Trude Lappegard

• Comolli, Chiara Ludovica; Neyer, Gerda; Andersson, Gunnar; Dommermuth, Lars; Fallesen, Peter; Jalovaara, Marika; Jónsson, Ari Klængur; Kolk, Martin & Lappegård, Trude (2020). Beyond the Economic Gaze: Childbearing During and After Recessions in the Nordic Countries. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577. . doi: 10.1007/s10680-020-09570-0 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  During the 2010s, fertility rates fell across the Nordic region. The onset of these declines seems linked to the Great Recession of 2008–2009, but their continuation cannot easily be linked to subsequent economic change. The 1990s, too, brought episodes of economic crises to the Nordic region that were followed by different degrees of fertility decline. In this study, we provide an empirical overview of parity-, age- and education-specific fertility developments in the five Nordic countries in the wake of the economic recessions in 2008 and the early 1990s, respectively. We demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity in fertility developments across countries after 1990, whereas after 2008, the trends are much more similar across the five countries. Likewise, the educational differences in birth hazards that characterized the developments after 1990 were much smaller in the initial years after 2008–2009. This reversal from heterogeneity to homogeneity in the fertility response to recessions calls for an expansion of theories on the cyclicality of fertility in relation to uncertainty and economic and social change. In our discussion, we consider the role of a set of factors that also incorporates the state, crisis management, and perceptions of economic and welfare uncertainty.

• Duvander, Ann-Zofie; Lappegård, Trude & Johansson, Mats (2020). Impact of a reform towards shared parental leave on continued fertility in Norway and Sweden. Population: Research and Policy Review.  ISSN 0167-5923.  39(6), s 1205- 1229 . doi: 10.1007/s11113-020-09574-y Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kornrich, Sabino; Ruppanner, Leah & Lappegård, Trude (2020). Spending on Children across Four Countries: Variation in the Role of Income and Women's Labor Force Participation. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society.  ISSN 1072-4745.  27(3), s 562- 587 . doi: 10.1093/sp/jxz053
• Lappegård, Trude (2020). Future fertility trends are shaped at the intersection of gender and social stratification. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research.  ISSN 1728-4414.  18(2020), s 1- 6 . doi: 10.1553/populationyearbook2020.deb04 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lappegård, Trude; Duvander, Ann-Zofie; Neyer, Gerda; Viklund, Ida; Andersen, Synøve Nygaard & Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf (2020). Fathers’ Use of Parental Leave and Union Dissolution. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  36, s 1- 25 . doi: 10.1007/s10680-019-09518-z Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lappegård, Trude & Kornstad, Tom (2020). Social norms about father involvement and women's fertility. Social Forces.  ISSN 0037-7732.  99(1), s 398- 423 . doi: 10.1093/sf/soz124
• Nisén, Jessica; Klüsener, Sebastian; Dahlberg, Johan; Dommermuth, Lars; Jasilioniene, Aiva; Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Lappegård, Trude; Peng, Li; Martikainen, Pekka; Neels, Karel; Riederer, Bernhard; Riele, Saskia te; Szabó, Laura; Trimarchi, Alessandra; Viciana, Francisco; Wilson, Ben & Myrskylä, Mikko (2020). Educational differences in cohort fertility across sub-national regions in Europe. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  s 1- 33 . doi: 10.1007/s10680-020-09562-0 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Educational differences in female cohort fertility vary strongly across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries to measure women’s completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. We document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable regional variation in the gradient. The steepness of the gradient is inversely related to the economic development level. It is steepest in the least developed regions and close to zero in the most developed regions. This tendency is observed within countries as well as across all regions of all countries. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women’s fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth sub-national-level fertility analyses by education.

• Dommermuth, Lars; Kornstad, Tom & Lappegård, Trude (2019). Færre med store barneflokker – Hvilken betydning har endringer i kvinners arbeidstid for nedgangen i fødselstallene?. Søkelys på arbeidslivet.  ISSN 1504-8004.  36(3), s 158- 176 . doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2019-03-04 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Andelen kvinner med minst tre barn har gått ned de siste tiårene i Norge, også blant grupper som vanligvis har fått mange barn. Samtidig har kvinnene i økende grad gått over fra å arbeide deltid til heltid. Vi undersøker i hvilken grad overgangen til heltidsarbeid kan forklare nedgangen i tredjefødsler blant kvinnelige lærere, sykepleiere og leger. Selv omheltidsansatte sykepleiere og lærere får færre barn enn deltidsansatte, finner vi at heltidsarbeid bare i noen grad kan forklare nedgangen i tredjefødsler. At færre kvinner velger å få tre barn kan dermed være et utrykk for endringer i preferanser for antall barn en ønsker seg.

