Are Skeie Hermansen

• Hermansen, AS with Tomaskovic-Devey, D et al. (2020). Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918249117
• Hermansen, AS, Borgen, NT & Mastekaasa, A (2019). Long-term trends in adult socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children. European Sociological Review, jcz066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz066
• Reisel, L, Hermansen, AS & Kindt, MT (2019). Norway: ethnic (in)equality in a social-democratic welfare state, I: PAJ Stevens & AG Dworkin (red.), The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education (2. utgave). Palgrave/Springer, kapittel 21, 843-884.
• Hermansen, AS (2017). Age at arrival and life chances among childhood immigrants. Demography. 54 (1), 201-229.
• Hermansen, AS (2017). Et egalitært og velferdsstatlig integreringsparadoks? Om sosioøkonomisk integrering blant innvandrere og deres etterkommere i Norge. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. 1(1), 15-34.
• Hermansen, AS (2016). Barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv, I: I Frønes & L Kjølsrød (red.), Det norske samfunn (7. utgave). Gyldendal akademisk, Kapittel 7 i Bind 1, 155-178.
• Hermansen, AS (2016). Moving up or falling behind? Intergenerational socioeconomic transmission among children of immigrants in Norway. European Sociological Review. 32(5), 675-689.
• Hermansen, AS & Birkelund, GE (2015). The impact of immigrant classmates on educational outcomes . Social Forces. 94(2), 615-646.
• Hermansen, AS (2015). Coming of age, getting ahead? Assessing socioecononomic assimilation among children of immigrants in Norway. PhD dissertation. Oslo: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo.
• Hermansen, AS (2013). Occupational attainment among children of immigrants in Norway: Bottlenecks into employment––equal access to advantaged positions? . European Sociological Review. 29(3), 517-534.
• Mohn, FA & Hermansen, AS (2013). Kan vi forbedre våre årsaksslutninger ved å tegne grafer? En innføring i den kontrafaktiske modellen og kausale grafer (DAGs). Sosiologi i dag. 43(3),9-38.
• Hermansen, AS (2007). Exceptional Individualism? American Individualism and Socioeconomic Inequality. Sosiologisk årbok. (3-4), 81-117.

• Han, JooHee; Hermansen, Are Skeie; Madsen, Aleksander Å. & Lillehagen, Mats Eirik (2026). Same neighbourhood, same employer? Residential proximity and workplace concentration among immigrants. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. doi: https:/academic.oup.com/esr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/esr/jcag027/8763716. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Living near one another can channel immigrants toward workplaces through social connections and information flow, shared local opportunity structures, and other residentially patterned pathways, yet few studies link residential proximity to employment outcomes among immigrants and their children. Using Norwegian linked employer–employee administrative data with detailed residential locations, we study how neighbourhood co-residence is tied to workplace concentration and individual wages among coworkers of immigrant and native background. We compare observed co-employment of neighbours against a simulated baseline of random workplace allocation within municipalities and adjust for stable local geography using neighbourhood fixed effects. We find that immigrants are considerably more likely than natives living in the same neighbourhood to work with immigrant neighbours, particularly coethnics from the same country of origin. Immigrant neighbour exposure concentrates workers in low-wage, immigrant-dense establishments but is only modestly tied to wages, suggesting that such pathways may reinforce workplace segregation without clear individual economic costs or benefits. Children of immigrants, in contrast, are not overexposed to immigrant-background neighbours at work compared with natives. These patterns tie residential proximity to immigrants’ workplace concentration in ways consistent with neighbourhood-based network mechanisms, while weaker links in the second generation point to broader integration into the mainstream economy.

• Petersen, Trond; Penner, Andrew & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2026). Motherhood and access to top positions: The one percent glass-ceiling under Nordic family policies. Social Science Research. ISSN 0049-089X. 138. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2026.103368. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Penner, Andrew; Boza, István; Elvira, Marta M.; Godechot, Olivier & Hällsten, Martin [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2025). Immigrant–native pay gap driven by lack of access to high-paying jobs. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 644, p. 969–975. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09259-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Immigrants to high-income countries often face considerable and persistent difficulties in the labour market, whereas their native-born children typically experience economic progress. However, little is known about the extent to which these immigrant–native earnings differences stem from unequal pay when doing the same work for the same employer versus labour market processes that sort immigrants into lower-paid jobs. Here, using data from nine European and North American countries, we show that the segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences. Although within-job pay inequality remains notable for immigrants in several countries, our results demonstrate that unequal access to higher-paying jobs is the primary driver of the immigrant–native pay gap across a range of institutionally and demographically diverse contexts. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at reducing between-job segregation, such as language training, job training, job search assistance programmes, improving access to domestic education, recognizing foreign qualifications, and settlement programmes aimed at enhancing access to job-relevant information and networks. Policies that target employer bias in hiring and promotion decisions are also likely to be effective, whereas measures aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work may have more limited scope for further progress in closing the immigrant–native pay gap.

