Carl Henrik Knutsen

• Gjerløw, Haakon & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2019). Leaders, Private Interests, and Socially Wasteful Projects: Skyscrapers in Democracies and Autocracies. Political research quarterly.  ISSN 1065-9129. . doi: 10.1177/1065912919840710
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Gerring, John; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Teorell, Jan; Maguire, Matthew; Coppedge, Michael & Lindberg, Staffan (2019). Economic development and democracy: An electoral connection. European Journal of Political Research.  ISSN 0304-4130.  58(1), s 292- 314 . doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12282 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rasmussen, Magnus Bergli (2019). Majoritarian systems, rural groups, and (arrested) welfare state development. International Political Science Review.  ISSN 0192-5121. . doi: 10.1177/0192512118809106 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  While some scholars suggest that rural groups contribute to welfare state expansion, we highlight their incentives to restrain it. The ability of rural groups to achieve this preference hinges on their power resources, but also on the electoral system. We propose that in majoritarian systems, rural groups can often veto welfare legislation. In proportional systems this is less feasible, even for resource-rich groups. Instead, agrarian groups sometimes accept welfare legislation in return for other policy-concessions in post-electoral bargaining. We illustrate the argument with British and Norwegian historical experiences, and test the implications using panel data from 96 democracies. We find evidence that resourceful agrarian groups effectively arrest welfare state development in majoritarian systems, but not in proportional systems. As expected, the electoral system matters less for welfare state expansion when agrarian groups are weak. The results are robust to using alternative estimators, measures, samples and model specifications.

• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Teorell, Jan; Wig, Tore; Cornell, Agnes; Gerring, John; Gjerløw, Haakon; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Ziblatt, Daniel; Marquardt, Kyle L; Pemstein, Daniel & Seim, Brigitte (2019). Introducing the Historical Varieties of Democracy dataset: Political institutions in the long 19th century. Journal of Peace Research.  ISSN 0022-3433.  56(3), s 440- 451 . doi: 10.1177/0022343318823866
• Bizzarro, Fernando; Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Hicken, Allen; Bernhard, Michael; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Coppedge, Michael & Lindberg, Staffan (2018). Party Strength and Economic Growth. World politics.  ISSN 0043-8871.  70(2), s 275- 320 . doi: 10.1017/S0043887117000375 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rasmussen, Magnus (2018). The Autocratic Welfare State: Old-Age Pensions, Credible Commitments, and Regime Survival. Comparative Political Studies.  ISSN 0010-4140.  51(5), s 659- 695 . doi: 10.1177/0010414017710265 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  In this article, we argue that autocratic regimes are no less likely than democracies to adopt old-age pensions, although autocratic programs are less universal in their coverage. Our theoretical argument focuses on the strong incentives that autocratic regimes have for enacting and maintaining such programs to ensure regime survival. Autocratic pension programs can be considered club goods that (a) are targeted to critical supporting groups and (b) solve credible commitment problems on promises of future distribution, thereby mitigating probability of regime breakdown. We test three implications from the argument, drawing on a novel dataset on welfare state programs and including 140 countries with time series from the 1880s. First, we find that autocracies are no less likely than democracies to have old-age pension programs. But, second, autocracies have less universal pension programs than democracies. Third, pension programs effectively reduce the probability of autocratic breakdown.

• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rasmussen, Magnus Bergli (2018). Electoral Rules, Labor Market Coordination and Macroeconomic Performance. Scandinavian Political Studies.  ISSN 0080-6757.  41(3), s 367- 378 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12126 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Dahlum, Sirianne & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). Democracy by Demand? Reinvestigating the Effect of Self-expression Values on Political Regime Type. British Journal of Political Science.  ISSN 0007-1234.  47(2), s 437- 461 . doi: 10.1017/S0007123415000447 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Dahlum, Sirianne & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). Do Democracies Provide Better Education? Revisiting the Democracy-Human Capital Link. World Development.  ISSN 0305-750X.  94, s 186- 199 . doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.001
• Dahlum, Sirianne & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). Do Democracies Provide Better Education? Revisiting the Democracy–Human Capital Link. World Development.  ISSN 0305-750X.  94, s 186- 199 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.001 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Dahlum, Sirianne & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). What Counts as Evidence? Panel Data and the Empirical Evaluation of Revised Modernization Theory. British Journal of Political Science.  ISSN 0007-1234.  47(2), s 473- 478 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Kotsadam, Andreas; Olsen, Eivind Hammersmark & Wig, Tore (2017). Mining and Local Corruption in Africa. American Journal of Political Science.  ISSN 0092-5853.  61(2), s 320- 334 . doi: 10.1111/ajps.12268 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv & Wig, Tore (2017). Autocratic elections: stabilizing tool or force for change?. World politics.  ISSN 0043-8871.  69(1), s 98- 143 . doi: 10.1017/S0043887116000149 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Møller, Jørgen & Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2016). Going Historical: Measuring Democraticness before the Age of Mass Democracy.. International Political Science Review.  ISSN 0192-5121.  37(5), s 679- 689 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Thorsen, Dag Einar (2016). Diktaturets mange former – Typer, styremåter og politikkutforming, I: Raino Sverre Malnes (red.),  Velkommen til statsvitenskap.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-49471-8.  5.  s 78 - 97
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Wegmann, Simone (2016). Is democracy about redistribution?. Democratization.  ISSN 1351-0347.  23(1), s 164- 192 . doi: 10.1080/13510347.2015.1094460
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2015). Demokrati og økonomisk vekst, I: Raino Sverre Malnes & Dag Einar Thorsen (red.),  Demokrati - historien og ideene.  Dreyer Forlag A/S.  ISBN 9788282651219.  30.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2015). Reinvestigating the Reciprocal Relationship between Democracy and Income Inequality. Review of Economics and Institutions.  ISSN 2038-1379.  6(2)
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2015). Why democracies outgrow autocracies in the long run: civil liberties, information flows and technological change. Kyklos (Basel).  ISSN 0023-5962.  68(3), s 357- 384 . doi: 10.1111/kykl.12087
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Møller, Jørgen & Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2015). Going historical: Measuring democraticness before the age of mass democracy. International Political Science Review.  ISSN 0192-5121.  37(5), s 679- 689 . doi: 10.1177/0192512115618532
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv (2015). Institutional Characteristics and Regime Survival: Why Are Semi-Democracies Less Durable Than Autocracies and Democracies?. American Journal of Political Science.  ISSN 0092-5853.  59(3), s 656- 670 . doi: 10.1111/ajps.12168
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Thorsen, Dag Einar (2015). Diktaturet - demokratiets motsats?, I: Raino Sverre Malnes & Dag Einar Thorsen (red.),  Demokrati - historien og ideene.  Dreyer Forlag A/S.  ISBN 9788282651219.  Kapittel.  s 463 - 480
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Wig, Tore (2015). Government Turnover and the Effects of Regime Type: How Requiring Alternation in Power Biases against the Estimated Economic Benefits of Democracy. Comparative Political Studies.  ISSN 0010-4140. . doi: 10.1177/0010414014565891
• Beyer, Audun; Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (2014). Election campaigns, issue focus and voting intentions: Survey experiments of norwegian voters. Scandinavian Political Studies.  ISSN 0080-6757.  37(4), s 406- 427 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12029 Vis sammendrag

  This article investigates whether and how changes in issue focus in election campaigns affect voting intention, even if no preference change takes place, and whether such effects vary systematically across different groups of voters. Evidence is reported from two survey experi- ments of Norwegian voters, where respondents were treated with information drawing their attention towards issues pertaining either to immigration or the environment. Although irrel- evant for policy learning or persuasion, this information strongly increased the support of particular parties. More specifically, parties with ‘ownership’ of the issues involved gained votes. Certain types of voters were more likely to change voting intentions post-treatment than others, but which types crucially depended on the issue area under focus. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the issue focus of campaigns is very important for vote choice. Hence, one should expect that, for instance, even ‘neutral’ political news coverage at or close to election day could affect voters in predictable ways. Furthermore, one should expect different parties to fight hard to steer the focus of campaigns towards issues where they have ownership.

• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2014). Hvor demokratisk er det norske demokratiet? En internasjonal sammenligning, I: Harald Baldersheim & Øyvind Østerud (red.),  Det norske demokratiet i det 21. århundre.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 9788245016147.  8.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2014). Income Growth and Revolutions. Social Science Quarterly.  ISSN 0038-4941.  95(4), s 920- 937 . doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12081
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2013). Democracy, State Capacity, and Economic Growth. World Development.  ISSN 0305-750X.  43, s 1- 18 . doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.10.014
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Fjelde, Hanne (2013). Property rights in dictatorships: kings protect property better than generals or party bosses. Contemporary Politics.  ISSN 1356-9775.  19(1), s 94- 114 . doi: 10.1080/13569775.2013.773205
• Hveem, Helge & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2012). Introduction: Politics and the Creation and Diffusion of Knowledge, In  Governance and Knowledge. The Politics of Foreign Investment, Technology and Ideas.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-69848-1.  Kapittel 1.  s 1 - 10
• Hveem, Helge; Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rygh, Asmund (2012). State ownership, political risk and foreign direct investment, In Kjell Arnold Eliassen (ed.),  Business and politics in a new global order.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-42590-3.  Chapter 4.  s 89 - 110
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2012). Democracy and Economic Growth: A Review of Arguments and Results. International Area Studies Review.  ISSN 2233-8659.  15(4), s 393- 415
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2012). Democracy, Dictatorship, and Technological Change, In  Governance and Knowledge. The Politics of Foreign Investment, Technology and Ideas.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-69848-1.  Kapittel 2.  s 13 - 28
• Claes, Dag Harald & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). The global political economy: International institutions, states and multinational enterprises, In Dag Harald Claes & Carl Henrik Knutsen (ed.),  Governing the Global Economy - Politics, Institutions and Economic Development.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-66536-0.  Kapittel 1.  s 1 - 28
• Hveem, Helge & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Co-operation on knowledge activities, In Helge Hveem & Lelio Iapadre (ed.),  The Global Governance of Knowledge: Education, research, innovation and international cooperation.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0415605748.  Kapittel 7.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Democracy, Dictatorship and Protection of Property Rights. Journal of Development Studies.  ISSN 0022-0388.  47(1), s 164- 182 . doi: 10.1080/00220388.2010.506919
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Education, In Helge Hveem & Lelio Iapadre (ed.),  The Global Governance of Knowledge: Education, research, innovation and international cooperation.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0415605748.  Kapittel 3.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). I’ll mind my own business if you mind yours: The OAU and the African Peace. Dynamiques Internationales.  ISSN 2105-2646.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Open flow of ideas, In Helge Hveem & Lelio Iapadre (ed.),  The Global Governance of Knowledge: Education, research, innovation and international cooperation.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0415605748.  Kapittel 6.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Research, In Helge Hveem & Lelio Iapadre (ed.),  The Global Governance of Knowledge: Education, research, innovation and international cooperation.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0415605748.  Kapittel 4.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Security Threats, Enemy-Contingent Policies and Economic Development in Dictatorships. International Interactions.  ISSN 0305-0629.  37(4), s 414- 440 . doi: 10.1080/03050629.2011.622650
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Which Democracies Prosper? Electoral Rules, Form of Government and Economic Growth. Electoral Studies.  ISSN 0261-3794.  30(1), s 83- 90 . doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.006
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). Which democracies prosper? Electoral rules, form of government and economic growth. Electoral Studies.  ISSN 0261-3794.  30(1), s 83- 90 . doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.006
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Rygh, Asmund & Hveem, Helge (2011). Does State Ownership Matter? Institutions' Effect on Foreign Direct Investment Revisited. Business and Politics.  ISSN 1369-5258.  (1)
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2010). Den rasjonelle diktator. Internasjonal Politikk.  ISSN 0020-577X.  68(3), s 404- 414
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2010). Investigating the Lee thesis: How bad is democracy for Asian economies?. European Political Science Review.  ISSN 1755-7739.  2(3), s 451- 473
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2010). Measuring Effective Democracy. International Political Science Review.  ISSN 0192-5121.  31(2), s 109- 128 . doi: 10.1177/0192512110364736
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2010). The rational dictator. Internasjonal Politikk.  ISSN 0020-577X.  68(3), s 404- 414

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• Hveem, Helge & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2012). Governance and Knowledge. The Politics of Foreign Investment, Technology and Ideas. Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-69848-1.  276 s.
• Claes, Dag Harald & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (ed.) (2011). Governing the Global Economy - Politics, Institutions and Economic Development. Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-66536-0.  355 s.

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• Erdal, Marta Bivand; Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen (2019). Diskriminering er et reelt problem. Morgenbladet.  ISSN 0805-3847. Vis sammendrag

  Begrenset seksuell trakassering og diskriminering er helt normalt i akademia. 40 prosent av de spurte i en ny undersøkelse sier at de har opplevd diskriminering det siste året.