• Duvander, Ann-Zofie; Lappegård, Trude; Andersen, Synøve Nygaard; Gardarsdóttir, Ólöf; Neyer, Gerda & Viklund, Ida (2019). Parental leave policies and continued childbearing in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  40, s 1501- 1528 . doi: 10.4054/DEMRES.2019.40.51 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Demographic theories maintain that family policies that support gender equality may lead to higher fertility levels in postindustrial societies. This phenomenon is often exemplified by the situation in the Nordic countries. These countries have parental leave policies that promote a gender-equal work-care balance for both parents, and these countries have comparatively high fertility levels. However, very little is known about the association between these policies and childbearing at the individual level.

• Perelli-Harris, Brienna; Hoherz, Stefanie; Lappegård, Trude & Evans, Ann (2019). Mind the “Happiness” Gap: The Relationship Between Cohabitation, Marriage, and Subjective Well-being in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Norway. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  56(4), s 1219- 1246 . doi: 10.1007/s13524-019-00792-4
• Andersen, Synøve Nygaard; Drange, Nina Eirin & Lappegård, Trude (2018). Can a cash transfer to families change fertility behaviour?. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  38, s 897- 928 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.33 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Frejka, Tomas; Goldscheider, Frances & Lappegård, Trude (2018). The two-part gender revolution, women?s second shift and changing cohort fertility. Comparative population studies.  ISSN 1869-8980.  43, s 99- 130 . doi: 10.12765/CPoS-2018-09en Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Jalovaara, Marika; Neyer, Gerda; Andersson, Gunnar; Dahlberg, Johan; Dommermuth, Lars; Fallesen, Peter & Lappegård, Trude (2018). Education, Gender, and Cohort Fertility in the Nordic Countries. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  35(3), s 563- 586 . doi: 10.1007/s10680-018-9492-2 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lappegård, Trude; Klüsener, Sebastian & Vignoli, Daniele (2018). Why are marriage and family formation increasingly disconnected across Europe? A multilevel perspective on existing theories. Population, Space and Place.  ISSN 1544-8444.  24(2) . doi: 10.1002/psp.2088 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lappegård, Trude & Thomson, Elizabeth (2018). Intergenerational Transmission of Multipartner Fertility. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370.  s 1- 24 . doi: 10.1007/s13524-018-0727-y Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Perelli-Harris, Brienna; Hoherz, Stefanie; Addo, Fenaba; Lappegård, Trude; Evans, Ann; Sassler, Sharon & Styrc, Marta (2018). Do Marriage and Cohabitation Provide Benefits to Health in Mid-Life? The Role of Childhood Selection Mechanisms and Partnership Characteristics Across Countries. Population: Research and Policy Review.  ISSN 0167-5923.  37(5), s 703- 728 . doi: 10.1007/s11113-018-9467-3 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Dommermuth, Lars; Hohmann-Marriott, Bryndi & Lappegård, Trude (2015). Gender Equality in the Family and Childbearing. Journal of Family Issues.  ISSN 0192-513X.  38(3), s 1803- 1824 . doi: 10.1177/0192513X15590686 Vis sammendrag

  Gender equality and equity in the division of household labor may be associated with couples’ transitions to first, second, and third births. Our comprehensive analysis includes the division of housework and child care as well as the perception of whether this division is fair and satisfactory. We use a unique data set combining the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey (2007) with information on childbirths within 3 years after the interview from the population register. We found that an unequal division of housework is associated with a decreased chance of first and subsequent births. Child care is most relevant when the respondent is satisfied with the division, as one-child couples where the respondent is less satisfied with the division of child care are less likely to have a second child. Our findings suggest that, even in a high-equity context such as Norway, equality and equity in the household are also important for childbearing.