• Borgen, Nicolai T.; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Sandsør, Astrid Marie Jorde (2025). Who Climbs the Ivory Tower? Social Origins of Academic Faculty in an Egalitarian Welfare State. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 11. doi: 10.1177/23780231251377209. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Although there is an extensive literature on intergenerational mobility in education, including the completion of PhD degrees, far less is known about the transition into academic faculty positions. Here, the authors use administrative microdata following entire birth cohorts born from 1955 to 1985 in Norway, an egalitarian welfare state, to investigate the social origins of academic faculty. Despite publicly funded higher education and competitive wages for PhD positions, arguably removing many barriers to entry, the present findings reveal persistent disparities in the likelihood of becoming a faculty member. Differences in earlier stages of the educational career largely account for these disparities, indicating that disadvantaged family background does not appear to constitute an additional barrier to becoming a faculty member when comparing individuals with PhD degrees. However, more advantageous social origins influence the likelihood of employment at more prestigious institutions and higher earnings among faculty members, indicating that socioeconomic origins impact academic careers beyond their effects on entering academia. Overall, these findings show that within an egalitarian context designed to promote equality of opportunity, social origins continue to shape access and progression within academia.

• Larsen, Edvard Nergård; Madsen, Aleksander Å & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2025). Blending in or moving on? Immigrant coworkers, assimilation, and employee turnover. Social Forces. ISSN 0037-7732. doi: 10.1093/sf/soaf161. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  How does the presence of immigrant coworkers shape the likelihood that minority employees stay or leave their jobs? This study uses linked employer–employee administrative data covering the entire Norwegian labor market to investigate how workplace immigrant concentration influences turnover among immigrants and their native-born children. Building on theories of organizational demography, we ask whether working alongside a higher share of immigrant-background coworkers fosters employee retention—consistent with mechanisms of social contact and homophily—or instead prompts workplace exit, as suggested by group threat and competition theories. Our findings reveal that greater representation of immigrant-background coworkers significantly reduces turnover among immigrants, especially when contact occurs within same-skill occupations. The exposure effects reducing the likelihood of workplace exit are also stronger when immigrant-background employees share the same national origin with their minority coworkers and when minorities are better represented among top earners in the organization. For children of immigrants, the effects of coworker composition are weaker, consistent with theories of assimilation and the weakening of ethnic boundaries across generations. Taken together, these results support social contact theories, which claim that a more inclusive work environment and coworker support in more ethnically diverse workplace contexts foster organizational attachment and reduce turnover among immigrant-background minority employees. However, minority employees’ increased retention in organizations with higher immigrant concentration may also reinforce patterns of ethnic workplace segregation.

• Lillehagen, Mats Eirik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2025). Entering the mainstream economy? Workplace segregation and immigrant assimilation. Social Forces. ISSN 0037-7732. 103(4), p. 1508–1537. doi: 10.1093/sf/soae162. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Why do foreign-born immigrant workers often concentrate in low-wage, minority-dense workplaces? Do immigrants’ native-born children—who typically acquire better language skills, education, and country-specific knowledge—experience improved access to workplaces in the mainstream economy? Using economy-wide linked employer–employee administrative data from Norway, we analyze both ethnic and economic workplace segregation across immigrant generations. We find that, on average, 32% of immigrants’ coworkers and 16% of second-generation immigrants’ coworkers have immigrant backgrounds, compared to 7% for natives. In terms of economic segregation, the average percentile rank of coworkers’ salaries is 36, 49, and 52 for immigrants, children of immigrants, and natives, respectively. A formal decomposition analysis shows that differences in employee, workplace, and residential location characteristics collectively explain 54–74% of ethnic and 79–84% of economic workplace segregation for immigrants and their children. Key factors driving this segregation in both immigrant generations include education, occupational attainment, industry of employment, having an immigrant manager, and the concentration of immigrant neighbors. This suggests that both skill-based sorting and network-related processes contribute to immigrant–native workplace segregation. However, children of immigrants’ improved access to less immigrant-dense and higher-paying workplaces, compared to immigrants, is primarily driven by differential skill-based sorting (i.e., higher education and shifts in occupation and industry placement). Our findings reveal a sharp decline in workplace segregation relative to natives as children of immigrants advance into the mainstream economy, highlighting the central role of assimilation in skill profiles for workplace integration across immigrant generations.

• Drange, Ida; Helland, Håvard & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2024). Unionization, licensure and workplace variation in pay inequality between immigrants and natives. Socio-Economic Review. ISSN 1475-1461. 22(2), p. 701–736. doi: 10.1093/ser/mwad075. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Organizational research has revealed considerable variation in immigrant–native pay inequalities across workplace contexts. However, less is known about how broader labor market institutions intersect in the local dynamics of wage setting between employees of immigrant and native backgrounds. We argue that union density and higher shares of employees in licensed occupations in workplaces constrain organizational opportunity structures for unequal pay according to immigrant backgrounds. Our analysis of longitudinal linked employer–employee administrative data for the Norwegian labor market shows that the wage gap between immigrants and natives decreases with increasing workplace unionization, but almost exclusively for immigrants who are union members. Next, licensure raises pay at the individual and workplace levels, although any reduction in immigrant–native pay gaps is contingent on immigrants’ access to licensed jobs. Our findings support the claim that institutional regulation in the workplace reduces the organizational scope of unequal pay based on immigrant status.

