Kristine Beate Walhovd

• Kvalvik, Eirik Haugland; Wang, Yunpeng; Walhovd, Kristine B; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Røgeberg, Ole (2026). Beyond years of schooling: Genetic associations across educational milestones in two Norwegian cohorts. PLoS Genetics. ISSN 1553-7390. 22(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1012310. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Although educational attainment is heritable, years-of-education (EduYears) measures are not designed to show how genetic associations vary across discrete educational milestones. In the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa; N = 120,527) and the Norwegian Twin Registry (N = 8,910), we combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS), polygenic indices (PGIs), and twin models to characterize genetic associations with high-school completion and bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral attainment. In transition-specific analyses conditional on prior attainment, observed-scale common-variant heritability (h 2 SNP ) and PGI discrimination followed an inverse-U pattern, peaking for progression from high-school completion to attainment of at least a bachelor’s degree (HS → BSc + ; h 2 SNP  ≈ 0.14; R 2 Tjur  ≈ 0.05) and declining at postgraduate transitions. Genetic correlations (r g ) with large-scale GWAS of EduYears (EA4) and intelligence were high at earlier transitions but lower at later ones (for EA4, r g  ≈ 0.92 at HS → BSc+ and ≈ 0.38 at MSc → PhD). In cumulative analyses of attained status in the full cohort, the point-estimate gap between twin- and SNP-based heritability narrowed from ≈ 0.38 at high-school completion to ≈ 0.11 at PhD, while genetic overlap was lower for distant than adjacent milestones (r g  ≈ 0.71 for high-school completion versus PhD and ≈ 0.92 for adjacent milestones). Sensitivity analyses using an alternative intelligence GWAS and additional PGIs showed similar transition-specific trajectories. At the doctoral transition, estimates were obtained among individuals who had attained at least a master’s degree, so attenuation there must be interpreted in light of selection and range restriction. Because EduYears converts distinct credentials and progression steps into a single numerical scale, estimates expressed per additional year should not be interpreted as though one year has the same meaning across the educational sequence. Milestone-preserving analyses make that hidden structure visible and sharpen the interpretation of education GWAS and PGIs.

• Kransberg, Jonas Moe; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Falch, Emilie Sogn; Øverbye, Knut Eiliv Ødegård; Garrido, Pablo F. & Fjell, Anders Martin [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2026). Failure to detect entorhinal grid-like signals in a passive navigation human fMRI study. Imaging Neuroscience. 4. doi: 10.1162/imag.a.1196. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Grid cells in the human entorhinal cortex (EC) play a critical role in spatial navigation and memory. The EC is also one of the first regions affected by ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. This pre-registered functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to detect grid-cell-like signals (GLS) in a passive virtual navigation task. Contrary to our hypotheses and previous findings, we did not observe significant GLS at a population level, even in younger participants. Further exploratory analyses investigated the impact of task-engagement, as inferred from object-location memory performance, and showed no relationship with GLS magnitude. We also examined potential influences of a confounding one-fold directional signal and various data-processing choices but observed no consistent patterns. Our findings, consistent with recent null results from similar studies, suggest that passive navigation paradigms may be insufficient for reliably eliciting grid-like signals in human fMRI.

• Walhovd, Kristine B; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Øverbye, Knut Eiliv Ødegård; Kransberg, Jonas Moe; Sørensen, Øystein & Garrido, Pablo F. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2026). Feature-specific environmental contributions to human cortical architecture revealed by twin brainprints. Communications Biology. doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-10707-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract How environmental variation shapes the human cerebral cortex remains incompletely understood. Here we compare cortical brainprints – individual profiles of regional cortical morphology – in 210 twins (age 16-78 years) to distinguish prenatal, adult naturalistic and experimentally induced environmental variation from genetic contributions. Monozygotic twins showed higher brainprint similarity than dizygotic twins, consistent with genetic effects. Lasting influences of early environment were evident in lower brainprint similarity in monozygotic twin-pairs with greater birthweight discordances, driven by surface area across the cortical ribbon. In contrast, within-pair differences in adult weight and lifestyle had minimal influence. Still, a 10-week virtual-reality navigation intervention revealed training-induced changes in the gray-white interface, with curvature and area changes supported by microstructural reconfigurations. Relative brainprint similarity increased in monozygotic but diverged in dizygotic pairs following training. These findings show that distinct environmental influences acting at prenatal and adult stages are reflected in different features of the human cerebral cortex.

• Bratsberg, Bernt Magne; Fjell, Anders Martin; Røgeberg, Ole Jørgen & Walhovd, Kristine Beate (2026). Educational expansion and the hidden reversal of the Flynn effect—Differential trends across socioeconomic strata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 123(28). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2536089123. Full text in Research Archive
• Grødem, Edvard Olaf Sætersdal; Pineiro, Didac Vidal; Sørensen, Øystein; Bartrés-Faz, David; Brandmaier, Andreas M. & Cattaneo, Gabriele [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2026). Stable individual differences dominate adult brain volume variation until later life. Imaging Neuroscience. 4. doi: 10.1162/IMAG.a.1242. Full text in Research Archive
• Garrido, Pablo Fernandez; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Falch, Emilie Sogn; Kransberg, Jonas Moe; Fjell, Anders Martin & Sørensen, Øystein [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Unwrapping the mirror tracing task. Behavior Research Methods. ISSN 1554-351X. 58. doi: 10.3758/s13428-025-02845-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Mirror Tracing Task (MTT) is a method used to study visuomotor skills learning. It is traditionally evaluated by counting the number of times a person draws outside of the borders of a figure, typically a star, while looking at its mirror reflection. While insightful for overall performance, this metric lacks a precise analysis of the tracing, such as details on errors in specific regions. We propose a new MTT analysis method that studies the drawing as a function of the angle around the figure’s center. Two new variables are introduced: residuals, which measure deviation from the ideal drawing, and density, which measures how often a specific path is retraced. These variables are defined per angle or region, allowing a more detailed analysis, highlighting the most challenging parts of the drawing for each person, and enabling comparison across trials or finding common patterns between individuals. We applied this approach to the first MTT trial of 210 participants using age as a variable of interest. Residuals and density were summarized as a single value and compared with the traditional approach, providing similar results. When analyzed as a function of the angle, these variables enabled the identification of specific regions of the star where the errors are age-sensitive. Additionally, a time series-like approach enabled us to cluster drawings and quantify their similarity. The code used for this new method has been made openly accessible to make it easier for its applications in new research or the reanalysis of previous projects.

• Morse, Rachel M.; Vaqué-Alcázar, Lídia; Cabello-Toscano, María; Solé-Padullés, Cristina; Mulet-Pons, Lídia & Trias, Juan Pablo Martin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2026). Modeling and evaluating longitudinal brain maintenance and cognitive reserve using episodic memory, brain structure, and functional connectivity in older adults. GeroScience. ISSN 2509-2715. doi: 10.1007/s11357-026-02157-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cognitive reserve (CR) and brain maintenance (BM) reflect better than expected cognition despite brain pathology and minimal age-related brain changes that explain stable cognition, respectively. Despite being commonly used, joint quantification of these concepts has been limited; our aim is to derive longitudinal CR and BM measures and investigate CR’s relationship with education and functional connectivity. We analyzed longitudinal data from 451 participants (241 female, agemean = 68.5 years, follow-upmean = 4.2 years). From a hippocampus change-memory change regression, we modeled BM as memory stability relative to hippocampal stability and CR as better-than-expected memory stability relative to hippocampal atrophy. We examined whether education and resting-state functional connectivity (Default Mode, Executive Control and anterior Salience Network) (1) moderated the hippocampal-memory relationship using linear mixed effects models (LMEs), (2) moderated the hippocampus change-memory change relationship using linear regressions, and (3) were associated with our CR measure using LMEs. Analyses adjusted for demographics and MRI scanner/cohort, using false discovery rate (FDR) for multiple comparisons. From a significant hippocampus change-memory change relationship (β = 0.130, pFDR = 0.016, r2 = 0.282), we derived continuous CR and BM measures, providing subject-level estimates. Salience Network connectivity moderated the hippocampal-memory relationship (β = − 0.070, pFDR = 0.046, marginal r2 = 0.179). No variable moderated the hippocampus change-memory change relationship or correlated with our CR measure, consistent with the measure’s longitudinal definition. Our CR and BM measures refine phenotyping of aging trajectories. CR may be expressed through increased Salience Network connectivity, preserving memory level in the presence of hippocampal atrophy. Future work should delineate longitudinal CR mechanisms that decouple memory change from hippocampal atrophy.