• Dommermuth, Lars; Klobas, Jane & Lappegård, Trude (2015). Realization of fertility intentions by different time frames. Advances in Life Course Research.  ISSN 1569-4909.  24(June), s 34- 46 . doi: 10.1016/j.alcr.2015.02.001 Vis sammendrag

  This paper focuses on the realization of positive fertility intentions with different time frames. The analyses are based on a unique combination of survey data and information from Norwegian administrative registers on childbearing in the years following the complete selected sample. Guided by the theoretical and empirical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the results suggest that a fertility intention's time frame is relevant for childbearing behaviour, but the patterns are somewhat different for respondents who were childless at the time of the interview compared to those who already had children. Overall, childless were less likely to realize their fertility intentions than parents. Following the TPB, childless may underestimate the difficulty of acting on their intentions and therefore have more difficulty realizing their intentions, versus parents who take into account their ability to manage another child. The results also show that childless with an immediate fertility intention are more likely to succeed than those with a longer-term intention. Likewise, parents with an immediate fertility intention are more likely to realize their intention during the two first years after the interview, but after four years the childbearing rate was higher among those with longer-term fertility intentions.

• Goldscheider, Frances; Bernhardt, Eva & Lappegård, Trude (2015). The Gender Revolution: Theoretical Framework for Understanding New Family-Demographic Behavior. Population and Development Review.  ISSN 0098-7921. . doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x
• Vitali, Agnese; Aassve, Arnstein & Lappegård, Trude (2015). Diffusion of childbearing within cohabitation. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370. . doi: 10.1007/s13524-015-0380-7
• Lappegård, Trude (2013). Gender equality and fertility: Which equality matters?. European Journal of Population.  ISSN 0168-6577.  29, s 245- 272 . doi: 10.1007/s10680-013-9292-7
• Lappegård, Trude & Bringedal, Kristin Horn (2013). Stor oppslutning om fedrekvoten, I: Berit Brandth & Elin Kvande (red.),  Fedrekvoten og den farsvennlige velferdsstaten.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-02189-8.  Kap 2.  s 29 - 41
• Lappegård, Trude & Rønsen, Marit (2013). Socioeconomic differentials in multi-partner fertility among fathers. Demography.  ISSN 0070-3370. . doi: 10.1007/s13524-012-0165-1
• Kitterød, Ragni Hege & Lappegård, Trude (2012). A Typology of Work-Family Arrangements among Dual-Earner Couples in Norway. Family Relations.  ISSN 0197-6664.  61(4), s 671- 685 . doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00725.x Vis sammendrag

  A symmetrical family model of two workers/care-givers is a central political ambition in Norway as in many other Western European countries. In order to explore how common this family type is, we use a multinomial latent-class model and develop a typology of dual-earner couples with children based on the partners’ allocation of paid and unpaid work. Using data on 2,617 couples from the Norwegian Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), we estimate four classes, two of which are characterized by a fairly equal sharing of paid and unpaid work between the partners, and two of which have more traditional arrangements. Four out of ten couples belong to one of the gender-equal classes. Equal sharing is most likely when the partners are well educated and work regular hours and the father has public-sector employment. The most traditional practice is likely when the partners have less education, the mother has health problems, the father works in the private sector, and the partners work non-regular hours.

• Wiik, Kenneth Aarskaug & Lappegård, Trude (2012). Relationship Quality in Marital and Cohabiting Unions across Europe. Journal of Marriage and Family.  ISSN 0022-2445.  74(3), s 389- 398 . doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00967.x
• Dommermuth, Lars; Klobas, Jane & Lappegård, Trude (2011). Now or later? The Theory of Planned Behavior and timing of fertility intentions. Advances in Life Course Research.  ISSN 1569-4909.  16(1), s 42- 53 . doi: 10.1016/j.alcr.2011.01.002 Vis sammendrag

  This article focuses on the time frame of intentions to have a child. For both parents and childless people we compare those who want a child now with those who intend to have a child within the next three years. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and using data from Norway (N = 1307), we investigate the role of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control on these two different time frames in fertility intention. The results show that subjective norms have a significant effect on the timing of intentions to have a child for both childless people and parents: the more both groups feel that their intention to have a child is supported by their families and friends, the more likely they are to want a child now compared to within the next three years. It also shows that positive attitudes have a significant effect on intending to have a child now rather than later for parents but not for childless people. Perceived behavioural control is a significant determinant for both groups: people who consider themselves better able to cope with having child are more likely to intend to have a child now rather than within the next three years. But this effect disappears when we control for demographic background variables, suggesting that the effect of perceived control on the timing of having a child varies considerably with personal circumstances.