• Borgen, Nicolai Topstad; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Sandsør, Astrid Marie Jorde (2024). Who Climbs the Ivory Tower? Social origins of academic faculty in an egalitarian welfare state. SocArXiv. doi: 10.31235/osf.io/c4xqz. Full text in Research Archive
• Godechot, Olivier; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald; Boza, István; Henriksen, Lasse Folke; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Hou, Feng [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2024). The Great Separation: Top Earner Segregation at Work in Advanced Capitalist Economies. American Journal of Sociology. ISSN 0002-9602. 130(2), p. 439–495. doi: 10.1086/731603. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Earnings segregation at work is an understudied topic in social science, despite the workplace being an everyday nexus for social mixing, cohesion, contact, claims making, and resource exchange. It is all the more urgent to study as workplaces, in the last decades, have undergone profound reorganizations that could affect the magnitude and evolution of earnings segregation. Analyzing linked employer-employee panel administrative databases, the authors estimate the evolving isolation of higher earners from other employees in 12 countries: Canada, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, South Korea, and Sweden. They find in almost all countries a growing workplace isolation of top earners and dramatically declining exposure of top earners to bottom earners. The authors perform a first exploration of the main factors accounting for this trend: deindustrialization, workplace downsizing, restructuring (including layoffs, outsourcing, offshoring, and subcontracting), and digitalization contribute substantially to the increase in top earner segregation. These findings open up a future research agenda on the causes and consequences of top earner segregation.

• Evensen, Miriam; Cools, Sara & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2024). Adolescent Health Inequality Across Immigrant Generations. Journal of Adolescent Health. ISSN 1054-139X. 75(5), p. 792–800. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.05.017. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: Evidence on whether the immigrant health paradox (i.e., immigrants having better health than natives of nonmigrant background) extends to children and youth is mixed and often based on self-reported survey data. In this study, we use population-wide administrative microdata from Norwegian demographic and health registries to investigate health inequalities between adolescents with foreign-born and native-born parents, paying specific attention to variation across immigrant generations, origin countries, and types of diagnoses. Methods: In this registry-based study, we estimate differences in the likelihood of somatic and mental disorders using logistic regression and population-wide health records for adolescents aged 16e20 years (N ¼ 616,835). Results: Child immigrants and native-born children of immigrants have fewer consultations for somatic and psychiatric diagnoses in adolescence compared to natives, while native-born children with mixed parental background have health outcomes more similar to natives. The differences are most pronounced for mental disorders. Differences across immigrant generations persist when stratifying by country of origin and when looking at specific diagnoses. Discussion: The findings support the existence of an immigrant health advantage, which we find across various psychiatric and somatic diagnoses and for most immigrant generations. A key task for future research is to explore specific mechanisms underlying these patterns and to address potential inequities in the quality of health care provided to immigrant-background youth.

• Han, JooHee & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2024). Wage Disparities across Immigrant Generations: Education, Segregation, or Unequal Pay? Industrial & labor relations review. ISSN 0019-7939. 77(4), p. 598–625. doi: 10.1177/00197939241261688. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Immigrants and their native-born children often face considerable wage penalties relative to natives, but less is known about whether this inequality arises through differences in educational qualifications, segregation across occupations and establishments, or unequal pay for the same work. Using linked employer–employee data from Norway, the authors ask whether immigrant–native wage disparities 1) reflect differences in detailed educational qualifications, labor market segregation, or within-job pay differences; 2) differ by immigrant generation; and 3) vary across different segments of the labor market. They find that immigrant–native wage disparities primarily reflect sorting into lower-paying jobs, and that wage disadvantages are considerably reduced across immigrant generations. When doing the same work for the same employer, immigrant-background workers, especially children of immigrants, earn similar wages to natives. Sorting into jobs seems more meritocratic for university graduates, for professionals, and in the public sector, but within-job pay differences are strikingly similar across market segments.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Friberg, Jon Horgen & Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen (2023). Occupational skills, ethnic stratification, and labor market assimilation across immigrant generations, A Research Agenda for Skills and Inequality. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781800378469. p. 145–159. doi: 10.4337/9781800378469.00015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Differences in the skill distributions of immigrant-background and native workers are key to understand ethnic inequality in the labor market. Yet, little is known about of how skill profiles change over time and across immigrant generations. In this chapter, we examine the role of skill profiles for the occupational sorting of immigrants and their local-born descendants in the Norwegian labor market. Distinguishing between different occupational skill dimensions, we find a clear pattern of intergenerational assimilation in skill profiles among immigrants from different regions of origin. The pattern of reduced skill differentials in the second generation is particularly pronounced among those origin groups that are most disadvantaged in the immigrant generation (Eastern European and non-European). This intergenerational convergence in occupational skill profiles between immigrants and natives is broadly consistent with theories of assimilation that expect socioeconomic progress over time and across immigrant generations.

