Ethics and Methods When Researching Extremism
Researching extremism presents numerous ethical dilemmas and methodological challenges. On this page, we have gathered resources focused on ethical considerations and methodologies for studying extremism, particularly right-wing extremism.
Webinar Series: Researching the Far Right: Methods and Ethics
The Webinar Series on Researching the Far Right: Methods and Ethics discusses the methodological, ethical, political, personal, practical and professional issues and challenges that arise when researching far-right politics.
The first webinars were co-organized by C-REX and PERIL, and inspired by the volume ‘Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practice’.
The most recent webinars were co-organized by C-REX, RPRN, and CASEI were based on the volume ‘The Ethics of Researching the Far Right: Critical Approaches and Reflections’. Below you will find recordings of these recent webinars.
- Webinar 1: An overview of the field
- Webinar 2: Terminology and why it matters
- Webinar 3: Positionality, standpoint, and intersectionality
- Webinar 4: Care and safety when researching the far right
- Webinar 5: Complications of engaging far-right participants and formers
- Webinar 6: The haunting past: memory and far right studies
- Webinar 7: Activism and the role of scholars of the far right
Key Publications on Ethics and Methods
How can institutions better support researchers? The case of extremism and terrorism research
By Audrey Gagnon and Tamta Gelashvili
This article examines institutional practices for preventing, mitigating and responding to harm, threats and harassment of researchers. The findings emphasize the role of institutions in establishing a safe organizational culture, implementing safety tools and protocols and considering the intersectional nature of risks and challenges.
Researchers of the far right as intersectional subjects: three arenas for emotional labour
By Ov Cristian Norocel and Iris Beau Segers
This articles highlights the need for more attention to the ways in which unequal demands for emotional labour in the academic context perpetuate existing inequalities and that institutions should improve support for scholars whose work demands a high degree of emotional labour.
One of the Boys: On Researching the Far Right as a Woman
By Tamta Gelashvili and Audrey Gagnon
Drawing on 17 interviews with women researchers with experience of close-up research on the far right, this article investigates the challenges they face to ensure their emotional and physical safety and highlights the lack of guidance, support, and resources from institutions.
Reflections on racialisation’s impact on research: Insights from a study of Muslim radicalisation in Norway
By Uzair Ahmed
Ahmed identifies three patterns in which racialisation affects field interactions: accepting a racialising view, defending the racialised group and developing a shared story between a researcher and participants.
Intersectionality and care ethics in researching the far right
By Iris Beau Segers, Tamta Gelashvili and Audrey Gagnon
Close-up research on the far right comes with inherent challenges related to issues of power, justice, and ethics, which are often gendered and intersect with other axes of inequality, like race, ethnicity, religion, and sexuality, adding complexity to research.
Understanding Dehumanization: How Scholarship can Defend the Human in an Era of Illiberal Nationalism
By Cathrine Thorleifsson
Methods for Mapping Far-Right Violence
By Jacob Aasland Ravndal and Anders Ravik Jupskås
Ravndal and Jupskås aim to critically assess existing datasets on far-right violence, identifying several methodological issues related to availability, representativity, measurement validity, replicability, and comparability within these datasets. To address these challenges, the authors propose and evaluate three strategies for improving data quality: crowdsourcing, internationally standardized police reporting, and victimization surveys.
An Observational Study of the Norwegian Far Right. Some Reflections
By Katrine Fangen
In this chapter, Fangen reflect on her own ethnographic research of the Norwegian far right conducted between 1993 and 1994. Specifically, she addresses the challenges of gaining access, building rapport, and navigating ethical dilemmas, emphasizing the importance of informed consent, confidentiality, and respecting participant integrity.
Researching the Far Right - Theory, Method and Practice
Edited by Stephen D. Ashe, Joel Busher, Graham Macklin, and Aaron Winter
Researching the Far Right brings together researchers from across the humanities and social sciences to provide much needed discussion about the methodological, ethical, political, personal, practical and professional issues and challenges that arise when researching far right parties, their electoral support, and far right protest movements.
RightNow! blog posts on ethics and methods

- Intersectionality and Care Ethics in Researching the Far Right Audrey Gagnon, Tamta Gelashvili and Iris Beau Segers
Working with Extremist Content Online: Strategies to Improve Researcher Wellbeing Audrey Gagnon and Nicola Mathieson
- How to Interview the Radical Right , Koen Damhuis and Léonie de Jonge
- From grassroots to government: far-right threats to academic freedom Léonie de Jonge, Iris Beau Segers and Cathrine Thorleifsson
- Transformation of the Far Right: What can protest event analysis tell us?, Tamta Gelashvili
- Collecting data on extremists who did not become terrorists, Bart Schuurman and Sarah Carthy
- What makes a far right demonstration? A methodological focus on history, numbers and interactions, Fabian Virchow
- Methodology Matters: Researching the Far Right, Charles Sullivan and Amy Fisher Smith
Read more posts on the RightNow! blog, which publishes commentaries, analyses and reflections by C-REX researchers and affiliates on topics related to contemporary far-right politics.
PhD Summer School on Studying Online Extremism
This summer school is co-organized by C-REX and VOX-Pol and aims to provide PhD students with the foundation skills for studying online right-wing extremism by focusing on methodology, ethics, and personal safety.
PhD Summer School on Concepts and Methods for Research on Far-Right Politics
This summer school is co-organized by C-REX and the ECPR Standing Group on Extremism and Democracy. The program is crafted to deepen your understanding of the theoretical, empirical, and methodological frameworks that underpin contemporary far-right politics.
Other Relevant Resources
- Researcher Resources by the VOX-Pol Network
- Resources related to ethics by the Association of Internet Researchers
- Strategies for Researchers Analysing Terrorist and Violent Extremist Content (TVEC) by Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET), VOX-Pol and Moonshot