• Chiesa, Scott T.; Walhovd, Kristine Beate; Kumari, Meena & Hughes, Alun D. (2025). Public Health. Alzheimer's & Dementia. ISSN 1552-5260. 21, p. e101505–e101505. doi: 10.1002/alz70860_101505. Full text in Research Archive
• Demnitz, Naiara; Baare, William F.C.; Binnewies, Julia; Brandmaier, Andreas; Fjell, Anders Martin & Gates, Anne T. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). Public Health. Alzheimer's & Dementia. ISSN 1552-5260. 21, p. e097396–e097396. doi: 10.1002/alz70860_097396. Full text in Research Archive
• Pineiro, Didac Vidal; Sørensen, Øystein; Strømstad, Marie Lorentsen; Amlien, Inge; Baaré, William & Bartrés-Faz, David [Show all 74 contributors for this article] (2025). Vulnerability to memory decline in aging revealed by a mega-analysis of structural brain change. Nature Communications. 16(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-66354-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brain atrophy is a key factor behind episodic memory loss in aging, but the nature and ubiquity of this relationship remains poorly understood. This study leverages 13 longitudinal datasets, including 3737 cognitively healthy adults (10,343 MRI scans; 13,460 memory assessments), to determine whether brain change-memory change associations are more pronounced with age and genetic risk for Alzheimer’s Disease. Both factors are associated with accelerated brain decline, yet it remains unclear whethermemory loss is exacerbated beyond what atrophy alone would predict. Additionally, we assess whether memory decline aligns with a global pattern of atrophy or stems from distinct regional contributions. Our mega-analysis reveals a nonlinear relationship between memory decline and brain atrophy, primarily affecting individuals with above-average brain structural decline. The associations are stronger in the hippocampus but also spread across diverse cortical and subcortical regions. The associations strengthen with age, reachingmoderate associations in participants in their eighties. While APOE ε4 carriers exhibit steeper brain and memory loss, genetic risk has no effect on the change-change associations. These findings support the presence of common biological macrostructural substrates underlying memory function in older age which are vulnerable to multiple age-related factors, even in the absence of overt pathological changes.

• Demnitz, Naiara; Baaré, William F.C.; Binnewies, Julia; Brandmaier, Andreas M.; Fjell, Anders Martin & Gates, Anne T. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2025). No significant association between self-reported physical activity and brain volumes in women and men from five European cohorts. Scientific Reports. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98601-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Various studies have reported an association between physical activity and grey matter volumes. Some studies have suggested that this relationship may be moderated by sex, yet the direction is still under debate. Focusing on hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), we tested whether the association between regional grey matter volumes and self-reported physical activity differs between women and men. We examined this interaction in five European cohorts from the Lifebrain consortium (n = 1809; age range: 18–88 years). Effect sizes were first determined by linear models run separately for each cohort, then pooled across datasets in a random-effects meta-analysis. Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no evidence of a relationship between physical activity and hippocampal or dlPFC volumes, nor was there a moderation by sex. Our null findings raise the question of whether self-report questionnaires of physical activity, which commonly feature in big datasets, are sufficiently sensitive to capture a—presumably modest—association between physical activity levels and grey matter outcomes. We conclude that the reliance on self-report questionnaires of physical activity is sub-optimal for brain-behaviour analyses.

• Kvalvik, Eirik Haugland; Røgeberg, Ole; Wang, Yunpeng; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Beyond years of schooling: Shifting genetic influences across educational milestones in two Norwegian cohorts | bioRxiv. bioRxiv. ISSN 2692-8205. doi: 10.1101/2025.10.08.680992. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  bioRxiv - the preprint server for biology, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a research and educational institution

• Padrela, Beatriz E.; Teceläo, Sandra Raquel Ramos; Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind; Geier, Oliver Marcel; Tranfa, Mario & Masserini, Federico [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2025). Blood-brain barrier water exchange in relation to amyloid, cognition and cerebrovascular burden. NeuroImage: Clinical. 49. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103926. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Blood-brain barrier (BBB) water exchange may serve as a sensitive early biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. This study applied a non-invasive multi-echo arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique to measure BBB water exchange time (Tex), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and arterial transit time (ATT) in 160 adults aged 50 years and older. Participants were classified as cognitively normal (CN), having subjective cognitive decline (SCD), or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). They were assessed for amyloid status and cerebrovascular burden. Compared to CN participants, Tex was significantly lower in both SCD (−9.5 %) and MCI (−14.5 %) groups, suggesting that reductions in BBB water exchange emerge early in the course of cognitive decline. In contrast, CBF was reduced only in MCI participants (−20.8 % compared to CN), and ATT was significantly increased only in individuals with severe cerebrovascular burden (Fazekas score 3). Notably, Tex showed a stepwise decrease with increasing Fazekas scores (1–2), supporting its sensitivity to moderate small vessel disease. No associations were found between Tex and amyloid positivity after adjusting for age and sex. These findings indicate that Tex alterations may precede changes in traditional perfusion markers and are more closely related to vascular and early cognitive changes than to amyloid pathology. BBB water exchange mapping may therefore provide a promising, non-invasive tool to detect early neurovascular dysfunction that contributes to cognitive decline in aging populations, potentially offering a useful biomarker for early intervention trials targeting vascular contributions to dementia.

• Fjell, Anders Martin; Røgeberg, Ole Jørgen; Sørensen, Øystein; Amlien, Inge; Bartrés-Faz, David & Brandmaier, Andreas M. [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2025). Reevaluating the role of education on cognitive decline and brain aging in longitudinal cohorts across 33 Western countries. Nature Medicine. ISSN 1078-8956. 31, p. 2967–2976. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03828-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Why education is linked to higher cognitive function in aging is fiercely debated. Leading theories propose that education reduces brain decline in aging and enhances tolerance to brain pathology or that it does not affect cognitive decline but, rather, reflects higher early-life cognitive function. To test these theories, we analyzed 407,356 episodic memory scores from 170,795 participants older than 50 years, alongside 15,157 brain magnetic resonance imaging scans from 6,472 participants across 33 Western countries. More education was associated with better memory, larger intracranial volume and slightly larger volume of memory-sensitive brain regions. However, education did not protect against age-related decline or weakened effects of brain decline on cognition. The most parsimonious explanation for the results is that the associations reflect factors present early in life, including propensity of individuals with certain traits to pursue more education. Although education has numerous benefits, the notion that it provides protection against cognitive or brain decline is not supported. In a large cross-national study, education was linked to better memory and larger brain volumes but not to slower cognitive or brain decline with age, suggesting that the association reflects early-life factors rather than neuroprotective effects in aging.

• Ravndal, Anne; Fjell, Anders Martin; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Falch, Emilie Sogn & Kropiunig, Julia [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2025). Sex differences in healthy brain aging are unlikely to explain higher Alzheimer’s disease prevalence in women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 122(42). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2510486122. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is diagnosed more frequently in women, understanding the role of sex has become a key priority in AD research. However, despite aging being the primary risk factor for AD, it remains unclear whether men and women differ in the extent of brain decline with age. Using 12,638 longitudinal brain MRIs from 4,726 participants aged 17 to 95 y across 14 cohorts, we examined sex differences in structural brain changes over time, controlling for differences in head size. Men showed greater cortical thickness (CT) decline in the cuneus, lingual, parahippocampal, and pericalcarine regions; surface area decline in the fusiform and postcentral regions; and in older adults, greater subcortical decline in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen, and pallidum. In contrast, women only showed greater surface area decline in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and greater ventricular expansion in older adults. These results suggest that sex differences in age-related brain decline are unlikely to contribute to the higher AD diagnosis prevalence in women, necessitating research into alternative explanations.

• Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Strømstad, Marie Lorentsen; Amlien, Inge; Anderson, Micael & Baaré, William F.C. [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2025). Reliability of structural brain change in cognitively healthy adult samples. Imaging Neuroscience. 3, p. 1–25. doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00547. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In neuroimaging research, tracking individuals over time is key to understanding the interplay between brain changes and genetic, environmental, or cognitive factors across the lifespan. Yet, the extent to which we can estimate the individual trajectories of brain change over time with precision remains uncertain. In this study, we estimated the reliability of structural brain change in cognitively healthy adults from multiple samples and assessed the influence of follow-up time and number of observations. Estimates of cross-sectional measurement error and brain change variance were obtained using the longitudinal FreeSurfer processing stream. Our findings showed, on average, modest longitudinal reliability with 2 years of follow-up. Increasing the follow-up time was associated with a substantial increase in longitudinal reliability, while the impact of increasing the number of observations was comparatively minor. On average, 2-year follow-up studies require ≈2.7 and ≈4.0 times more individuals than designs with follow-ups of 4 and 6 years to achieve comparable statistical power. Subcortical volume exhibited higher longitudinal reliability than cortical area, thickness, and volume. The reliability estimates were comparable with those estimated from empirical data. The reliability estimates were affected by both the cohort’s age where younger adults had lower reliability of change and the preprocessing pipeline where the FreeSurfer’s longitudinal stream was notably superior than the cross-sectional stream. Suboptimal reliability inflated sample size requirements and compromised the ability to distinguish individual trajectories of brain aging. This study underscores the importance of long-term follow-ups and the need to consider reliability in longitudinal neuroimaging research.

• Grydeland, Håkon; Sneve, Markus Handal; Roe, James Michael; Raud, Liisa; Ness, Hedda Tvedten & Folvik, Line [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Network segregation during episodic memory shows age-invariant relations with memory performance from 7 to 82 years. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 148, p. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.01.004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lower episodic memory capability, as seen in development and aging compared with younger adulthood, may partly depend on lower brain network segregation. Here, our objective was twofold: (1) test this hypothesis using within- and between-network functional connectivity (FC) during episodic memory encoding and retrieval, in two independent samples (n = 734, age 7–82 years). (2) Assess associations with age and the ability to predict memory comparing task-general FC and memory-modulated FC. In a multiverse-inspired approach, we performed tests across multiple analytic choices. Results showed that relationships differed based on these analytic choices and were mainly present in the largest dataset,. Significant relationships indicated that (i) memory-modulated FC predicted memory performance and associated with memory in an age-invariant manner. (ii) In line with the so-called neural dedifferentiation view, task-general FC showed lower segregation with higher age in adults which was associated with worse memory performance. In development, although there were only weak signs of a neural differentiation, that is, gradually higher segregation with higher age, we observed similar lower segregation-worse memory relationships. This age-invariant relationships between FC and episodic memory suggest that network segregation is pivotal for memory across the healthy lifespan.

• Lorentzen, Ingrid Myrvoll; Espenes, Johan Jacob; Eliassen, Ingvild Vøllo; Hessen, Erik; Waterloo, Knut & Timón-Reina, Santiago [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Norwegian normative data for regression-based D-KEFS color-word interference test derived measures and comparison to conventional contrast measures. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2025.2462605. Full text in Research Archive
• Padrela, Beatriz E.; Slivka, Maksim; Sneve, Markus Handal; Garrido, Pablo F.; Dijsselhof, Mathijs B.J. & Hageman, Tamara [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2025). Blood-brain barrier water permeability across the adult lifespan: A multi-echo ASL study. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 147, p. 176–186. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.12.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin; Sneve, Markus Handal; Amlien, Inge; Grydeland, Håkon; Mowinckel, Athanasia Monika & Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Stable hippocampal correlates of high episodic memory function across adulthood. Scientific Reports. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92278-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Sleep Patterns and Human Brain Health. The Neuroscientist. ISSN 1073-8584. doi: 10.1177/10738584241309850. Full text in Research Archive
• Capogna, Elettra; Sørensen, Øystein; Watne, Leiv; Roe, James Michael; Strømstad, Marie Lorentsen & Idland, Ane-Victoria [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2025). Subtypes of brain change in aging and their associations with cognition and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 147, p. 124–140. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.12.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Structural brain changes underlie cognitive changes and interindividual variability in cognition in older age. By using structural MRI data-driven clustering, we aimed to identify subgroups of cognitively unimpaired older adults based on brain change patterns and assess how changes in cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume relate to cognitive change. We tested (1) which brain structural changes predict cognitive change (2) whether these are associated with core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers, and (3) the degree of overlap between clusters derived from different structural modalities in 1899 cognitively healthy older adults followed up to 16 years. We identified four groups for each brain feature, based on the degree of a main longitudinal component of decline. The minimal overlap between features suggested that each contributed uniquely and independently to structural brain changes in aging. Cognitive change and baseline cognition were associated with cortical area change, whereas higher baseline levels of phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β related to changes in subcortical volume. These results may contribute to a better understanding of different aging trajectories.

• Walhovd, Kristine B; Krogsrud, Stine Kleppe; Amlien, Inge; Sørensen, Øystein; Wang, Yunpeng & Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). Fetal influence on the human brain through the lifespan. eLIFE. 12. doi: 10.7554/eLife.86812. Full text in Research Archive
• Roe, James Michael; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Grydeland, Håkon; Leonardsen, Esten Høyland & Iakunchykova, Olena [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2024). Brain change trajectories in healthy adults correlate with Alzheimer’s related genetic variation and memory decline across life. Nature Communications. 15(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53548-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Throughout adulthood and ageing our brains undergo structural loss in an average pattern resembling faster atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using a longitudinal adult lifespan sample (aged 30-89; 2–7 timepoints) and four polygenic scores for AD, we show that change in AD-sensitive brain features correlates with genetic AD-risk and memory decline in healthy adults. We first show genetic risk links with more brain loss than expected for age in early Braak regions, and find this extends beyond APOE genotype. Next, we run machine learning on AD-control data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative using brain change trajectories conditioned on age, to identify AD-sensitive features and model their change in healthy adults. Genetic AD-risk linked with multivariate change across many AD-sensitive features, and we show most individuals over age ~50 are on an accelerated trajectory of brain loss in AD-sensitive regions. Finally, high genetic risk adults with elevated brain change showed more memory decline through adulthood, compared to high genetic risk adults with less brain change. Our findings suggest quantitative AD risk factors are detectable in healthy individuals, via a shared pattern of ageing- and AD-related neurodegeneration that occurs along a continuum and tracks memory decline through adulthood.

• Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Folvik, Line; Sneve, Markus Handal; Grydeland, Håkon; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac & Raud, Liisa [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Recalled through this day but forgotten next week?-retrieval activity predicts durability of partly consolidated memories. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 34(6), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhae233. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Individual sleep need is flexible and dynamically related to cognitive function. Nature Human Behaviour. doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-01827-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Kransberg, Jonas; Sneve, Markus Handal; Falch, Emilie Sogn; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Failure to replicate detection of grid-cell like representations in human fMRI. Alzheimer's & Dementia. ISSN 1552-5260. 20, p. e086080–e086080. doi: 10.1002/alz.086080. Full text in Research Archive
• Pal, Zarah van der; Walhovd, Kristine B; Amlien, Inge; Guichelaar, Carlijn Jamila; Kaiser, Antonia & Bottelier, Marco A. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Stimulant medication use and apparent cortical thickness development in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1365159. Full text in Research Archive
• Bratsberg, Bernt Magne; Fjell, Anders Martin; Røgeberg, Ole; Skirbekk, Vegard Fykse & Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Differences in cognitive function at 18 y of age explain the association between low education and early dementia risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 121(41). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2412017121. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Major initiatives attempt to prevent dementia by targeting modifiable risk factors. Low education is frequently pointed to, due to its relationship with dementia. Impact of education is difficult to assess, however, because of associations with multiple other factors, requiring large population-representative samples to tease the relationships apart. We studied 207,814 Norwegian men born between 1950 and 1959 who underwent compulsory cognitive testing during military conscription as young adults, to systematically test associations of education, cognition, and other important factors. Participants were grouped into five education levels and seven cognitive levels. A total of 1,521 were diagnosed with dementia between ages 60 and 69 y. While having compulsory education only was associated with increased risk (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.37, CI: 1.17 to 1.60), this association was markedly attenuated when controlling for cognitive test scores (HR = 1.08, CI: 0.91 to 1.28). In contrast, low cognitive score was associated with double risk of later diagnosis, even when controlling for education (HR = 2.00, CI: 1.65 to 2.42). This relationship survived controlling for early-life socioeconomic status and replicated within pairs of brothers. This suggests that genetic and environmental factors shared within families, e.g., common genetics, parental education, socioeconomic status, or other shared experiences, cannot account for the association. Rather, independent, nonfamilial factors are more important. In contrast, within-family factors accounted for the relationship between low education and diagnosis risk. In conclusion, implementing measures to increase cognitive function in childhood and adolescence appears to be a more promising strategy for reducing dementia burden.

