Academic publications
2023
Handbook on the European Union and Brexit
John Erik Fossum and Christopher Lord (eds.)
2022
European Administrative Networks and Differentiated Implementation
Dorte Sindbjerg Martinsen, Ellen Mastenbroek, Reini Schrama and Ana Carolina Soares
Countering dominance, enhancing legitimacy? The role of civil society in EU accession in Serbia and the Western Balkans
Dia Anagnostou
Thought communities and pre-conditions for polity formation in the European Union: Evidence from six EU member states
Jozef Bátora and Pavol Baboš
You'll never talk alone: What media narratives on European reforms reveal about a polity in the making
Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol, Henrik Müller, Giuseppe Porcaro and Tobias Schmidt
Who’s dominating whom? The perception of (EU) dominance in the debate on the Future of Europe
Karolina Czerska-Shaw, Magdalena Góra, Kinga Sekerdej, Natasza Styczyńska, Marta Warat and Katarzyna Zielińska
Protecting Europe Against Migration. Law And Justice’s Populist Discourse in the Polish Parliament
Elodie Thevenin
A Cross-Country Analysis of News Reports on Differentiation in the European Union
Asimina Michailidou, Hans-Jörg Trenz and Resul Umit
To join or not to join? An analysis of the enhanced cooperation to establish the European Public Prosecutor’s Office
Raquel Ugarte Díez
Special Issue "Democracy or dominance? European economic governance in historical perspective"
Edited by Rune Møller Stahl & Ben Rosamond (Guest Editors)
Escaping the Court: Supranational Adjudication and the EU/UK Relationship
Fabien Terpan & Sabine Saurugger
Regional Presence in the EU: A Qualitative Study of Regional Offices’ Activity in Brussels
Marte Christophersen Haugen
Multi-level governance in Europe: The case of covid-19 pandemics
Jan Zielonka (ed.)
The EU and Third Countries: Consequences for Democracy and the Political Order
John Erik Fossum
The Political Future of the European Economic Area
John Erik Fossum
Women’s Mobilisation in the Digital Era Lobbying and Advocating for European Women’s Rights
Emilie Faarup Storvik
Mapping public support for the varieties of differentiated integration
Julian Schuessler, Max Heermann, Dirk Leuffen, Lisanne De Blok and Catherine E De Vries
The limits of support for differentiated integration in the European Union as perceived by academic experts
Sandra Kröger and Thomas Loughran
Differentiated integration in the European Union: Institutional effects, public opinion, and alternative flexibility arrangements
Frank Schimmelfennig, Dirk Leuffen and Catherine E de Vries
Is the grass greener on the other side of the Channel? How Swiss news media presented Brexit as a ‘benchmark’ for Switzerland
Simon Dominic Zemp
- EU3D Report 5
Differentiated Integration and Core State Powers: the EU Budget and Justice and Home Affairs
Markus Jachtenfuchs, Philipp Genschel, Marta Migliorati and Franziska Loschert
Sovereignism and its implications: The differentiated disintegration of the European Union
Sergio Fabbrini and Tiziano Zgaga
The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union
Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal (eds)
ISBN: 9780429054136 (online)
Flexible Implementation and the Energy Efficiency Directive
Sebastiaan Princen, Alexander Hoppe, Michael Hübner, Martin Svec, Elaine Mak and Anna Taimr
Attitudes of National Decision-makers towards Differentiated Integration in the European Union
Stefan Telle, Claudia Badulescu and Daniel Fernandes
External Differentiation in the EU
Michael Keating, Christian Frommelt, Simon Hix and Meltem Müftüler-Baç
Practitioners Report on External Differentiation
Michael Keating, Christian Frommelt, Simon Hix and Meltem Müftüler-Baç
Flexible Implementation and the Consumer Rights Directive
Hubert Smekal, Alexander Hoppe, Michael Hübner, Pavla Hosnedlová, Anna Taimr and Elaine Mak
Normative Foundations and Political Party Views of Differentiated Integration
Richard Bellamy, Sandra Kröger and Marta Lorimer