• Olivier, Godechot; Nils, Neumann; Paula, Apascaritei; István, Boza; Martin, Hällsten & Folke, Henriksen Lasse [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). Ups and downs in finance, ups without downs in inequality. Socio-Economic Review. ISSN 1475-1461. 21(3), p. 1601–1627. doi: 10.1093/ser/mwac036. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The upswing in finance in recent decades has led to rising inequality, but do downswings in finance lead to a symmetric decline in inequality? We analyze the asymmetry of the effect of ups and downs in finance, and the effect of increased capital requirements and the bonus cap on national earnings inequality. We use administrative employer–employee-linked data from 1990 to 2019 for 12 countries and data from bank reports, from 2009 to 2017 in 13 European countries. We find a strong asymmetry in the effect of upswings and downswings in finance on earnings inequality, a weak, if any, mitigating effect of capital requirements on finance’s contribution to inequality, and a restructuring but no absolute effect of the bonus cap on financiers’ earnings. We suggest that while rising financiers’ wages increase inequality in upswings, they are resilient in downswings and thus downswings do not contribute to a symmetric decline in inequality.

• Borgen, Solveig Topstad & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Horizontal Advantage: Choice of Postsecondary Field of Study Among Children of Immigrants. Demography. ISSN 0070-3370. 60(4), p. 1031–1058. doi: 10.1215/00703370-10823537. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Educational expansion has raised the influence of sorting across postsecondary educational fields on children's future life chances. Yet, little is known about horizontal ethnic stratification in the choice of field of study among children of immigrant parents, whose parents often have moderate absolute levels of education relative to native-born parents but tend to be positively selected on education relative to nonmigrants in the origin country. Using rich administrative data from Norway, we study the educational careers of immigrant descendants relative to the careers of children of native-born parents. Our results show that children of immigrants from non-European countries have a higher likelihood of entering higher education and enrolling in high-paying fields of study compared with children of natives, despite having poorer school grades and disadvantaged family backgrounds. However, immigrant parents' positive selectivity provides limited insight into why children of immigrants exhibit high ambitions later in their postsecondary educational careers. These findings document a persistent pattern of horizontal ethnic advantage in postsecondary education in which ambitious children of immigrants are more likely to enter into more prestigious and economically rewarding fields of study than their fellow students with native-born parents.

• Godechot, Olivier; Neumann, Nils; Apascaritei, Paula; Boza, István; Hällsten, Martin & Henriksen, Lasse Folke [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Ups and downs in finance, ups without downs in inequality. Socio-Economic Review. ISSN 1475-1461. 21(3), p. 1601–1627. doi: 10.1093/ser/mwac036. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract The upswing in finance in recent decades has led to rising inequality, but do downswings in finance lead to a symmetric decline in inequality? We analyze the asymmetry of the effect of ups and downs in finance, and the effect of increased capital requirements and the bonus cap on national earnings inequality. We use administrative employer–employee-linked data from 1990 to 2019 for 12 countries and data from bank reports, from 2009 to 2017 in 13 European countries. We find a strong asymmetry in the effect of upswings and downswings in finance on earnings inequality, a weak, if any, mitigating effect of capital requirements on finance’s contribution to inequality, and a restructuring but no absolute effect of the bonus cap on financiers’ earnings. We suggest that while rising financiers’ wages increase inequality in upswings, they are resilient in downswings and thus downswings do not contribute to a symmetric decline in inequality.

• Penner, Andrew; Petersen, Trond; Hermansen, Are Skeie; Rainey, Anthony; Boza, István & Elvira, Marta [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2022). Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries. Nature Human Behaviour. doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01470-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Extant research on the gender pay gap suggests that men and women who do the same work for the same employer receive similar pay, so that processes sorting people into jobs are thought to account for the vast majority of the pay gap. Data that can identify women and men who do the same work for the same employer are rare, and research informing this crucial aspect of gender differences in pay is several decades old and from a limited number of countries. Here, using recent linked employer–employee data from 15 countries, we show that the processes sorting people into different jobs account for substantially less of the gender pay differences than was previously believed and that within-job pay differences remain consequential.