• Iakunchykova, Olena; Pan, Mengyu; Amlien, Inge; Roe, James Michael; Walhovd, Kristine B & Fjell, Anders Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Genetic evidence for the causal effects of C–reactive protein on self-reported habitual sleep duration. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health (BBI - Health). 37. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100754. Full text in Research Archive
• Pan, Mengyu; Roe, James Michael; Nudel, Ron; Schork, Andrew J.; Iakunchykova, Olena & Fjell, Anders Martin [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Circulating S100B levels at birth and risk of six major neuropsychiatric or neurological disorders: a two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Translational Psychiatry. 13(1). doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02478-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Binnewies, Julia; Nawijn, Laura; Brandmaier, Andreas M.; Baaré, William F.C.; Boraxbekk, Carl-Johan & Demnitz, Naiara [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). Lifestyle-related risk factors and their cumulative associations with hippocampal and total grey matter volume across the adult lifespan: A pooled analysis in the European Lifebrain consortium. Brain Research Bulletin. ISSN 0361-9230. 200. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110692. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Lifestyle-related risk factors, such as obesity, physical inactivity, short sleep, smoking and alcohol use, have been associated with low hippocampal and total grey matter volumes (GMV). However, these risk factors have mostly been assessed as separate factors, leaving it unknown if variance explained by these factors is overlapping or additive. We investigated associations of five lifestyle-related factors separately and cumulatively with hippocampal and total GMV, pooled across eight European cohorts. Methods We included 3838 participants aged 18–90 years from eight cohorts of the European Lifebrain consortium. Using individual person data, we performed cross-sectional meta-analyses on associations of presence of lifestyle-related risk factors separately (overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, short sleep, smoking, high alcohol use) as well as a cumulative unhealthy lifestyle score (counting the number of present lifestyle-related risk factors) with FreeSurfer-derived hippocampal volume and total GMV. Lifestyle-related risk factors were defined according to public health guidelines. Results High alcohol use was associated with lower hippocampal volume (r = −0.10, p = 0.021), and overweight/obesity with lower total GMV (r = −0.09, p = 0.001). Other lifestyle-related risk factors were not significantly associated with hippocampal volume or GMV. The cumulative unhealthy lifestyle score was negatively associated with total GMV (r = −0.08, p = 0.001), but not hippocampal volume (r = −0.01, p = 0.625). Conclusions This large pooled study confirmed the negative association of some lifestyle-related risk factors with hippocampal volume and GMV, although with small effect sizes. Lifestyle factors should not be seen in isolation as there is evidence that having multiple unhealthy lifestyle factors is associated with a linear reduction in overall brain volume.

• Espenes, Johan Jacob; Lorentzen, Ingrid Myrvoll; Eliassen, Ingvild Vøllo; Hessen, Erik; Waterloo, Knut K & Timón, Santiago [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Regression-based normative data for the D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test in Norwegian adults ages 20–85. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2276967. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  <p><i>Objective:</i> The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Color-Word-Interference Test (CWIT; AKA Stroop test) is a widely used measure of processing speed and executive function. While test materials and instructions have been translated to Norwegian, only American age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS are available in Norway. We here develop norms in a sample of 1011 Norwegians between 20 and 85 years. We provide indexes for stability over time and assess demographic adjustments applying the D-KEFS norms. <p><i>Method:</i> Participants were healthy Norwegian adults from Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC) (n = 899), the Dementia Disease Initiation (n = 77), and Oslo MCI (n = 35). Using regression-based norming, we estimated linear and non-linear effects of age, education, and sex on the CWIT 1-4 subtests. Stability over time was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The normative adjustment of the D-KEFS norms was assessed with linear regression models. <p><i>Results:</i> Increasing age was associated with slower completion on all CWIT subtests in a non-linear fashion (accelerated lowering of performance with older age). Women performed better on CWIT-1&3. Higher education predicted faster completion time on CWIT-3&4. The original age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS did not adjust for sex or education. Furthermore, we observed significant, albeit small effects of age on all CWIT subtests. ICC analyses indicated moderate to good stability over time. <p><i>Conclusion:</i> We present demographically adjusted regression-based norms and stability indexes for the D-KEFS CWIT subtests. US D-KEFS norms may be inaccurate for Norwegians with high or low educational attainment, especially women.

• Walhovd, Kristine B; Lövden, Martin & Fjell, Anders Martin (2023). Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. ISSN 1364-6613. 27(10), p. 901–915. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.07.001. Full text in Research Archive
• Aksnes, Mari; Capogna, Elettra; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Chaudhry, Farrukh Abbas; Myrstad, Marius & Idland, Ane-Victoria [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Matrix metalloproteinases are associated with brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 131, p. 11–23. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.05.012. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) have been linked to age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but their role in normal aging is poorly understood. We used linear mixed models to determine if baseline or rate of yearly change in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of MMP-2; MMP-3; MMP-10; TIMP-123 (composite of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3); or TIMP-4 predicted changes in bilateral entorhinal cortex thickness, hippocampal volume, or lateral ventricle volume in cognitively unimpaired individuals. We also assessed effects on the CSF AD biomarkers amyloid-β42 and phosphorylated tau181. Low baseline levels of MMP-3 predicted larger ventricle volumes and more entorhinal cortex thinning. Increased CSF MMP-2 levels over time predicted more entorhinal thinning, hippocampal atrophy, and ventricular expansion, while increased TIMP-123 over time predicted ventricular expansion. No MMP/TIMPs predicted changes in CSF AD biomarkers. Notably, we show for the first time that longitudinal increases in MMP-2 and TIMP-123 levels may predict age-associated brain atrophy. In conclusion, MMPs and TIMPs may play a role in brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired aging.

• Folvik, Line; Sneve, Markus Handal; Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Raud, Liisa & Geier, Oliver [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Sustained upregulation of widespread hippocampal-neocortical coupling following memory encoding. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(8), p. 4844–4858. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac384. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin; Sørensen, Øystein; Wang, Yunpeng; Amlien, Inge; Baaré, William F. C. & Bartrés-Faz, David [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2023). No phenotypic or genotypic evidence for a link between sleep duration and brain atrophy. Nature Human Behaviour. 7, p. 2008–2022. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01707-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Short sleep is held to cause poorer brain health, but is short sleep associated with higher rates of brain structural decline? Analysing 8,153 longitudinal MRIs from 3,893 healthy adults, we found no evidence for an association between sleep duration and brain atrophy. In contrast, cross-sectional analyses (51,295 observations) showed inverse U-shaped relationships, where a duration of 6.5 (95% confidence interval, (5.7, 7.3)) hours was associated with the thickest cortex and largest volumes relative to intracranial volume. This fits converging evidence from research on mortality, health and cognition that points to roughly seven hours being associated with good health. Genome-wide association analyses suggested that genes associated with longer sleep for below-average sleepers were linked to shorter sleep for above-average sleepers. Mendelian randomization did not yield evidence for causal impacts of sleep on brain structure. The combined results challenge the notion that habitual short sleep causes brain atrophy, suggesting that normal brains promote adequate sleep duration—which is shorter than current recommendations.