EU Regulation between uniformity, Differentiation, and experimentalism : Electricity and Banking Compared
Jonathan Zeitlin and Bernardo Rangoni
The UK’s Relationship with the EU after Brexit
Simon Hix, Clifton van der Linden, Mark Pickup and Justin Savoie
Brexit and the Irish border
Michael Keating
Differentiated Integration and Flexible Implementation
Sebastiaan Princen, Frank Schimmelfennig, Ronja Sczepanski, Hubert Smekal and Robert Zbiral
Legal Feasibility Study of the Differentiation Options
Bruno De Witte
Special Issue "Governing Differentiation and Integration in the European Union: Patterns, Effectiveness and Legitimacy"
Edited by Nicoletta Pirozzi, Matteo Bonomi and Sandra Lavenex (Guest editors)
The Risks and Benefits of Differentiated Integration in the European Union as Perceived by Academic Experts
Sandra Kröger and Thomas Loughran
2021
Differentiation, Dominance and Democratic Congruence: A Relational View
Kalypso Nicolaidis
Design Principles for Efficient and Legitimate Differentiated Integration Schemes
Paolo Chiocchetti
Mimicry, Fragmentation, or Decoupling? Three Scenarios for the Control Function of EU Correspondents
Asimina Michailidou and Hans-Jörg Trenz
EU agencies and Brexit: Assessing the implications of Brexit for EU agencies
Michael Kaeding
The Impact of Differentiation on EU Governance: Effectiveness, Sustainability and Accountability
Nicoletta Pirozzi and Matteo Bonomi
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 12
States, Interstitial Organizations and the Prospects for Liberal International Order
Jozef Bátora
Brexit: the sub-national dimensions from the vantage point of the European Committee of the Regions
Justus Schönlau
The limits of voluntary submission. Dominance frames in Polish parliamentary debates on the EU accession
Joanna Orzechowska-Wacławska, Zdzisław Mach and Kinga Sekerdej
Brexit and the future of European integration
Federico Fabbrini
Autonomy or domination? Two faces of differentiated integration
Christopher Lord
On the search for viable governance in contested federal-type settings: The European Union and Canada compared
John Erik Fossum
EU Constitutional Models in 3D: Differentiation, Dominance and Democracy
John Erik Fossum
Crisis and Constraint: The European Commission's Response to Covid-19
Astrid Tollefsrud
The Rise of China and EU Vulnerability
Cécile Pelaudeix
Differentiated integration – one or many? Public support for the varieties of differentiated integration
Julian Schüssler, Max Heermann, Dirk Leuffen, Lisanne de Blok and Catherine E. de Vries
Stuck in ENP Purgatory? An Assessment of the EU's External Legitimacy Mechanisms
Magdalena Góra and Marcin Zubek
EU Differentiation in Border, Asylum and Police Cooperation: Drivers, Effectiveness and Crisis
Emmanuel Comte and Sandra Lavenex
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 11
Member state equality and procedural fairness in differentiated integration: A republican perspective
Dirk Leuffen
News, Misinformation and Support for the EU: Exploring the Effect of Social Media as Polarising Force or Neutral Mediators
Martin Moland and Asimina Michailidou
Differentiation and Segmentation
Jozef Bátora and John Erik Fossum
The European Parliament and Brexit
Christopher Lord
The EU–UK Partnership and Implications for Differentiation Within the EU and Between the EU and Third Countries
Jannike Wachowiak and Fabian Zuleeg
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 10
Differentiation and the European Union's Foreign and Security Policy
Marco Siddi, Tyyne Karjalainen and Juha Jokela
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 9
How Effective is Differentiation in the EU Economic Policy Field?
Andreas Eisl and Eulalia Rubio
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 8
Executive Power and Political Accountability: Assessing the European Union's Experience
Sergio Fabbrini
Differentiated integration in the EU: what do the member states 'think' about it?