• Petersen, Trond; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2022). Likestilling: kjønn, arbeid og familiepolitikkens gjennombrudd. In Frønes, Ivar & Kjølsrød, Lise (Ed.), Det norske samfunn : bind 2. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205572300. p. 85–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Ethnic enclaves, early school leaving, and adolescent crime among immigrant youth. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 39(3), p. 400–417. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcac034. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Spatial concentration of immigrant minorities raises concerns about the intergenerational consequences of place-based ethnic inequalities. This study asks how socioeconomic properties of the ethnic neighbourhood environment during adolescence predict future criminal behaviour and early school leaving among immigrant youth using administrative data from Norway. The results show that immigrant youth’s adolescent exposure to better-educated immigrant neighbours from the same origin country is related to lower risks of criminal engagement and higher likelihoods of completing upper-secondary education, while growing up in areas with less-educated coethnics is associated with adverse outcomes. Although effect sizes are modest, these relationships are robust to adjustment for a broad set of background characteristics and fixed effects at the level of neighbourhoods and national-origin groups. Coethnic neighbours’ educational resources are more strongly associated with adolescent crime and early school leaving among immigrant youth from disadvantaged family backgrounds. Overall, these findings support the predictions of influential theories of assimilation which emphasize that access to social capital and socioeconomic resources found within local ethnic enclaves shape the future life chances of immigrant youth.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Visualizing Intergenerational Immigrant Assimilation at Work. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 8. doi: 10.1177/23780231211072590. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The extent to which successive immigrant generations experience economic progress is a fundamental yardstick of assimilation and future ethnic stratification in the increasingly diverse societies of the rich West. In this regard, measuring how immigrants and local-born adult descendants of immigrants are distributed across different labor market segments provides clues about their relative assimilation into the mainstream economy. Drawing on linked employer-employee administrative data from Norway, the author uses heat plots to visualize differences in ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of workplace contexts by immigrant background. The visualization reveals a striking overall pattern of intergenerational assimilation, whereby immigrant descendants are employed in workplaces that are more like those of nonmigrant natives in terms of immigrant concentration and, in particular, coworkers’ salaries, education, and occupational task profiles compared with the immigrant generation. However, less-successful members of the second generation found in workplaces with less prestigious job characteristics still experience disproportionate levels of ethnic workplace segregation.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie & Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen (2022). Etterkommere av innvandrere: Mellom integrasjon og utenforskap? In Frønes, Ivar & Kjølsrød, Lise (Ed.), Det norske samfunn - bind 1. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788205563414. p. 63–89. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I dette kapittelet tar vi for oss hvordan norskfødte barn av innvandrerforeldre – etterkommere – klarer seg i Norge. Vi skiller mellom ulike indikatorer for integrasjon, med utdanning og arbeid på den ene siden og erfaringer med diskriminering og sosial og kulturell inklusjon/eksklusjon på den andre. Forskningen tegner et sammensatt bilde. Etterkommere av innvandrere opplever framgang i både utdanning og arbeidsliv sammenlignet med sine egne foreldre. Når det gjelder kulturelle verdier, religiøsitet og identitet, viser forskningen at det pågår en gradvis integrasjonsprosess i den forstand at etterkommernes verdimessige og nasjonale orientering er likere majoriteten sammenlignet med sine foreldre og innvandrere på samme alder. Analyser av disse integrasjonsindikatorene antyder imidlertid viktige skillelinjer knyttet til hudfarge og religiøs tilhørighet. Minoritetsungdom med foreldre fra Asia og Afrika, og i særlig grad de som definerer seg som muslimer, opplever langt oftere enn ungdom med bakgrunn fra Europa og Nord-Amerika at det stilles spørsmål ved deres tilhørighet til Norge. Forskningen tegner et tilsvarende pessimistisk bilde av etnisk diskriminering, her skjer det ikke en reduksjon over generasjonene.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie & Penner, Andrew M. (2022). Trends in Women’s and Men’s College Majors across Four Decades in Norway. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 8(1-2). doi: 10.1177/23780231221081692. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Women are now more likely to receive college degrees than men, yet important differences remain in the college majors of women and men. This visualization depicts women’s and men’s college majors across four decades in Norway. The authors document the movement of women into higher paying majors and show that men are increasingly majoring in fields that are gender integrated. However, women remain overrepresented in female-dominated majors, and men remain in overrepresented in majors that have historically been well paid. This visualization thus underscores the progress that has been made in achieving gender parity in education as well as the challenges that remain.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Hundebo, Pål Oskar & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2022). Spatial Assimilation at a Halt? Intergenerational Persistence in Neighborhood Contexts among Immigrant Minorities in Norway. International Migration Review. ISSN 0197-9183. 56(4), p. 1069–1106. doi: 10.1177/01979183211067771. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Spatial assimilation theory claims that immigrants’ acculturation and socioeconomic progress will lead to converging neighborhood attainment relative to non-migrant natives. Recently, it has been argued that equalization of local services and life chances across neighborhoods in egalitarian welfare states may delay spatial assimilation by reducing immigrants’ incentives to move out of low-income areas with many (co-ethnic) immigrant neighbors. In this article, we extend this argument to study whether neighborhood equalization also contributes to intergenerational persistence in neighborhood contexts among descendants of immigrants in Norway. Using administrative data, we find that immigrant descendants as adults often remain in neighborhood contexts that resemble their childhood neighborhoods, characterized by relative economic disadvantage and comparatively few ethnic majority residents. Intergenerational persistence in neighborhood contexts is strongest among descendants of immigrants from Pakistan, the Middle East, and Africa. The remaining immigrant–native gaps in spatial economic inequality largely reflect differences in individuals’ education and earnings, family background, and childhood neighborhood context, but these factors matter less for ethnic neighborhood segregation. For both economic and ethnic dimensions of neighborhood attainment, childhood neighborhood context is the factor that matters most in accounting for immigrant–native gaps, whereas individual socioeconomic attainment is the least important. Overall, our findings point to a pattern of “uneven assimilation” among immigrant descendants, where spatial assimilation is slow despite rapid socioeconomic progress across immigrant generations in the egalitarian Norwegian welfare state.