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• Bergsvik, Janna; Lappegård, Trude & Kravdal, Øystein (2021). Couples in context: Understanding family dynamics in Norway.
• Lappegård, Trude; Dommermuth, Lars & Kristensen, Axel Peter (2021). Føde flest mulig? Tida for høye fødselstall er over. Målet bør ikke være at det fødes flest mulig barn, men at alle kan få de barna de ønsker seg.. Dagsavisen.  ISSN 1503-2892.  23.03.2021
• Comolli, Chiara Ludovica; Neyer, Gerda; Andersson, Gunnar; Dommermuth, Lars; Fallesen, Peter; Jalovaara, Marika; Jónsson, Ari; Kolk, Martin & Lappegård, Trude (2019). Beyond the Economic Gaze. Childbearing during and after recessions in the Nordic countries. Stockholm Research Reports in Demography.  ISSN 2002-617X.  2019(16) . doi: https://doi.org/10.17045/sthlmuni.8089028.v1 Vis sammendrag

  Abstract: This study investigates fertility responses to the business cycle in the Nordic countries by comparing period variation in women’s childbearing propensity. We harmonize register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden to compare childbearing in the aftermath of the two most recent crises that hit those economies: the 1990s and 2010s. We use event-history techniques to present parity-specific fertility, by calendar year, relative to a defined pre-recession year. We further examine any possible impact of the two recessions by women’s age and education. Results show a large heterogeneity across the five Nordic countries in the childbearing developments after 1990. This variation largely disappears after 2008 when period trends in birth hazards become more similar across countries. Likewise, the educational differences that characterized the variation in childbearing relative risk after 1990 considerably diminish in the years after 2010, especially for first and second births. Economic theories do not suffice to explain this reversal from the heterogeneity of the 1990s to the homogeneity of the 2010s in the childbearing response to recession episodes across countries and socioeconomic groups. Our findings suggest the need to expand the theoretical framework explaining the cyclicality of fertility towards the perception of economic and welfare uncertainty.

• Nisén, Jessica; Klüsener, Sebastian; Dahlberg, Johan; Dommermuth, Lars; Jasilioniene, Aiva; Kreyenfeld, Michaela; Lappegård, Trude; Li, Peng; Martikainen, Pekka; Neels, Karel; Riederer, Bernhard; Riele, Saskia te; Szabó, Laura; Trimarchi, Alessandra; Viciana, Francisco; Wilson, Ben & Myrskylä, Mikko (2019). Educational differences in cohort fertility across sub-national regions in Europe. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.  2019(018) . doi: 10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2019-018 Vis sammendrag

  Educational differences in female cohort fertility have been shown to vary across high-income countries and over time, but knowledge about how educational fertility differentials play out at the sub-national regional level is limited. Examining these sub-national regional patterns might improve our understanding of national patterns, as regionally varying contextual conditions may affect fertility. This study provides for the first time for a large number of European countries a comprehensive account of educational differences in the cohort fertility rate (CFR) at the sub-national regional level. We harmonise data from population registers, censuses, and large-sample surveys for 15 countries in order to measure women’s completed fertility by educational level and region of residence at the end of the reproductive lifespan. In order to explore associations between educational differences in CFRs and levels of economic development, we link our data to regional estimates of GDP per capita. Empirical Bayesian estimation is used to reduce uncertainty in the regional fertility estimates. Our results document an overall negative gradient between the CFR and level of education, and notable variation in the gradient across regions. The gradient varies systematically by the level of economic development: moving from less to more developed regions, we observe smaller gradients both across countries and within countries. However, the within-country patterns of countries differ. Our findings underline the variability of educational gradients in women’s fertility, suggest that higher levels of development may be associated with less negative gradients, and call for more in-depth fertility analyses by education at the sub-national level.

• Dommermuth, Lars & Lappegård, Trude (2017). Nedgangen i fruktbarheten fra 2010: Betydningen av utdanning, økonomisk aktivitet og økonomiske ressurser for førstefødsler og tredjefødsler. Rapporter / Statistisk sentralbyrå. 2017/12. Vis sammendrag