Stefan Telle, Claudia Badulescu and Daniel Fernandes
National Constitutional Obstacles to Differentiated Integration
Jan-Herman Reestman
The Democratic Dilemmas of Differentiated Integration: The Views of Political Party Actors
Sandra Kröger, Marta Lorimer and Richard Bellamy
The making of Brexit: Legal aspects of the 2016-2020 negotiations
Jean-Claude Piris
Fundamental Rights as Constraints to and Triggers for Differentiated Integration
Elena Bertolini and Mark Dawson
Notes on the 'politics' of EU politicization
Niilo Kauppi and Hans-Jörg Trenz
Is the Grass Greener on the Other Side? Norwegians' Assessments of Brexit
John Erik Fossum and Joachim Vigrestad
The 2020 EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement as a Canada Style Agreement
Nanette Neuwahl
2020
The role of EU policy in advancing migrant women's labour market integration
Zarifa Barkatullah
- EU3D Report 3
Digitalization and democracy: Fake news, disinformation and the EU
Elisabeth Eike
- EU3D Report 2
Public support for differentiated integration
Dirk Leuffen, Julian Schuessler and Jana Gómez Díaz
The EU's non-members: Key principles, underlying logics and types of affiliation
John Erik Fossum, Monica Garcia Quesada and Tiziano Zgaga with contributions from Guntram B. Wolff
- EU3D Report 1
Euroscepticism and the Future of Europe
Michael Kaeding, Johannes Pollak and Paul Schmidt (eds)
Norway: Outside, But …
John Erik Fossum
Poland: Economic Enthusiasts, Value Adversaries
Zdzislaw Mach and Natasza Styczyńska
Differentiated Integration and Accountability in the European Union – An Analytical Framework
Thu Nguyen
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 7
Does Differentiated Integration Strengthen the Democratic Legitimacy of the EU? Evidence From the 2015 Danish Opt-out Referendum
Dominik Schraff and Frank Schimmelfennig
Making Sense of the European Union: Mapping "Thought Communities" in Six EU Member States
Pavol Baboš and Jozef Bátora
Institutional challenges for external differentiated integration: the case of the EEA
Christian Frommelt
How Does Identity Relate to Attitudes Towards Differentiation? The Cases of France, Germany, Czech Republic and Turkey
Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Jan Kovár and Petr Kratochvíl
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 6
A Differentiated "Dual Track" European Union as a Remedy in Times of Crisis? Debating Habermas, Arendt, and the Theoretical Foundations of Graduated European Integration
Lars Rensmann
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 5
External differentiated integration: legal feasibility and constitutional acceptability
Luigi Pedreschi and Joanne Scott
Uniformity and differentiation in the fundamentals of EU membership
Ivan Damjanovski, Christophe Hillion and Denis Preshova
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 4
Differentiated EU integration: Maps and modes
Frank Schimmelfennig and Thomas Winzen
No representation without integration!
Max Heermann and Dirk Leuffen
Does differentiated integration strengthen the democratic legitimacy of the EU?
Dominic Schraff and Frank Schimmelfennig
EU differentiation, dominance and the control function of journalism
Asimina Michailidou and Hans-Jörg Trenz
National concerns and individual liberal values explain support for differentiated integration in the EU
Dirk Leuffen, Jana Müller and Julian Schüssler
2019
The law as tool and constraint of differentiated integration
Bruno de Witte
Narratives of political unity in times of differentiation
Funda Tekin, Vittoria Meissner and Nils Fabian Müller
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 3
Conceptualising differentiated integration: Governance, effectiveness and legitimacy
Sandra Lavenex and Ivo Krizic
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 2
The evolution of EU differentiated integration between crises and dilemmas
Marco Brunazzo
- EU IDEA Research Papers, No. 1
Differentiated integration as a fair scheme of cooperation
Richard Bellamy and Sandra Kröger
Europe's triangular challenge: Differentiation, dominance and democracy
John Erik Fossum, ARENA Centre for European Studies
Blog posts and commentaries
2022
EU3D Insights: The European Parliament from the 1979 direct elections to the present. A personal perspective on institutional developments
Francis Brendan Jacobs
The Crisis of Stability and the Idea of Europe Today
Gerard Delanty
Regional Activity in Brussels: A Matter of Informal Contacts, Networking and Presence
Marte Christophersen Haugen
In Search of Europe’s Government
Andrew Duff
A Southern Perspective on EU Enlargement
Marilena Koppa
Role Modelling Brexit? Swiss Newspapers Show Remarkable Leeway in Presenting Brexit as a ‘Benchmark’ for Switzerland
Simon Zemp
EU correspondents are needed to make differentiated integration accessible to the public
Asimina Michailidou and Hans-Jörg Trenz
The Wider Europe: A Time for Experiments
Andrew Duff
Is there a Relationship between Facebook, Fake News and Support for the EU? It’s Complicated
Martin Moland and Asimina Michailidou
The German ‘Traffic Light’ Coalition: No Commitment to Stronger Spending Powers for the EU
Tiziano Zgaga
2021
Differentiated Integration: Do the Member States Care and What Do They Want?
Stefan Telle
The Future of the EU-UK Relationship: From Bad to Worse to Catastrophic?