• Roe, James Michael; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Amlien, Inge; Pan, Mengyu; Sneve, Markus Handal & Schotten, Michel Thiebaut de [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Tracing the development and lifespan change of population-level structural asymmetry in the cerebral cortex. eLIFE. 12, p. 1–32. doi: 10.7554/eLife.84685. Full text in Research Archive
• Raud, Liisa; Sneve, Markus Handal; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Folvik, Line & Ness, Hedda Tvedten [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity during memory encoding and retrieval. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 279. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120309. Full text in Research Archive
• Ljøsne, Isabelle Sylvie Budin; Friedman, Barbara Bodorkos; Baaré, William F. C.; Bartrés-Faz, David; Carver, Rebecca Bruu & Drevon, Christian André [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Stakeholder engagement in European brain research: Experiences of the Lifebrain consortium. Health Expectations. ISSN 1369-6513. 26(3), p. 1318–1326. doi: 10.1111/hex.13747. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Stakeholder engagement remains scarce in basic brain research. However, it can greatly improve the relevance of investigations and accelerate the translation of study findings to policy. The Lifebrain consortium investigated risk and protective factors influencing brain health using cognition, lifestyle and imaging data from European cohorts. Stakeholder activities of Lifebrain—organized in a separate work package—included organizing stakeholder events, investigating public perceptions of brain health and dissemination. Here, we describe the experiences of researchers and stakeholders regarding stakeholder engagement in the Lifebrain project. Methods Stakeholder engagement in Lifebrain was evaluated through surveys among researchers and stakeholders and stakeholders' feedback at stakeholder events through evaluation forms. Survey data were analysed using a simple content analysis approach, and results from evaluation forms were summarized after reviewing the frequency of responses. Results Consortium researchers and stakeholders experienced the engagement activities as meaningful and relevant. Researchers highlighted that it made the research and research processes more visible and contributed to new networks, optimized data collection on brain health perceptions and the production of papers and provided insights into stakeholder views. Stakeholders found research activities conducted in the stakeholder engagement work package to be within their field of interest and research results relevant to their work. Researchers identified barriers to stakeholder engagement, including lack of time, difficulties in identifying relevant stakeholders, and challenges in communicating complex scientific issues in lay language and maintaining relationships with stakeholders over time. Stakeholders identified barriers such as lack of budget, limited resources in their organization, time constraints and insufficient communication between researchers and stakeholders. Conclusion Stakeholder engagement in basic brain research can greatly benefit researchers and stakeholders alike. Its success is conditional on dedicated human and financial resources, clear communication, transparent mutual expectations and clear roles and responsibilities. Public Contribution Patient organizations, research networks, policymakers and members of the general public were involved in engagement and research activities throughout the project duration.

• Sørensen, Øystein; Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2023). Longitudinal Modeling of Age-Dependent Latent Traits with Generalized Additive Latent and Mixed Models. Psychometrika. ISSN 0033-3123. 88(2), p. 456–486. doi: 10.1007/s11336-023-09910-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Capogna, Elettra; Watne, Leiv; Sørensen, Øystein; Guichelaar, Carlijn Jamila; Idland, Ane-Victoria & Halaas, Nathalie Bodd [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Associations of neuroinflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 with brain atrophy, memory decline, and core AD biomarkers – in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. ISSN 0889-1591. 113, p. 56–65. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.027. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines –interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) – are increased with age and in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is not clear whether concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in the central nervous system predict later brain and cognitive changes over time nor whether this relationship is mediated by core AD biomarkers. Here, 219 cognitively healthy older adults (62–91 years), with baseline cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures of IL-6 and IL-8 were followed over time – up to 9 years – with assessments that included cognitive function, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and CSF measurements of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and amyloid-β (Aβ-42) concentrations (for a subsample). Higher baseline CSF IL-8 was associated with better memory performance over time in the context of lower levels of CSF p-tau and p-tau/Aβ-42 ratio. Higher CSF IL-6 was related to less CSF p-tau changes over time. The results are in line with the hypothesis suggesting that an up-regulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in the brain may play a neuroprotective role in cognitively healthy older adults with lower load of AD pathology.

• Fjell, Anders Martin; Sørensen, Øystein; Wang, Yunpeng; Amlien, Inge; Baaré, William F C & Bartrés-Faz, David [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2023). Is Short Sleep Bad for the Brain? Brain Structure and Cognitive Function in Short Sleepers. Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0270-6474. 43(28), p. 5241–5250. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2330-22.2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many sleep less than recommended without experiencing daytime sleepiness. According to prevailing views, short sleep increases risk of lower brain health and cognitive function. Chronic mild sleep deprivation could cause undetected sleep debt, negatively affecting cognitive function and brain health. However, it is possible that some have less sleep need and are more resistant to negative effects of sleep loss. We investigated this using a cross-sectional and longitudinal sample of 47,029 participants of both sexes (20–89 years) from the Lifebrain consortium, Human Connectome project (HCP) and UK Biobank (UKB), with measures of self-reported sleep, including 51,295 MRIs of the brain and cognitive tests. A total of 740 participants who reported to sleep &lt;6 h did not experience daytime sleepiness or sleep problems/disturbances interfering with falling or staying asleep. These short sleepers showed significantly larger regional brain volumes than both short sleepers with daytime sleepiness and sleep problems ( n = 1742) and participants sleeping the recommended 7–8 h ( n = 3886). However, both groups of short sleepers showed slightly lower general cognitive function (GCA), 0.16 and 0.19 SDs, respectively. Analyses using accelerometer-estimated sleep duration confirmed the findings, and the associations remained after controlling for body mass index, depression symptoms, income, and education. The results suggest that some people can cope with less sleep without obvious negative associations with brain morphometry and that sleepiness and sleep problems may be more related to brain structural differences than duration. However, the slightly lower performance on tests of general cognitive abilities warrants closer examination in natural settings. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Short habitual sleep is prevalent, with unknown consequences for brain health and cognitive performance. Here, we show that daytime sleepiness and sleep problems are more strongly related to regional brain volumes than sleep duration. However, participants sleeping ≤6 h had slightly lower scores on tests of general cognitive function (GCA). This indicates that sleep need is individual and that sleep duration per se is very weakly if at all related brain health, while daytime sleepiness and sleep problems may show somewhat stronger associations. The association between habitual short sleep and lower scores on tests of general cognitive abilities must be further scrutinized in natural settings.

• Lövden, Martin; Pagin, Amos; Bartres-Faz, David; Boraxbekk, Carl-Johan; Brandmaier, Andreas M. & Demnitz, Naiara [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2023). No moderating influence of education on the association between changes in hippocampus volume and memory performance in aging. Aging Brain. 4. doi: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100082. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Contemporary accounts of factors that may modify the risk for age-related neurocognitive disorders highlight education and its contribution to a cognitive reserve. By this view, individuals with higher educational attainment should show weaker associations between changes in brain and cognition than individuals with lower educational attainment. We tested this prediction in longitudinal data on hippocampus volume and episodic memory from 708 middle-aged and older individuals using local structural equation modeling. This technique does not require categorization of years of education and does not constrain the shape of relationships, thereby maximizing the chances of revealing an effect of education on the hippocampus-memory association. The results showed that the data were plausible under the assumption that there was no influence of education on the association between change in episodic memory and change in hippocampus volume. Restricting the sample to individuals with elevated genetic risk for dementia (APOE ε4 carriers) did not change these results. We conclude that the influence of education on changes in episodic memory and hippocampus volume is inconsistent with predictions by the cognitive reserve theory.