  Etter årtusenskiftet økte samlet fruktbarhetstall (SFT) fra 1,75 barn per kvinne i 2002 til 1,98 barn per kvinne i 2009. Siden 2010 har SFT falt hvert eneste år og i 2016 var SFT 1,71 barn per kvinne. Vi må tilbake til 1986 for å finne tilsvarende lave tall for SFT. Formålet med analysene i denne rapporten er å få mer kunnskap om hvorfor SFT har gått ned fra 2010 og vi tar utgangspunkt i to viktige årsaker til nedgangen i SFT. For det første har det blitt observert en økning i alder ved førstefødsler og for det andre har det vært en nedgang i tredjefødselsrater. Nedgangen i SFT kom i kjølevannet av finanskrisen og et sentralt spørsmål er hvorvidt endringer i den generelle økonomiske situasjonen og rammebetingelsene på arbeidsmarkedet i Norge har bidratt til nedgangen i SFT. I denne rapporten fokuserer vi på betydningen av kvinners økonomiske aktivitet, utdanning og økonomiske ressurser for førstefødsler og for tredjefødsler.

• Lappegård, Trude; Goldscheider, Frances & Bernhardt, Eva (2017). Introduction to the special collection on finding work-life balance: History, determinants, and consequences of new breadwinning models in the industrialized world. Demographic Research.  ISSN 1435-9871.  37(1), s 853- 866 . doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.26
• Dommermuth, Lars; Hart, Rannveig Kaldager; Lappegård, Trude; Rønsen, Marit & Wiik, Kenneth Aarskaug (2015). Kunnskapsstatus om fruktbarhet og samliv i Norge. Rapporter / Statistisk sentralbyrå. 2015/31. Vis sammendrag

  Rapporten gir en oppdatert oversikt over norske studier på områdene fruktbarhet og samliv. Til tross for nedgang de siste årene, ligger fruktbarheten i Norge fortsatt høyere enn i de fleste andre europeiske land. Kunnskapsstatusen viser at det er en nær sammenheng mellom fruktbarheten og en rekke ulike faktorer, som sosioøkonomiske ressurser. På noen områder er det gjort flere studier enn på andre. Det er blant annet blitt gjort en rekke studier av sammenhengen mellom utdanning og fruktbarhet. De senere årene har det også vært gjort flere studier av ulike sider av samliv og parforhold og fruktbarhet. Sammenhengen mellom fruktbarhet og familiepolitikk har også vært en sentral del av fruktbarhetsforskningen. De fleste nordmenn gifter seg fortsatt, men ekteskapene inngås senere i livet. Alderen ved første samlivsinngåelse har imidlertid endret seg lite. En viktig grunn til denne utviklingen er økningen i samboerskap. De fleste nyere studier av samlivsinngåelse tar hensyn til denne utviklingen ved å inkludere samboerskap, og det er i den senere tid gjort en rekke studier av forskjeller mellom samboerskap og ekteskap. Forskningen på samlivsområdet har etter hvert også inkludert personer med innvandrerbakgrunn og likekjønnede par. Men fortsatt finnes det få studier av samboeres partnervalg og brudd blant samboerpar.

• Lappegård, Trude & Dommermuth, Lars (2015). Hvorfor faller fruktbarheten i Norge?. Økonomiske analyser.  ISSN 0800-4110.  34(4), s 36- 47 Vis sammendrag

  Det har vært en langvarig trend i at kvinner utsetter når de får sitt første barn, men etter 2009 var det en sterkere utsettelse enn tidligere på 2000-tallet. I tillegg har det vært en langvarig trend i at andelen kvinner som får tre eller flere barn har gått ned. Begge forhold bidrar til nedgangen i samlet fruktbarhetstall siden 2010.

• Veenstra, Marijke; Dommermuth, Lars; Blekesaune, Morten; Koløen, Kristine; Hansen, Thomas; Herlofson, Katharina; Lima, Ivar Andreas Åsland & Lappegård, Trude (2012). The ACCESS Life Course Research Infrastructure – a Norwegian based infrastructure facilitating access to high quality life course data.
• Kitterød, Ragni Hege & Lappegård, Trude (2010). A typology of work-family arrangmenets among dual-earner couples in Norway. SSB - Discussion papers. 636.
• Wiik, Kenneth Aarskaug; Lappegård, Trude & Keizer, Renske (2010). Relationship quality in Europe. Discussion papers. 633.
• Brunborg, Helge; Slagsvold, Britt & Lappegård, Trude (2009). LOGG 2007 - en stor undersøkelse om livsløp, generasjon og kjønn. Samfunnsspeilet : Tidsskrift om levekår og livsstil.  ISSN 0801-7603.  23(1), s 2- 8

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