Fabian Zuleeg
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, December 2021, Issue 14
Why a Change in Government Won't Change Norway's Ambiguous EU Policy
John Erik Fossum
Differentiated Integration as a Conscious Policy Choice?
Vittoria Meissner and Funda Tekin
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, September 2021, Issue 13
Is Next Generation EU the Great Leap Towards a European Fiscal Union?
Sonja Puntscher Riekmann
The Austerity Zombie rises from the dead
Ingrid Hjertaker
What type of differentiation in EU economic governance after COVID?
Andreas Eisl and Eulalia Rubio
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, June 2021, Issue 12
Differentiated Integrations
Giuliano Amato
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, June 2021, Issue 11
Why the Nordic states maintain differentiated foreign policies
Kristin Haugevik and Ole Jacob Sending
Post-functional differentiation, functional reintegration: the Danish case in Justice and Home Affairs
Marta Migliorati
The Conference on the Future of Europe: vehicle for reform versus forum for reflection?
Sergio Fabbrini, John Erik Fossum, Magdalena Góra and Guntram Wolff
Is the grass greener on the other side? Norway's assessment of Brexit
John Erik Fossum and Joachim Vigrestad
After the pandemic: Still Draghi vs Schäuble?
Sergio Fabbrini
Why the EU is a polycentric system of governance
Jan P. Vogler
The Conference on the Future of Europe: Tackling Differentiated Integration
Nicoletta Pirozzi
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, March 2021, Issue 10
Will the Italian economy recover?
Simona Piattoni
Brexit: The cold waters between Canada and Norway
Jean-Claude Piris
National constitutional obstacles to differentiated EU integration
Jan-Herman Reestman
Differentiated integration meets a divided public
Jana Gómez Díaz, Julian Schuessler and Dirk Leuffen
2020
The Future of Differentiated Integration
Vivien Schmidt
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, December 2020, Issue 9
Institutional Challenges for External Differentiated Integration: the case of the EEA
Christian Frommelt
Differences between national institutions condition who interacts with whom on European Administrative Networks
Dorte Sindbjerg Martinsen, Reini Schrama and Ellen Mastenbroek
The cases of Kosovo and Ukraine suggest a fragmented EU foreign policy
Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré
EU Foreign Policy Needs "Embedded" Differentiation
Giovanni Grevi
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, September 2020, Issue 8
Without good governance, the EU borrowing mechanism to boost the recovery could fail
Guntram Wolff
To strengthen democratic legitimacy in a differentiated EU, turn to transnational lists
Max Heermann
- EU3D Future of Europe Blog, September 2020
Bringing Rhetorical Action Back In. Brexit and the Corona crisis show the strength of norm-based arguments
Dirk Leuffen and Pascal Mounchid
The differentiating effects of COVID-19 in Europe
Filippa Chatzistavrou
From Differentiated to "Smart" Integration
Ingrid Shikova
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, July 2020, Issue 7
Does differentiated integration work properly?
Gianni Bonvicini
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, June 2020, Issue 6
What can Italy's economic ailments tell us about the euro area's current slowdown?
Simona Piattoni
Merkel's Corona-shift breaks with the past; however, public opinion in Germany remains reticent
Dirk Leuffen
The ideological blinkers of the Karlsruhe court
Sergio Fabbrini
No extra time for the European Union
Marco Dani and Agustín José Menéndez
The future of Europe is being decided now
Sergio Fabbrini
A missing piece in the European Parliament's ability to set the legislative agenda
Tatjana Evas
Does differentiated integration improve citizens' assessment of the European Union?
Frank Schimmelfennig and Dominik Schraff
Is the EU's accession conditionality paving the way for a more integrated rule of law policy in the EU?
Ivan Damjanovski and Denis Preshova (with suggestions from Christophe Hillion)
- Editorial, EU IDEA Newsletter, March 2020, Issue 5
The realpolitik of the day after Brexit
Maria Demertzis
Britain faces a triple contradiction
Jean Pisani-Ferry
Differentiation: Problem or solution?
