. The journal of head trauma rehabilitation. ISSN 0885-9701. 32(3), p. 185–196. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000267. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To investigate the diagnostic utility of electrophysiological recordings during active cognitive tasks in detecting residual cognitive capacities in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) after severe acquired brain injury. Design: Systematic review of empirical research in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane from January 2002 to March 2016. Main Measures: Data extracted included sample size, type of electrophysiological technique and task design, rate of cognitive responders, false negatives and positives, and excluded subjects from the study analysis. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies–2 (QUADAS-2) was used for quality appraisal of the retrieved literature. Results: Twenty-four studies examining electrophysiological signs of command-following in patients with DoC were identified. Sensitivity rates in healthy controls demonstrated variable accuracy across the studies, ranging from 71% to 100%. In patients with DoC, specificity and sensitivity rates varied in the included studies, ranging from 0% to 100%. Pronounced heterogeneity was found between studies regarding methodological approaches, task design, and procedures of analysis, rendering comparison between studies challenging. Conclusion: We are still far from establishing precise recommendations for standardized electrophysiological diagnostic procedures in DoC, but electrophysiological methods may add supplemental diagnostic information of covert cognition in some patients with DoC.

• Kanellopoulos, Adriani; Andersson, Stein; Zeller, Bernward; Tamnes, Christian Krog; Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Neurocognitive Outcome in Very Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia After Treatment with Chemotherapy Only. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. ISSN 1545-5009. 63(1), p. 133–138. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25690. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Schnakers, Caroline; Andersson, Stein; Becker, Frank; Moberget, Torgeir & Giacino, Joseph T. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Neurophysiological Indicators of Residual Cognitive Capacity in the Minimally Conscious State. Behavioural Neurology. ISSN 0953-4180. 2015, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1155/2015/145913. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background. The diagnostic usefulness of electrophysiological methods in assessing disorders of consciousness (DoC) remains to be established on an individual patient level, and there is need to determine what constitutes robust experimental paradigm to elicit electrophysiological indices of covert cognitive capacity. Objectives. Two tasks encompassing active and passive conditions were explored in an event-related potentials (ERP) study. The task robustness was studied in healthy controls, and their utility to detect covert signs of command-following on an individual patient level was investigated in patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS). Methods. Twenty healthy controls and 20 MCS patients participated. The active tasks included (1) listening for a change of pitch in the subject’s own name (SON) and (2) counting SON, both contrasted to passive conditions. Midline ERPs are reported. Results. A larger P3 response was detected in the counting task compared to active listening to pitch change in the healthy controls. On an individual level, the counting task revealed a higher rate of responders among both healthy subjects and MCS patients. Conclusion. ERP paradigms involving actively counting SON represent a robust paradigm in probing for volitional cognition in minimally conscious patients and add important diagnostic information in some patients.

• Moberget, Torgeir; Andersson, Stein; Lundar, Tryggve; Due-Tønnessen, Bernt Johan; Heldal, Aasta & Endestad, Tor [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Long-term supratentorial brain structure and cognitive function following cerebellar tumour resections in childhood. Neuropsychologia. ISSN 0028-3932. 69, p. 218–231. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Uyen Ha Gia; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin; Skogseid, Inger Marie; Toft, Mathias; Pripp, Are Hugo & Konglund, Ane [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2015). Personality changes after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease. ISSN 2090-8083. 2015:490507. doi: 10.1155/2015/490507. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Olsen, Alexander; Skandsen, Toril; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Evensen, Kari A. Indredavik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Life after adolescent and adult moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: self-reported executive, emotional, and behavioural function 2-5 years after injury. Behavioural Neurology. ISSN 0953-4180. 2015:329241. doi: 10.1155/2015/329241. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Survivors of moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) are at risk for long-term cognitive, emotional, and behaviouralproblems. This prospective cohort study investigated self-reported executive, emotional, and behavioural problems in the latechronic phase of moderate and severe TBI, if demographic characteristics (i.e., age, years of education), injury characteristics(Glasgow Coma Scale score, MRI findings such as traumatic axonal injury (TAI), or duration of posttraumatic amnesia), symptomsof depression, or neuropsychological variables in the first year after injury predicted long-term self-reported function. Self-reportedexecutive, emotional, and behavioural functioning were assessed among individuals with moderate and severe TBI (𝑁�=67,agerange 15–65 years at time of injury) 2–5 years after TBI, compared to a healthy matched control group(𝑁�=72). Results revealedsignificantly more attentional, emotional regulation, and psychological difficulties in the TBI group than controls. Demographicand early clinical variables were associated with poorer cognitive and emotional outcome. Fewer years of education and depressivesymptoms predicted greater executive dysfunction. Younger age at injury predicted more aggressive and rule-breaking behaviour.TAI and depressive symptoms predicted Internalizing problems and greater executive dysfunction. In conclusion, age, education,TAI, and depression appear to elevate risk for poor long-term outcome, emphasising the need for long-term follow-up of patientspresenting with risk factors.