• Borgen, Solveig Topstad & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2021). Reaching Higher? Horizontal Stratification in the Educational Careers of Immigrant Descendants (https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/h8dtf/). SocArXiv. doi: 10.31235/osf.io/h8dtf. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Borgen, Nicolai Topstad & Mastekaasa, Arne (2020). Long-term trends in adult socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcz066. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Schools and residential neighbourhoods constitute key contexts of development beyond the family of origin. Yet, few prior studies address whether the overall impact of these childhood contexts on adult life chances has changed over time. In this article, we investigate changes in socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children using Norwegian administrative data covering three decades. We use cross-classified multilevel models to decompose the variance in children’s educational attainment and adult earnings into the contributions found within and between their school and neighbourhood contexts in adolescence. We find that unadjusted school and neighbourhood correlations in educational attainment are relatively modest and declining over time. These trends largely reflect declining socio-economic segregation between schools and neighbourhoods over time. After adjusting for sorting by family background, schools account for 2 per cent or less of the total variation in completed years of education in the more recent cohorts and neighbourhoods even less. For adult earnings, the adjusted school correlations are very low, accounting for around 1 per cent of the total variance, while the contribution of neighbourhoods is close to zero. Our findings suggest that adolescent school and neighbourhood contexts are not major determinants of children’s later-life socio-economic attainments in the Norwegian welfare state setting.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald; Rainey, Anthony; Avent-Holt, Dustin; Bandelj, Nina & Boza, Istvan [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2020). Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918249117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe changes in the initial between- and within-firm market income distribution we analyze administrative records for 2,000,000,000+ job years nested within 50,000,000+ workplace years for 14 high-income countries in North America, Scandinavia, Continental and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. We find that countries vary a great deal in their levels and trends in earnings inequality but that the between-workplace share of wage inequality is growing in almost all countries examined and is in no country declining. We also find that earnings inequalities and the share of between-workplace inequalities are lower and grew less strongly in countries with stronger institutional employment protections and rose faster when these labor market protections weakened. Our findings suggest that firm-level restructuring and increasing wage inequalities between workplaces are more central contributors to rising income inequality than previously recognized.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). «Norsk innvandringsforskning […] må kunne sies å være i puberteten». Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 61(1), p. 53–62. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-291X-2020-01-06. Full text in Research Archive
• Reisel, Liza; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Kindt, Marianne Takvam (2019). Norway: Ethnic (In)equality in a Social Democratic Welfare State. In Stevens, Peter A. J. & Dworkin, A. Gary (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9783319947235. p. 843–884. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94724-2_20. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter offers a systematic review of social science research in Norway on ethnic inequalities in education, from the period 1980–2017. Three broad research traditions are identified: (1) Ethnic inequalities in educational enrolment, achievement, and attainment; (2) Immigrant families and ethnic minority communities as resources for educational careers; and (3) Curriculum, teacher instruction, and student experiences with inclusion and exclusion. Most of the research conducted in Norway focuses on describing and explaining the educational outcomes of children of immigrants from non-European countries, and is characterized by the use of quantitative research methods and access to rich population-wide registry data. Main groups studied in the qualitative traditions are typically children of immigrants from Pakistan, Vietnam, Sri-Lanka, Morocco and Turkey. This rich body of research is written in both Norwegian and English, and has developed in a context characterized by a close collaborative relationship between researchers and the government, in response to a growing concern about social cohesion within the Norwegian social-democratic welfare state.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2017). Et egalitært og velferdsstatlig integreringsparadoks? Om sosioøkonomisk integrering blant innvandrere og deres etterkommere i Norge. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. 1(1), p. 15–34. doi: 10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2017-01-02. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2017). Age at arrival and life chances among childhood immigrants. Demography. ISSN 0070-3370. 54(1), p. 201–229. doi: 10.1007/s13524-016-0535-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study examines the causal relationship between childhood immigrants’ age at arrival and their life chances as adults. I analyze panel data on siblings from Norwegian administrative registries, which enables me to disentangle the effect of age at arrival on adult socioeconomic outcomes from all fixed family-level conditions and endowments shared by siblings. Results from sibling fixed-effects models reveal a progressively stronger adverse influence of immigration at later stages of childhood on completed education, employment, adult earnings, occupational attainment, and social welfare assistance. The persistence of these relationships within families indicates that experiences related to the timing of childhood immigration have causal effects on later-life outcomes. These age-at-arrival effects are considerably stronger among children who arrive from geographically distant and economically less-developed origin regions than among children originating from developed countries. The age-at-arrival effects vary less by parental education and child gender. On the whole, the findings indicate that childhood immigration after an early-life formative period tends to constrain later human capital formation and economic opportunities over the life course. © 2017 Springer Verlag