John Erik Fossum
2019
The challenge of integrating diversity in the European Union
Brigid Laffan
Policy papers
2023
Main Drivers and Policy Options for a Differentiated EU: A Scenario-Based Exercise
Matteo Bonomi and Nicoletta Pirozzi
- IAI Papers, number 23
Mapping Scenarios of Differentiated EUrope 2025–2035
Matteo Bonomi
- IAI Papers, Number 23
2022
Flexible Defence Cooperation in Europe: FNC, JEF and EI2
Tuomas Iso-Markku and Tyyne Karjalainen
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 6
External Differentiated Integration in Justice and Home Affairs: Participation of the Western Balkan Countries in EU Agencies
Ivan Damjanovski and Zoran Nechev
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 20
Differentiated Integration and EU Outsiders: A Norwegian View
Nina Græger and Kristin Haugevik
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 19
Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs) as a New Form of Differentiation: An Analysis of Their Challenges for the European Single Market
Andreas Eisl
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 18
Informal Differentiated Integration in EU Foreign and Security Policy: Perspectives of a Small Member State
Jan Kovář and Kateřina Kočí
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 5
Love Thy Neighbour 2035: Three Scenarios for External Differentiation
Paolo Chiocchetti
Policy Recommendations for a Differentiated Union: Ensuring Effectiveness, Sustainability and Democracy
Nicoletta Pirozzi and Matteo Bonomi
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 4
European Landscapes 2035: Four Scenarios for Internal Differentiation
Paolo Chiocchetti
Differentiated Integration and the Future of Europe – Potentials and Pitfalls
Frank Schimmelfennig
2021
Differentiated Integration as a Conscious Policy Choice: The Way Forward
Vittoria Meissner and Funda Tekin
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 17
Differentiated EUrope 2035: Elaboration and Evaluation of Five Potential Scenarios
Janis A. Emmanouilidis
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 16
Public Opinion on an Ever More Differentiated EU
Anna Stahl
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 15
Beyond the Referendum. A View from the House of Lords
Julie Smith
Conference on the future of Europe: vehicle for reform vs forum for reflection
Sergio Fabbrini, John Erik Fossum, Magdalena Góra and Guntram Wolff
The Role of Differentiation in EU Foreign, Security and Defence Policy Cooperation with Neighbouring Countries
Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Ian Bond and Luigi Scazzieri
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 14
Europol and Differentiated Integration
Camino Mortera-Martínez, Zoran Nechev and Ivan Damjanovski
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 13
Differentiated Integration in the Energy Sector and Its Contribution to the European Goals of Affordability, Security of Supply and Sustainability
Luca Franza, Héctor Sánchez Margalef and Margherita Bianchi
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 12
2020
Brexit, the "Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice" and Migration
Emmanuel Comte
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 3
Differentiation in EU Foreign and Security Policy: EU Lead Groups in the Iranian Nuclear Dispute and the Ukraine Crisis
Riccardo Alcaro and Marco Siddi
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 11
External Differentiation in Migration: Boosting or Hollowing Out the Common EU Policy?
Asli Selin Okyay, Sandra Lavenex, Ivo Križić and Senem Aydın-Düzgit
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 10
External Differentiation in Access to the Single Market: Effectiveness, Accountability and Political Unity
Andreas Eisl
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 9
Brexit and External Differentiation in Foreign, Security and Defence Policy
Ian Bond
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 2
Brexit and External Differentiation in Single Market Access
Andreas Eisl and Eulalia Rubio
- EU IDEA Policy Briefs, no 1
Differentiation from Below: Sub-national Authority Networks as a Form of Differentiated Cooperation
Pier Domenico Tortola and Stefan Couperus
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 8
Schengen under Pressure: Differentiation or Disintegration?
Marie De Somer, Funda Tekin and Vittoria Meissner
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 7
Differentiation in ASEAN, ECOWAS and MERCOSUR: A Comparative Analysis
Bart Gaens, Bernardo Venturi and Anna Ayuso
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 6
Differentiated Cooperation in European Foreign Policy: The Challenge of Coherence
Giovanni Grevi, Pol Morillas, Eduard Soler i Lecha and Marco Zeiss
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 5
How Does Differentiated Integration Work in the EU Financial Sector? Spotlight on Banking Union
Sebastian Mack
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 4
The European Asylum System: A Necessary Case of Differentiation
Emmanuel Comte
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 3
Differentiated Integration in the EMU: Impact on Policy Effectiveness and Political Unity
Marta Pilati and Francesco De Angelis
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 2
European defence and PESCO: Don't waste the chance
Sven Biscop
- EU IDEA Policy Papers, no 1
2019
Europe after Brexit
Andrew Duff