• Tamnes, Christian Krog; Zeller, Bernward; Amlien, Inge; Kanellopoulos, Adriani; Andersson, Stein & Due-Tønnessen, Paulina [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Cortical surface area and thickness in adult survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood & Cancer. ISSN 1545-5009. 62(6), p. 1027–1034. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25386. Full text in Research Archive
• Pham, Uyen Ha Gia; Andersson, Stein; Toft, Mathias; Pripp, Are Hugo; Konglund, Ane & Dietrichs, Espen [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Self-Reported Executive Functioning in Everyday Life in Parkinson's Disease after Three Months of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation. Parkinson's Disease. ISSN 2090-8083. 2015:461453. doi: 10.1155/2015/461453. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective . Studies on the effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on executive functioning in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are still controversial. In this study we compared self-reported daily executive functioning in PD patients before and after three months of STN-DBS. We also examined whether executive functioning in everyday life was associated with motor symptoms, apathy, and psychiatric symptoms. Method . 40 PD patients were examined with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-S). Results . PD patients reported significant improvement in daily life executive functioning after 3 months of STN-DBS. Anxiety scores significantly declined, while other psychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. The improvement of self-reported executive functioning did not correlate with motor improvement after STN-DBS. Apathy scores remained unchanged after surgery. Only preoperative depressed mood had predictive value to the improvement of executive function and appears to prevent potentially favorable outcomes from STN-DBS on some aspects of executive function. Conclusion . PD patients being screened for STN-DBS surgery should be evaluated with regard to self-reported executive functioning. Depressive symptoms in presurgical PD patients should be treated. Complementary information about daily life executive functioning in PD patients might enhance further treatment planning of STN-DBS.

• Fretland, Ragnhild Avdem; Andersson, Stein; Sundet, Kjetil Søren; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Melle, Ingrid & Vaskinn, Anja (2015). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Error types and associations with symptoms. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 162(1-3), p. 42–46. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.024. Full text in Research Archive
• Egeland, Jens; Andersson, Stein; Sundseth, Øyvind Østberg & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2014). Types or Modes of Malingering? A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Performance and Symptom Validity Tests. Applied Neuropsychology. ISSN 0908-4282. Oct 2, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2014.910212. Full text in Research Archive
• Bøen, Erlend; Hummelen, Benjamin; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Boye, Birgitte; Andersson, Stein & Karterud, Sigmund [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Different impulsivity profiles in borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 170, p. 104–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.033. Full text in Research Archive
• Bøen, Erlend; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Hummelen, Benjamin; Hol, Per Kristian & Boye, Turid Birgitte [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Smaller stress-sensitive hippocampal subfields in women with borderline personality disorder without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. ISSN 1180-4882. 39(2), p. 127–134. doi: 10.1503/jpn.130070. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Moberget, Torgeir; Bøen, Erlend; Hol, Per Kristian; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik & Andersson, Stein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). The surface area of early visual cortex predicts the amplitude of the visual evoked potential. Brain Structure and Function. ISSN 1863-2653. doi: 10.1007/s00429-013-0703-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Moberget, Torgeir; Gullesen, Eva Hilland; Andersson, Stein; Ivry, Richard B & Endestad, Tor (2014). Generalized Role for the Cerebellum in Encoding Internal Models: Evidence from Semantic Processing. Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0270-6474. 34(8), p. 2871–2878. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2264-13.2014. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Stein; Posserud, Maj-Britt Rocio & Lundervold, Astri (2013). Early and late auditory event-related potentials in cognitively high functioning male adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. ISSN 1750-9467. 7(7), p. 815–823. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.03.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Bøen, Erlend; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Hummelen, Benjamin; Hol, Per Kristian & Boye, Birgitte [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Regional cortical thinning may be a biological marker for borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-690X. 130(3), p. 193–204. doi: 10.1111/acps.12234. Full text in Research Archive
• Haugaa, Kristina; Andersson, Stein; Vestervik, Tommy Tveit; Amlie, Jan Peder; Jørum, Ellen & Gjerstad, Leif [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Abnormal electroencephalograms in patients with long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. ISSN 1547-5271. 10(12), p. 1877–1883. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.09.070. Full text in Research Archive