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2016). Barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv. In Frønes, Ivar & Kjølsrød, Lise (Ed.), Det norske samfunn, bind 1.. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205490208. p. 155–178. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2016). Moving up or falling behind? Intergenerational socioeconomic transmission among children of immigrants in Norway. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 32(5), p. 675–689. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcw024. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2015). The impact of immigrant classmates on educational outcomes. Social Forces. ISSN 0037-7732. 94(2), p. 615–646. doi: 10.1093/sf/sov073. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite a growing empirical literature on the relationship between immigrant concentration in schools and student achievement, few studies address longer-run outcomes. Using Norwegian registry data, this study addresses the causal impact of immigrant classmates on educational attainment in young adulthood, as well as academic track enrollment and educational achievement in school, within six entire student cohorts in their final tenth grade of compulsory education (310,742 students, 751 schools). Controlling for school fixed effects, native peer characteristics, and observed characteristics of students and their families, we find that students in cohorts with more immigrant peers within the same school have slightly higher propensities to complete upper-secondary education by their early twenties. The effects are about three times stronger among students from immigrant families compared to students with native-born parents, and are also robust to adjustment for average grade achievement. Moreover, these peer effects seem to mainly reflect the presence of immigrant classmates from high-achieving origin regions, while we do not find corresponding negative effects of exposure to immigrant classmates from low-achieving origin regions. In conclusion, these results indicate a modest positive influence of exposure to immigrant classmates on, primarily, immigrant students’ educational attainment several years later.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2013). Occupational Attainment Among Children of Immigrants in Norway: Bottlenecks into Employment––Equal Access to Advantaged Positions? European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 29(3), p. 517–534. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcr094. Full text in Research Archive
• Mohn, Ferdinand A & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2013). Kan vi forbedre våre årsaksslutninger ved å tegne grafer? En innføring i den kontrafaktiske modellen og kausale grafer (DAGs). Sosiologi i dag. ISSN 0332-6330. 43(3), p. 9–38. Full text in Research Archive