• Carver, Rebecca Bruu; Fredheim, Nanna Alida Grit; Mowinckel, Athanasia Monika; Ebmeier, Klaus P.; Friedman, Barbara Bodorkos & Rosness, Tor Atle [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). People's interest in brain health testing: Findings from an international, online cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Public Health. 10, p. 1–19. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.998302. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brain health entails mental wellbeing and cognitive health in the absence of brain disorders. The past decade has seen an explosion of tests, cognitive and biological, to predict various brain conditions, such as Alzheimer's Disease. In line with these current developments, we investigated people's willingness and reasons to—or not to—take a hypothetical brain health test to learn about risk of developing a brain disease, in a cross-sectional multilanguage online survey. The survey was part of the Global Brain Health Survey, open to the public from 4th June 2019 to 31st August 2020. Respondents were largely recruited via European brain councils and research organizations. 27,590 people responded aged 18 years or older and were predominantly women (71%), middle-aged or older (>40 years; 83%), and highly educated (69%). Responses were analyzed to explore the relationship between demographic variables and responses. Results: We found high public interest in brain health testing: over 91% would definitely or probably take a brain health test and 86% would do so even if it gave information about a disease that cannot be treated or prevented. The main reason for taking a test was the ability to respond if one was found to be at risk of brain disease, such as changing lifestyle, seeking counseling or starting treatment. Higher interest in brain health testing was found in men, respondents with lower education levels and those with poor self-reported cognitive health. Conclusion: High public interest in brain health and brain health testing in certain segments of society, coupled with an increase of commercial tests entering the market, is likely to put pressure on public health systems to inform the public about brain health testing in years to come.

• Nyberg, Lars Erik; Andersson, Micael; Lundquist, Anders; Baaré, William F C; Bartrés-Faz, David & Bertram, Lars [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Individual differences in brain aging: heterogeneity in cortico-hippocampal but not caudate atrophy rates. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(9), p. 5075–5081. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract It is well documented that some brain regions, such as association cortices, caudate, and hippocampus, are particularly prone to age-related atrophy, but it has been hypothesized that there are individual differences in atrophy profiles. Here, we document heterogeneity in regional-atrophy patterns using latent-profile analysis of 1,482 longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging observations. The results supported a 2-group solution reflecting differences in atrophy rates in cortical regions and hippocampus along with comparable caudate atrophy. The higher-atrophy group had the most marked atrophy in hippocampus and also lower episodic memory, and their normal caudate atrophy rate was accompanied by larger baseline volumes. Our findings support and refine models of heterogeneity in brain aging and suggest distinct mechanisms of atrophy in striatal versus hippocampal-cortical systems.

• Binnewies, Julia; Nawijn, Laura; Brandmaier, Andreas M.; Baaré, William F.C.; Bartres-Faz, David & Drevon, Christian André [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2022). Associations of depression and regional brain structure across the adult lifespan: Pooled analyses of six population-based and two clinical cohort studies in the European Lifebrain consortium. NeuroImage: Clinical. 36. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103180. Full text in Research Archive
• Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Sørensen, Øystein; Lange, Ann-Marie Glasø de; Mowinckel, Athanasia Monika; Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2022). Cognitive and hippocampal changes weeks and years after memory training. Scientific Reports. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11636-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Capogna, Elettra; Sneve, Markus Handal; Raud, Liisa; Folvik, Line; Ness, Hedda Tvedten & Walhovd, Kristine B [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Whole-brain connectivity during encoding: age-related differences and associations with cognitive and brain structural decline. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(1), p. 68–82. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac053. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B; Nyberg, Lars; Lindenberger, Ulman; Amlien, Inge; Sørensen, Øystein & Wang, Yunpeng [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). Brain aging differs with cognitive ability regardless of education. Scientific Reports. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17727-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Blennow, Kaj; Capogna, Elettra; Halaas, Nathalie Bodd & Idland, Ane-Victoria [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid neurodegeneration biomarkers and temporal brain atrophy in cognitively healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 116, p. 80–91. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.04.010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is unclear whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neurodegeneration predict brain atrophy in cognitively healthy older adults, whether these associations can be explained by phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau) and the 42 amino acid form of amyloid-β (Aβ42) biomarkers, and which neural substrates may drive these associations. We addressed these questions in 2 samples of cognitively healthy older adults who underwent longitudinal structural MRI up to 7 years and had baseline CSF levels of heart-type fatty-acid binding protein (FABP3)=, total-tau, neurogranin, and neurofilament light (NFL) (n = 189, scans = 721). The results showed that NFL, total-tau, and FABP3 predicted entorhinal thinning and hippocampal atrophy. Brain atrophy was not moderated by Aβ42 and the associations between NFL and FABP3 with brain atrophy were independent of p-tau. The spatial pattern of cortical atrophy associated with the biomarkers overlapped with neurogenetic profiles associated with expression in the axonal (total-tau, NFL) and dendritic (neurogranin) components. CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration are useful for predicting specific features of brain atrophy in older adults, independently of amyloid and tau pathology biomarkers.

• Solé-Padullés, Cristina; Macià, Dídac; Andersson, Micael; Stiernstedt, Mikael; Pudas, Sara & Düzel, Sandra [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). No Association Between Loneliness, Episodic Memory and Hippocampal Volume Change in Young and Healthy Older Adults: A Longitudinal European Multicenter Study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 14. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.795764. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Loneliness is most prevalent during adolescence and late life and has been associated with mental health disorders as well as with cognitive decline during aging. Associations between longitudinal measures of loneliness and verbal episodic memory and brain structure should thus be investigated. Methods We sought to determine associations between loneliness and verbal episodic memory as well as loneliness and hippocampal volume trajectories across three longitudinal cohorts within the Lifebrain Consortium, including children, adolescents ( N = 69, age range 10–15 at baseline examination) and older adults ( N = 1468 over 60). We also explored putative loneliness correlates of cortical thinning across the entire cortical mantle. Results Loneliness was associated with worsening of verbal episodic memory in one cohort of older adults. Specifically, reporting medium to high levels of loneliness over time was related to significantly increased memory loss at follow-up examinations. The significance of the loneliness-memory change association was lost when eight participants were excluded after having developed dementia in any of the subsequent follow-up assessments. No significant structural brain correlates of loneliness were found, neither hippocampal volume change nor cortical thinning. Conclusion In the present longitudinal European multicenter study, the association between loneliness and episodic memory was mainly driven by individuals exhibiting progressive cognitive decline, which reinforces previous findings associating loneliness with cognitive impairment and dementia.

• Ljøsne, Isabelle Sylvie Budin; Mowinckel, Athanasia Monika; Friedman, Barbara Bodorkos; Ebmeier, Klaus P; Drevon, Christian A & Carver, Rebecca Bruu [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2022). Public perceptions of brain health: an international, online cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 12(4). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057999. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives To investigate public perspectives on brain health. Design Cross-sectional multilanguage online survey. Setting Lifebrain posted the survey on its website and social media and shared it with stakeholders. The survey was open from 4 June 2019 to 31 August 2020. Participants n=27 590 aged ≥18 years from 81 countries in five continents completed the survey. The respondents were predominantly women (71%), middle aged (41–60 years; 37%) or above (&gt;60 years; 46%), highly educated (69%) and resided in Europe (98%). Main outcome measures Respondents’ views were assessed regarding factors that may influence brain health, life periods considered important to look after the brain and diseases and disorders associated with the brain. We run exploratory linear models at a 99% level of significance to assess correlates of the outcome variables, adjusting for likely confounders in a targeted fashion. Results Of all significant effects, the respondents recognised the impact of lifestyle factors on brain health but had relatively less awareness of the role socioeconomic factors might play. Most respondents rated all life periods as important for the brain (95%–96%), although the prenatal period was ranked significantly lower (84%). Equally, women and highly educated respondents more often rated factors and life periods to be important for brain health. Ninety-nine per cent of respondents associated Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with the brain. The respondents made a connection between mental health and the brain, and mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression were significantly more often considered to be associated with the brain than neurological disorders such as stroke and Parkinson’s disease. Few respondents (&lt;32%) associated cancer, hypertension, diabetes and arthritis with the brain. Conclusions Differences in perceptions of brain health were noted among specific segments of the population. Policies providing information about brain-friendly health behaviours and targeting people less likely to have relevant experience may be needed.