• Erdal, Marta Bivand; Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen (2019). Internasjonalisering, mangfold og diskriminering i norsk akademia. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0800-336X.  36(3), s 288- 295 . doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-3053-2019-03-11 Vis sammendrag

  En ny rapport fra Akademiet for yngre forskere (AYF) viser at yngre forskere i Norge har positive holdninger til internasjonalisering i akademia. Samtidig opplever hver fjerde forsker med innvandrerbakgrunn diskriminering og manglende inkludering. AYF etterlyser bred debatt om disse funnene, og målrettede tiltak for å komme utfordringene til livs.

• De Moor, Katrien; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Lind, Guro Elisabeth; Hølleland, Herdis & Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi (2018). Unge forskere i Norge. Karriereveier og ambisjoner. Oslo: Akademiet for yngre forskere. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Holsten, Hilde Hartmann & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2018, 30. mai). What democracy looked like 200 years ago. [Internett].  ScienceNordic. Vis sammendrag

  A new dataset allows you to explore the different dimensions of democracy from 1789 until now.

• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Gerring, John; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Teorell, Jan; Maguire, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan & Coppedge, Michael (2018). Economic Development and Democracy: A Disaggregated Perspective. APSA Annals of Comparative Democratization.  16(3), s 7- 11
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Teorell, Jan (2018). Historical Varieties of Democracy: Political Institutions from 1789 to 1920. APSA -- Comparative Democratization Newsletter.  16(2), s 3- 8
• Wig, Tore & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2018). Internasjonalisering nå!. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0800-336X.  04(35)
• Aronsen, Jan Magnus; Jensenius, Alexander Refsum; Emblem, Kyrre Eeg; Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Enberg, Katja; Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Lind, Guro Elisabeth (2017). Kvalitetsparadokset i den norske forskningspolitikken. Khrono.no.  ISSN 1894-8995. Vis sammendrag

  De fleste insentivene norske forskere opplever i sin hverdag, er preget av kortsiktige resultater og målstyring mot kvantitet heller enn kvalitet. Dette er et kvalitetsparadoks i norsk forskningspolitikk. skriver flere medlemmer i Akademiet for yngre forskere.

• Dahlum, Sirianne & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). Democracies are no better at educating students than autocracies. This is why. Washington Post.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv & Wig, Tore (2017). You’d think dictators would avoid elections. Here’s why they don’t.. Washington Post.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Rasmussen, Magnus (2017). Offering pensions can help autocrats stay in power longer. Washington Post.
• Rasmussen, Magnus & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2017). Party Institutionalization and Welfare State Development. Vis sammendrag

  We propose that the extent to which political parties are institutionalized shapes welfare state development. Institutionalized parties allow politicians to overcome coordination problems, avoid capture by special interests, and form stable linkages with broad social groups. These features enable and incentivize politicians to pursue generous and universal welfare policies. Employing recent measures of party institutionalization and welfare law features, we test implications from our argument on data covering from 169 countries and extending back to 1900. Even when accounting for country- and year-fixed effects and institutional features such as electoral system, regime type and state capacity, we find very robust evidence that party institutionalization leads to more extensive, universal, and generous welfare arrangements. The relationship is more pronounced in democracies, but exists also in autocracies. When disaggregating party institutionalization and evaluating mechanisms, the linkages that institutionalized parties form with social groups constitute one important, but not the only relevant, factor.

• Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; DeMoor, Katrien & Lind, Guro Elisabeth (2017). Kampen om talentene. Dagsavisen.  ISSN 1503-2892.
• Høgestøl, Sofie A.E.; Lind, Guro Elisabeth; De Moor, Katrien; Storeng, Katerini Tagmatarchi; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen & Hølleland, Herdis (2016). Karrièreusikkerhet tærer på unge forskere. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.  s 16- 17
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2016). Review of Carles Boix(2015) Political Order and Inequality: Their Foundations and Their Consequences for Human Welfare.. Journal of Peace Research.  ISSN 0022-3433.
• Gornitzka, Ase & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2015). A note from the new editors of scandinavian political studies. Scandinavian Political Studies.  ISSN 0080-6757.  38(1), s 1- 3 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12043
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2015). Demokrati, «Quality of Government» og menneskelig velferd: Et tilsvar til Rothstein. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0800-336X.  32(2), s 184- 191
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Kotsadam, Andreas; Olsen, Eivind Hammersmark & Wig, Tore (2015). Mining and Local Corruption in Africa.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2014). Measuring Democracy, In Alex C. Michalos (ed.),  Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research.  Springer.  ISBN 978-94-007-0752-8.  kapittel.  s 3929 - 3934
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Fjelde, Hanne (2014). Property Rights in Dictatorships: Kings Protect Property Better than Generals or Party Bosses., In Aurel Croissant; S Kailitz; P Koellner & S Wurster (ed.),  Property Rights in Dictatorships: Kings Protect Property Better than Generals or Party Bosses.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-0-415-71944-5.  9.
• Rygh, Asmund & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2014). The Lower Sensitivity of State-Owned Enterprise FDI to Political Risk: Investigating Political Capabilities- and Risk Preferences Explanations.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2013). Tor Midtbø: STATA – en entusiastisk innføring. Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0801-1745.  2/13, s 191- 193
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik & Awa, Angelique (2013). Landprofil: Kongo–Kinshasa, I: Sigrun Johnstad (red.),  Afrikas 99%. Økonomisk vekst, ulikhet og protest.  Fellesrådet for Afrika og Solidaritet Forlag.  ISBN 9788291916309.  Landprofil.
• Sørbye, Sveinung Wergeland; Iversen, Ole-Erik & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2013, 07. juni). Slik kan sex og kreft henge sammen.  Aftenposten. Vis sammendrag

  Michael Douglas satte HPV-viruset på dagsorden. Selv om færre røyker, får flere kreft i munn og svelg. Oralsex har skylden, mener fagmiljøet. HPV er et seksuelt overførbart og svært smittsomt virus. Mellom 70 og 80 prosent av befolkningen blir smittet én eller flere ganger i løpet livet, så det er sannsynlig at du allerede er blitt infisert.

• Rygh, Asmund & Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2012). Risk-taking in foreign direct investments: Are state-owned enterprises different?.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2011). The Economic Effects of Democracy and Dictatorship. Vis sammendrag

  There is no consensus in the literature regarding whether democracy enhances or decreases economic growth, and there are unsettled questions also on other potential economic effects. This dissertation contributes to the literature by introducing novel theoretical models, through developing methodological solutions to important problems like the endogeneity of democracy, and through extensive empirical analyses. The dissertation contains a discussion of the democracy concept's structure and the measurement of democracy. After an extensive literature review and methodological discussion, the thesis presents theoretical and empirical analyses on the effects of democracy on physical capital, human capital, and technological change: Whereas democracy likely reduces savings rates, there is less robust evidence for a negative effect on investment. Democracy may increase human capital accumulation, but this does seemingly not lead to higher human capital-induced economic growth for democracies. However, democracy enhances technological change, which may partly be explained by dictators' incentives to obstruct idea flows for political survival reasons. Thereafter, the dissertation presents evidence indicating that democracy increases economic growth. Although the results are not completely robust, there seems to be a positive effect even when taking into account possible country-specific effects and the endogeneity of democracy to economic growth. The data material utilized is the most extensive in the literature, encompassing more than 150 countries with some time series going back to the 19th century. There is, however, large variation in the economic performances of dictatorships. A theoretical model is developed, indicating that whereas internal security threats tend to induce the selection of "bad" economic policies, external threats often induce "good" policies. The dissertation presents a game theoretic analysis and case-study evidence indicating that the different security environments facing African and Asian dictators may explain the diverging performances of dictatorial countries on these continents. The thesis also contains an empirical analysis indicating that democracy may not directly enhance citizens' life satisfaction, but may impact more indirectly in poor countries through its positive economic effects. Finally, a discussion on the normative desirability of democracy promotion is conducted, and policy implications are deduced.

• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2009). De negative konsekvensene av økonomisk ulikhet. Minerva (Oslo).  ISSN 0805-7842.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2009). Historiens slutt, 20 år etter. Minerva (Oslo).  ISSN 0805-7842.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2009). Urettferdig valgordning. Dagsavisen.  ISSN 1503-2892.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2008). Diktaturets fortreffelighet?. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Knutsen, Carl Henrik (2008). Spillteori: En innføring. Norsk Statsvitenskapelig Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0801-1745.  08(3), s 293- 296

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