• Korsnes, Maria Stylianou; Løvdahl, Hans; Andersson, Stein; Bjørnerud, Atle; Due-Tønnessen, Paulina & Endestad, Tor [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Working memory in recurrent brief depression: an fMRI pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 149(1-3), p. 383–392. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.017. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skandsen, Toril; Andersson, Stein; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Indredavik, Marit Sæbø (2013). Differentiated patterns of cognitive impairment 12 months after severe and moderate traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. ISSN 0269-9052. 27(13-14), p. 1606–1616. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2013.831127. Full text in Research Archive
• Zeller, Bernward; Tamnes, Christian Krog; Kanellopoulos, Adriani; Amlien, Inge; Andersson, Stein & Due-Tønnessen, Paulina [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Reduced Neuroanatomic Volumes in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology. ISSN 0732-183X. 31, p. 2078–2085. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.47.4031. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Bøen, Erlend; Hol, Per Kristian; Andersson, Stein & Andreassen, Ole Andreas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Evidence for reduced dentate gyrus and fimbria volume in bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders. ISSN 1398-5647. 15(2), p. 167–176. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12046. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Moberget, Torgeir; Bøen, Erlend; Boye, Turid Birgitte; Englin, Nils Olof Andreas & Pedersen, Per Øystein Heiberg [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2012). Evidence for Impaired Neocortical Synaptic Plasticity in Bipolar II Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 0006-3223. 71(1), p. 68–74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.026. Full text in Research Archive

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• Gjerstad, Leif; Fladby, Tormod & Andersson, Stein (2013). Demenssykdommer. Årsaker, diagnostikk og behandling. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 9788205449930. 235 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Andersson, Stein; Hestad, Knut; Johannessen, D.; Okkenhaug, I.; Gramstad, A. & Andreassen, O. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Subjective cognitive complaints and neuropsychological performance at six months post COVID-19. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. ISSN 0022-3999. 157, p. 1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110814. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Torhild; Skarbø, Anne-Britt; Puhr, Anita; Stadskleiv, Kristine & Andersson, Stein (2016). Quality of survival after brain tumours in childhood. Data from a neuropsychological follow-up program. Neuro-Oncology. ISSN 1522-8517. 18. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/now081.42. Full text in Research Archive
• Berntsen, Torhild; Skarbø, Anne-Britt; Puhr, Anita; Stadskleiv, Kristine & Andersson, Stein (2016). Quality of survival after brain tumor in childhood. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Schnakers, Caroline; Andersson, Stein; Becker, Frank; Moberget, Torgeir & Giacino, Joseph T. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Counting own name -clinical robustness of electrophysiology in assessing residual cognition in disorders of consciousness. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Schnakers, Caroline; Andersson, Stein; Becker, Frank; Moberget, Torgeir & Løvstad, Marianne (2015). Clinical utility of neurophysiological assessment of residual cognition in disorders of consciousness. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Stein; Moberget, Torgeir; Zak, Nathalia & Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn (2014). Sensory Evoked Potential Modulation – an Index of LTP-like Stimulus-Specific Neocortical Plasticity? Full text in Research Archive
• Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Olafsen, Kjell; Andelic, Nada; Røe, Cecilie; Andersson, Stein & Schanke, Anne-Kristine [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Repeated sub-acute Event-Related Potentials as predictor of long-term outcome - presentation of a study design and single case data. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Olsen, Alexander; Skandsen, Toril; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Evensen, Kari A. Indredavik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Diffuse Axonal Injury on early MRI is associated with executive problems and emotional and behavioral symptoms 3-5 years after Traumatic Brain Injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Olsen, Alexander; Skandsen, Toril; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Evensen, Kari A. Indredavik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Can depressive symptoms and global function in the first year after Traumatic Brain Injury predict executive problems and emotional and behavioral symptoms 3-5 years post-injury? Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Bøen, Erlend; Zak, Nathalia; Moberget, Torgeir; Boye, Turid Birgitte & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity and Mismatch Negativity in Bipolar II Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 0006-3223. 75(9), p. s268–s268. Full text in Research Archive
• Zeller, Bernward; Tamnes, Christian Krog; Kanellopoulos, Adriani; Amlien, Inge Kasbohm; Andersson, Stein & Due-Tønnessen, Paulina [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). Response to A.A.M. van der Veldt et al. Journal of Clinical Oncology. ISSN 0732-183X. 32(8), p. 852–853. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.5725. Full text in Research Archive