• Nyberg, Lars Erik; Magnussen, Fredrik; Lundquist, Anders; Baaré, William; Bartrés-Faz, David & Bertram, Lars [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). Educational attainment does not influence brain aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 118(18), p. 1–3. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2101644118. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Øystein; Walhovd, Kristine B & Fjell, Anders Martin (2021). A recipe for accurate estimation of lifespan brain trajectories, distinguishing longitudinal and cohort effects. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 226. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117596. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We address the problem of estimating how different parts of the brain develop and change throughout the lifespan, and how these trajectories are affected by genetic and environmental factors. Estimation of these lifespan trajectories is statistically challenging, since their shapes are typically highly nonlinear, and although true change can only be quantified by longitudinal examinations, as follow-up intervals in neuroimaging studies typically cover less than 10% of the lifespan, use of cross-sectional information is necessary. Linear mixed models (LMMs) and structural equation models (SEMs) commonly used in longitudinal analysis rely on assumptions which are typically not met with lifespan data, in particular when the data consist of observations combined from multiple studies. While LMMs require a priori specification of a polynomial functional form, SEMs do not easily handle data with unstructured time intervals between measurements. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) offer an attractive alternative, and in this paper we propose various ways of formulating GAMMs for estimation of lifespan trajectories of 12 brain regions, using a large longitudinal dataset and realistic simulation experiments. We show that GAMMs are able to more accurately fit lifespan trajectories, distinguish longitudinal and cross-sectional effects, and estimate effects of genetic and environmental exposures. Finally, we discuss and contrast questions related to lifespan research which strictly require repeated measures data and questions which can be answered with a single measurement per participant, and in the latter case, which simplifying assumptions that need to be made. The examples are accompanied with R code, providing a tutorial for researchers interested in using GAMMs.

• Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Wang, Yunpeng; Krogsrud, Stine Kleppe; Amlien, Inge; Baaré, William FC & Bartres-Faz, David [Show all 31 contributors for this article] (2021). Individual variations in ‘brain age’ relate to early-life factors more than to longitudinal brain change. eLIFE. 10. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69995. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brain age is a widely used index for quantifying individuals’ brain health as deviation from a normative brain aging trajectory. Higher-than-expected brain age is thought partially to reflect above-average rate of brain aging. Here, we explicitly tested this assumption in two independent large test datasets (UK Biobank [main] and Lifebrain [replication]; longitudinal observations ≈ 2750 and 4200) by assessing the relationship between cross-sectional and longitudinal estimates of brain age. Brain age models were estimated in two different training datasets (n ≈ 38,000 [main] and 1800 individuals [replication]) based on brain structural features. The results showed no association between cross-sectional brain age and the rate of brain change measured longitudinally. Rather, brain age in adulthood was associated with the congenital factors of birth weight and polygenic scores of brain age, assumed to reflect a constant, lifelong influence on brain structure from early life. The results call for nuanced interpretations of cross-sectional indices of the aging brain and question their validity as markers of ongoing within-person changes of the aging brain. Longitudinal imaging data should be preferred whenever the goal is to understand individual change trajectories of brain and cognition in aging.

• Roe, James Michael; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Brandmaier, Andreas M.; Düzel, Sandra & Gonzalez, Hector A. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Asymmetric thinning of the cerebral cortex across the adult lifespan is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Communications. 12:721, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21057-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with progressive brain disorganization. Although structural asymmetry is an organizing feature of the cerebral cortex it is unknown whether continuous age- and AD-related cortical degradation alters cortical asymmetry. Here, in multiple longitudinal adult lifespan cohorts we show that higher-order cortical regions exhibiting pronounced asymmetry at age ~20 also show progressive asymmetry-loss across the adult lifespan. Hence, accelerated thinning of the (previously) thicker homotopic hemisphere is a feature of aging. This organizational principle showed high consistency across cohorts in the Lifebrain consortium, and both the topological patterns and temporal dynamics of asymmetry-loss were markedly similar across replicating samples. Asymmetry-change was further accelerated in AD. Results suggest a system-wide dedifferentiation of the adaptive asymmetric organization of heteromodal cortex in aging and AD.

• Wang, Yunpeng; Grydeland, Håkon; Roe, James Michael; Pan, Mengyu; Magnussen, Fredrik & Amlien, Inge [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). Associations of circulating C-reactive proteins, APOE ε4, and brain markers for Alzheimer’s disease in healthy samples across the lifespan. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. ISSN 0889-1591. 100. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The apolipoprotein E gene ε4 allele (APOE ε4) and higher circulating level of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been extensively investigated as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Paradoxically, APOE ε4 has been associated with lower levels of blood CRP in middle-aged and older populations. However, few studies have investigated this intriguing relation and its impact on neurological markers for AD in younger ages, nor across the whole lifespan. Here, we examine associations of blood CRP levels, APOE ε4, and biomarkers for AD in a cognitively healthy lifespan cohort (N up to 749; 20–81 years of age) and replicate the findings in UK Biobank (N = 304 322; 37–72 years of age), the developmental ABCD study (N = 10 283; 9–11 years of age), and a middle-aged sample (N = 339; 40–65 years of age). Hippocampal volume, brain amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque levels, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ and tau species, and neurofilament protein light protein (NFL) were used as AD biomarkers in subsamples. In addition, we examined the genetic contribution to the variation of CRP levels over different CRP ranges using polygenic scores for CRP (PGS-CRP). Our results show APOE ε4 consistently associates with low blood CRP levels across all age groups (p < 0.05). Strikingly, both ε4 and PGS-CRP associated mainly with blood CRP levels within the low range (<5mg/L). We then show both APOE ε4 and high CRP levels associate with smaller hippocampus volumes across the lifespan (p < 0.025). APOE ε4 was associated with high Aβ plaque levels in the brain (FDR-corrected p = 8.69x10-4), low levels of CSF Aβ42 (FDR-corrected p = 6.9x10-2), and lower ratios of Aβ42 to Aβ40 (FDR-corrected p = 5.08x10-5). Blood CRP levels were weakly correlated with higher ratio of CSF Aβ42 to Aβ40 (p = 0.03, FDR-corrected p = 0.4). APOE ε4 did not correlate with blood concentrations of another 9 inflammatory cytokines, and none of these cytokines correlated with AD biomarkers.

• Ferschmann, Lia; Vijayakumar, Nandita; Grydeland, Håkon; Øverbye, Knut; Mills, Kathryn L. & Fjell, Anders Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression relate differentially to longitudinal structural brain development across adolescence. Cortex. ISSN 0010-9452. 136, p. 109–123. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Emotional disorders commonly emerge in adolescence, a period characterized by changes in emotion-related processes. Thus, the ability to regulate emotions is crucial for well-being and adaptive social functioning during this period. Concurrently, the brain undergoes large structural and functional changes. We investigated relations between tendencies to use two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and structural development of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (specifically amygdala and nucleus accumbens given these structures are frequently associated with emotion regulation). A total of 112 participants (59 females) aged 8–26 were followed for up to 3 times over a 7-year period, providing 272 observations. Participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), yielding a measure of tendencies to use cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression at the final time point. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to account for the longitudinal nature of the data. Contrary to expectations, volumetric growth of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens was not associated with either emotion regulation strategy. However, frequent use of expressive suppression was linked to greater regionally-specific apparent cortical thinning in both sexes, while tendency to use cognitive reappraisal was associated with greater regionally-specific apparent thinning in females and less thinning in males. Although cognitive reappraisal is traditionally associated with cognitive control regions of the brain, our results suggest it is also associated with regions involved in social cognition and semantics. The continued changes in cortical morphology and their associations with habitual use of different emotion regulation strategies indicate continued plasticity during this period, and represent an opportunity for interventions targeting emotion regulation for adolescents at risk.