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• Orupabo, Julia; Umblijs, Janis; Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2025). Når Fatima bytter navn til Kari, øker lønnen. Lørdag 8 november, p. 54–55. doi: https:/www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/wgye8G/naar-fatima-bytter-navn-til-kari-oeker-loennen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Flere unge med minoritetsbakgrunn skjuler deler av identiteten sin for å få jobb. For noen gir navnebytte til et «norsk» navn både flere intervjuer og høyere lønn.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2024). Can A New Name Open Closed Doors? Foreign-Sounding Names and Immigrant Earnings. Full text in Research Archive
• Umblijs, Janis & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2024). Can A New Name Open Closed Doors? Foreign-Sounding Names and Immigrant Earnings. Full text in Research Archive
• Umblijs, Janis & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Can A New Name Open Closed Doors? Foreign-Sounding Names and Immigrant Earnings. Full text in Research Archive
• Madsen, Aleksander Å.; Lillehagen, Mats Eirik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Immigrant Managers’ Recruitment Practices and Career Influence: Ethnic Homophily, Networks, and Assimilation. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Edvard Nergård; Kotsadam, Andreas & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). What characterizes firms that discriminate? Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Edvard Nergård; Madsen, Aleksander Å. & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Blending In or Moving On? Workplace Ethnic Diversity, Immigrant Assimilation, and Employee Turnover. Full text in Research Archive
• Evensen, Miriam; Cools, Sara & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Healthier Kids? Health Advantage and Generational Assimilation among Immigrant-Origin Youth. Full text in Research Archive
• Madsen, Aleksander Å.; Lillehagen, Mats Eirik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Immigrant Managers’ Recruitment Practices and Career Influence: Ethnic Homophily, Networks, and Assimilation. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Lik lønn for likt arbeid? Kjønn, lønn og foreldreansvar. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Lik lønn for likt arbeid? Kjønn, lønn og foreldreansvar. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Innvandrere og deres etterkommere i Norge – integrasjon, utenforskap og sosial mobilitet. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Within-job gender pay inequality in Norway and across the rich world. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Lik lønn for likt arbeid? Kjønn, lønn og foreldreansvar. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Assimilation at Work: Immigrants in the Norwegian Labor Market. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie & Umblijs, Janis (2023). Can A New Name Open Closed Doors? Foreign-Sounding Names and Immigrants’ Labor Market Careers. Full text in Research Archive
• Penner, Andrew M.; Petersen, Trond; Hermansen, Are Skeie; Rainey, Anthony; Boza, István & Elvira, Marta M. [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2023). Erratum: Author Correction: Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries (Nature human behaviour (2023) 7 2 (184-189)). Nature Human Behaviour. 7(2), p. 291–291. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01523-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Madsen, Aleksander Å.; Lillehagen, Mats Eirik; Han, JooHee & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2023). Immigrant Managers’ Recruitment Practices and Career Influence. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). How immigrant pay gaps are shaped by within-job inequality and segregation in European and North American labor markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). How immigrant pay gaps are shaped by within-job inequality and segregation in European and North American labor markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). How immigrant pay gaps are shaped by within-job inequality and segregation in European and North American labor markets. Full text in Research Archive
• Borgen, Solveig Topstad & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Reaching Higher? Horizontal Stratification in the Educational Careers of Immigrant Descendants. Full text in Research Archive
• Borgen, Solveig Topstad & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Horizontal Advantage: Ethnic Inequality in Choice of Postsecondary Field of Study in the Educational Careers of Children of Immigrants. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Olje, sand eller grus i maskineriet? Innvandring og makt i det flerkulturelle Norge anno 2022. Full text in Research Archive
• Lillehagen, Mats Erik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Entering the Mainstream Economy? Workplace Segregation and Assimilation across Immigrant Generations. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Within-job gender pay inequality in Norway and across the rich world. Full text in Research Archive
• Rogne, Adrian Farner; Hermansen, Are Skeie; Hundebo, Pål Oskar; Wessel, Terje; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2022). Finnes det “svenske tilstander” i Norge? Full text in Research Archive
• Madsen, Aleksander Å.; Lillehagen, Mats Eirik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Immigrant Managers` Recruitment Practices and Career Influence: Ethnic Homophily? Full text in Research Archive
• Borgen, Solveig Topstad & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2021). Tough Choices? Educational Careers and Post-secondary Horizontal Stratification among Children of Positively Selected Immigrants. Full text in Research Archive
• Lillehagen, Mats Eirik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2021). Ethnic Workplace Segregation and Assimilation across Immigrant Generations in the Norwegian Labor Market. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Oj sann! Spiller ikke nabolaget noen rolle likevel? Full text in Research Archive
• Drange, Ida; Helland, Håvard & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Occupational licensing, unionization, and workplace variation in pay inequalities between immigrants and natives. Full text in Research Archive
• Borgen, Nicolai T.; Hermansen, Are Skeie; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde & Ystrøm, Eivind (2020). Misvisende om utdanningsulikhet. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Lønnsforskjeller mellom bedrifter forklarer økt ulikhet i Norge. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Hva hjelper det å klappe for de lavtlønte? Morgenbladet. ISSN 0805-3847. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Consequences of immigrant concentration in schools for adolescent crime. Full text in Research Archive
• Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald; Rainey, Anthony; Avent-Holt, Dustin; Bandelj, Nina; Boza, István & Cort, David [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2020). Erratum: Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(2020)117(9277-9283)DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918249117). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). ISSN 0027-8424. 117(24), p. 13847–13847. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2009782117. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2019). Towards spatial assimilation? Intergenerational contextual mobility within Norwegian immigrant minorities. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2019). Sosial mobilitet og inkludering i arbeidslivet blant innvandrere og etterkommere. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2019). Towards spatial assimilation? Intergenerational contextual mobility within Norwegian immigrant minorities. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2019). Towards spatial assimilation? Intergenerational contextual mobility within Norwegian immigrant minorities. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2019). Towards spatial assimilation? Intergenerational contextual mobility within Norwegian immigrant minorities. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2018). Stadig flytting hindrer integrering. [Journal]. Vårt Land. Full text in Research Archive
• Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Rogne, Adrian Farner; Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Skardhamar, Torbjørn (2018). Ethnic Neighborhood Segregation and Residential Mobility Dynamics: Evidence from Norwegian administrative registers 1993-2013. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2018). Derfor lykkes noen innvandrergrupper. [Journal]. Minerva (minervanett.no). Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2017). "- Norskfødte med innvandrerbakgrunn overrepresentert i høyere utdanning", Nyhetsmorgen, NRK P2. [Radio]. NRK P2. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2016). Høy innvandrerandel på skolen gir ikke dårligere karakterer. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2016). Innvandrerbarna gjør en klassereise. [Internet]. Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi, UiO. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2016). Innvandrerbarnas klassereise. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116. p. 22–22. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2015). Gjør det like bra med mange innvandrerbarn i klassen. [Internet]. Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi, UiO. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2015). – Norske elever gjør det like bra på skoler med mange innvandrere. [Journal]. Nettavisen. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2012). Immigrant Children's Age at Arrival, Skill Formation and Life Chances in Adulthood. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2012). Immigrant Classmates, School Segregation and Educational Outcomes: Panel Evidence fra Norwegian Administrative Data. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2011). Immigrant Classmates, School Segregation and Educational Outcomes: Panel Evidence from Norwegian Administrative Data. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2011). Ethnic School Segregation and Educational Achievement: Evidence from Comprehensive Lower Secondary Schools in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Evensen, Øystein (2011). Skolesegregering – et problem? Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Evensen, Øystein (2011). Skolesegregering – et problem? Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Evensen, Øystein (2011). Skolesegregering – et problem? Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2010). Mot en ny norsk middelklasse. Full text in Research Archive
• Larsen, Edvard Nergård; Madsen, Aleksander Å. & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Blending in or moving on? Workplace ethnic diversity, immigrant assimilation, and employee turnover. SocArxiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Lillehagen, Mats Erik & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2022). Entering the Mainstream Economy? Workplace Segregation and Immigrant Assimilation. SocArxiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Hundebo, Pål Oskar & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2020). Towards Spatial Assimilation? Contextual Mobility and Neighborhood Attainment Among Norwegian Immigrant Descendants. SocArXiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2020). Ethnic Enclaves, Education, and Crime Among Immigrant Youth. SocArXiv. Full text in Research Archive
• Hermansen, Are Skeie (2015). Coming of age, getting ahead? Assessing socioeconomic assimilation among children of immigrants in Norway. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Lillehagen, Mats; Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Hermansen, Are Skeie (2013). Yrkesprestisje og opprykk. En studie av norskfødte etterkommere av innvandrere mellom 2003-2010. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth; Hermansen, Are Skeie & Evensen, Øystein (2010). Skolesegregering – et problem? Elevsammensetning, frafall og karakterer i Oslo-skolen. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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