• Bøen, Erlend; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Hummelen, Benjamin; Hol, Per Kristian & Boye, Turid Birgitte [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2013). Reduced Volume in Stress-Sensitive Hippocampal Subfields in Borderline Personality Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 0006-3223. 73(9), p. 200S–200S. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Westlye, Lars Tjelta; Bøen, Erlend; Hol, Per Kristian; Andersson, Stein & Boye, Turid Birgitte [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Evidence for Depressive Episode-Induced Volume Reduction of the Dentate Gyrus in Bipolar Disorder: A Longitudinal Study. Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 0006-3223. 73(9), p. 188S–188S. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Bøen, Erlend; Moberget, Torgeir; Harkestad, Nina; Murison, Robert & Boye, Turid Birgitte [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies of LTP-Like Cortical Plasticity in Subjects with Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Controls. Biological Psychiatry. ISSN 0006-3223. 73(9), p. 257S–257S. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Bøen, Erlend; Moberget, Torgeir; Harkestad, Nina; Boye, Turid Birgitte & Malt, Ulrik Fredrik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of LTP-like cortical plasticity in subjects with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Bipolar Disorders. ISSN 1398-5647. 15, p. 120–120. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skandsen, Toril; Andersson, Stein; Lydersen, Stian; Indredavik, Marit Sæbø & Vik, Anne (2012). Neuropsychological Function Twelve Months After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skandsen, Toril; Andersson, Stein; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Indredavik, Marit Sæbø (2012). Improvement In Neuropsychological Function From Three To Twelve Months In Moderate To Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skandsen, Toril; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne; Indredavik, Marit Sæbø & Andersson, Stein (2012). Level Of Impairment Twelve Months After Traumatic Brain Injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Finnanger, Torun Gangaune; Skandsen, Toril; Andersson, Stein; Lydersen, Stian; Vik, Anne & Indredavik, Marit Sæbø (2012). Association Between Global Outcome, Measures of Injury Severity and Concurrent Neuropsychological Function 12 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjeverud, Anita; Østlie, Kristin; Schanke, Anne-Kristine; Lerdal, Anners & Andersson, Stein (2024). Post-stroke fatigue: Assessment, trajectories and associated factors. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Fatigue is a frequent and severe symptom in stroke survivors, associated with poorer physical health, reduced quality of life and even increased mortality. Although post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is common and disabling, there is no consensus on definition, evaluation methods or interventions. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of PSF and the significance of different biopsychosocial factors in PSF development are not fully elucidated. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the knowledge about assessment, trajectories and associated factors of PSF to establish a better knowledge base for developing treatment strategies aiming at ameliorating PSF. The work is based on two longitudinal observational studies. In the first study, displayed in paper I, trajectories of PSF through the first 18 months post-stroke were investigated. The second study yielded the data for paper II and III. In paper II the overlap and differences in prevalence-estimates in fatigue-caseness using the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Fatigue Questionnaire and the Lynch Interview at one time-point in a sample of stroke-patients was explored. In addition, we investigated how PSF measured with these instruments were associated with different predictor-variables. In paper III, the associations of demographic, medical and symptom-related factors with PSF in the acute phase, at three and twelve months post-stroke were explored. The first aim of the thesis was to explore whether subgroups of stroke survivors with distinct trajectories could be identified using Growth Mixture Modeling and secondly whether these subgroups differed on sociodemographic, medical and symptom-related characteristics. Paper I displays three distinct trajectories of PSF from the acute phase to 18 months post stroke, namely courses displaying low, medium and high fatigue. Belonging to the high fatigue-class was associated with pre-stroke fatigue, multiple comorbidities and not working. Belonging to a low fatigue-class was associated with few symptoms of depression and being more independent in personal activities of daily living. Paper II displays a vast variance in prevalence of fatigue-cases in the same sample at the same time-point depending on which of three instruments was used to assess fatigue symptoms and cases. There was also a variance in the associations between being a fatigue-case and the analyzed predictor variables using the different instruments, probably reflecting that they cover slightly different aspects of the PSF-experience. In paper III, the associations of demographic, medical and symptom-related factors with PSF at different time-points were explored. The findings suggest that PSF may be triggered, maintained or worsened by stroke-related impairments, psychological distress and/or maladaptive coping strategies. Furthermore, we found that significant PSF also occur in patients with minor stroke-sequelae. In summary, this thesis gives insights into different trajectories of fatigue post-stroke. It also expands on current knowledge about which factors may serve as protective against PSF-development and which factors may render stroke survivors vulnerable for developing PSF, hereby suggesting possible targets for development of interventions aimed at ameliorating PSF. A special awareness should be on patients with minor stroke-sequale as they may have unmet need for follow-up, increasing the risk of PSF-development. The results in this thesis also demonstrate how different methodology yields a wide variance in identification of fatigue-cases, underscoring the importance of reaching a consensus on how to measure fatigue. Correct identification of fatigue-cases is crucial for understanding fatigue, its causes and for development of empirically based interventions. Further studies are warranted in larger samples, preferably multicenter studies, to allow for necessary increase in the sample size, to achieve consensus on how to measure fatigue. Methods should include a wide array of measurements, reflecting a biopsychosocial understanding of fatigue

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