• Fjell, Anders Martin; Grydeland, Håkon; Wang, Yunpeng; Amlien, Inge; Bartrés-Faz, David & Brandmaier, Andreas M. [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2021). The genetic organization of longitudinal subcortical volumetric change is stable throughout the lifespan running title: Genetics of subcortical lifespan change. eLIFE. 10, p. 1–22. doi: 10.7554/eLife.66466. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Development and aging of the cerebral cortex show similar topographic organization and are governed by the same genes. It is unclear whether the same is true for subcortical regions, which follow fundamentally different ontogenetic and phylogenetic principles. We tested the hypothesis that genetically governed neurodevelopmental processes can be traced throughout life by assessing to which degree brain regions that develop together continue to change together through life. Analyzing over 6000 longitudinal MRIs of the brain, we used graph theory to identify five clusters of coordinated development, indexed as patterns of correlated volumetric change in brain structures. The clusters tended to follow placement along the cranial axis in embryonic brain development, suggesting continuity from prenatal stages, and correlated with cognition. Across independent longitudinal datasets, we demonstrated that developmental clusters were conserved through life. Twin-based genetic correlations revealed distinct sets of genes governing change in each cluster. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms-based analyses of 38,127 cross-sectional MRIs showed a similar pattern of genetic volume–volume correlations. In conclusion, coordination of subcortical change adheres to fundamental principles of lifespan continuity and genetic organization.

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• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). The Relative Impact of Better Beginnings and Maintenance of the Brain in Healthy Aging (Walhovd and Fjell). Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Early life factors and adult cognitive and brain risk. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  AHUS Sommerseminar

• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Timing of influences on brain and cognition in a lifespan perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). The Exposome and DOHaD: Brain structure across time and place  - cohort and district effects on neuroanatomy and its functional consequences in UK Biobank. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Timing influences on brain and cognition trough the lifespan- registry data, population studies and beyond. doi: https:/uio-my.sharepoint.com/:w:/r/personal/siljefor_uio_no/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc=%7BED91FA87-8256-4DE6-A12C-88E18E9EE4C3%7D&file=OrigoCogito%20conference%20program%20draft.docx&action=default&mobileredirect=true. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Om hjernens utviklings gjennom livsløpet. doi: https:/www.barnogungekongressen.no/. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2026). Forskere tar et oppgjør med demens-myter. [Internet]. Forskning.no. doi: https:/www.forskning.no/demens-hjerneforskning-hjernen/forskere-tar-et-oppgjor-med-demens-myter/2677087. Full text in Research Archive
• Garrido, Pablo F.; Walhovd, Kristine B; Krogsrud, Stine Kleppe & Fjell, Anders Martin (2026). Hippocampal volume measured from early childhood to adolescence predicts virtual navigation up to 16 years later. doi: https:/www.inavsymposium.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/iNAV2026_Poster_Abstracts_V2.pdf. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Poster presentation

• Walhovd, Kristine B; Sneve, Markus Handal; Garrido, Pablo F.; Kransberg, Jonas Moe & Fjell, Anders Martin (2026). Navigation training alters twin cortical similarity at the gray-white matter boundary. doi: https:/www.humanbrainmapping.org/aperture-neuro/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Talk at OHBM 2026

• Garrido, Pablo F.; Øverbye, Knut Eiliv Ødegård; Kransberg, Jonas Moe; Barhaug, Eline; Eggset, Marie & Iversen, Johanne Bjørndal [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). Emerging navigation behaviors in a VR city: unsupervised strategy detection in an adult twin cohort. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Dynamics of lifespan brain and cognition. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B; Kransberg, Jonas Moe; Krogsrud, Stine Kleppe & Fjell, Anders Martin (2025). Hippocampal Volume in Childhood Predicts Navigation Performance 6–16 Years Later. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Poster presentation at Flux Congress

• Slivka, Maksim; Garrido, Pablo F. & Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Persistent cortical differences in adults with prenatal polydrug and opioid exposure: A longitudinal study from childhood to adulthood. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Poster presentation at FENS Regional Meeting 2025

• Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Longitudinal Neuroimaging Studies -Lifebrain and Beyond; Opportunities and challenges in data sharing in European neuroimaging. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Sign-of-the-Times - Identifying and timestamping mechanisms of environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2025). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lecture at Psykologiska Insititutionen, Gothenburg University, Sweden

• Grødem, Edvard Olaf Sætersdal; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Garrido, Pablo F.; Nyberg, Lars Erik & Walhovd, Kristine B [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Distinguishing Lifelong Individual Differences from Divergent Aging Trajectories of Adult Brain Volumes. bioRxiv (preprint article). 2025.05.26.655710. doi: 10.1101/2025.05.26.655710. Full text in Research Archive
• Roe, James Michael; Grydeland, Håkon; Slivka, Maksim; Sørensen, Øystein; Grødem, Edvard Olaf Sætersdal & Walhovd, Kristine B [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Cortical thickness changes precede high levels of amyloid by at least seven years. bioRxiv (preprint article). doi: 10.1101/2025.08.14.670398. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan, LIP Lecture, Max Planck Institute for Human Development. Full text in Research Archive
• Strømstad, Marie Lorentsen; Fjell, Anders Martin; Walhovd, Kristine B; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac & Sørensen, Øystein (2024). Longitudinal association between structural brain change and episodic memory change. Full text in Research Archive
• Padrela, Beatriz; Mahroo, Amnah; Tee, Mervin; Sneve, Markus Handal; Moyaert, Paulien & Geier, Oliver [Show all 43 contributors for this article] (2024). Developing blood-brain barrier arterial spin labelling as a non-invasive early biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (DEBBIE-AD): a prospective observational multicohort study protocol. BMJ Open. 14(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081635. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is hypothesised to be one of the earliest microvascular signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Existing BBB integrity imaging methods involve contrast agents or ionising radiation, and pose limitations in terms of cost and logistics. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) perfusion MRI has been recently adapted to map the BBB permeability non-invasively. The DEveloping BBB-ASL as a non-Invasive Early biomarker (DEBBIE) consortium aims to develop this modified ASL-MRI technique for patient-specific and robust BBB permeability assessments. This article outlines the study design of the DEBBIE cohorts focused on investigating the potential of BBB-ASL as an early biomarker for AD (DEBBIE-AD). Methods and analysis DEBBIE-AD consists of a multicohort study enrolling participants with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment and AD, as well as age-matched healthy controls, from 13 cohorts. The precision and accuracy of BBB-ASL will be evaluated in healthy participants. The clinical value of BBB-ASL will be evaluated by comparing results with both established and novel AD biomarkers. The DEBBIE-AD study aims to provide evidence of the ability of BBB-ASL to measure BBB permeability and demonstrate its utility in AD and AD-related pathologies. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained for 10 cohorts, and is pending for 3 cohorts. The results of the main trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). An experimental approach to disentangle neurodevelopmental and current factors of influence on brain and cognition: an intervention twin study. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition. Lecture by Kristine B Walhovd, and debate with Gil Livingstone, invited at the Brain Aging Conference, Geiranger, Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Can we develop brain signatures of influences from different life stages to be detected trough the lifespan? Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Why and how we need to figure out the timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Imaging the timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Longitudinal Neuroimaging Studies-Lifebrain and Beyond. Full text in Research Archive
• Garrido, Pablo F.; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie Sjøli; Falch, Emilie Sogn; Kransberg, Jonas; Sørensen, Øystein & Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). A novel analysis approach to Mirror Tracing Task performance to detect fine-grained age-related differences. Alzheimer's & Dementia. ISSN 1552-5260. 20, p. e092273–e092273. doi: 10.1002/alz.092273. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Det er mer effektivt å forebygge kognitiv svikt tidlig i livet. [Journal]. Svenska Dagbladet. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjell, Anders Martin & Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). Imaging the timing of influences on brain and cognition across the lifespan. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2024). De superaldrende: Hvorfor har noen 80-åringer helt utrolig god hukommelse? [Internet]. forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2023). Opportunities for Research Using Longitudinal Human Studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Roe, James Michael; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Brandmaier, Andreas M.; Düzel, Sandra & Gonzalez, Hector A. [Show all 78 contributors for this article] (2022). Author Correction: Asymmetric thinning of the cerebral cortex across the adult lifespan is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease (Nature Communications, (2021), 12, 1, (721), 10.1038/s41467-021-21057-y). Nature Communications. 13(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28514-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Walhovd, Kristine B (2021). On the Set-to-change project. Full text in Research Archive

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