Pål Ulleberg

• Hesselberg, Jan Ole; Ulleberg, Pål; Sørensen, Øystein; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Ingvaldsen, Sigrid Hegna & Svege, Ida (2026). Why do reviewers disagree? Evidence from four funders and 134,000 reviews. PLOS ONE. 21(9), s. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0356108. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aasvik, Ole; Ulleberg, Pål & Hagenzieker, Marjan (2025). A simple model for complex technology: introducing and testing a framework to understand acceptance of shared automated vehicles. Royal Society Open Science. 12(12), s. 1–31. doi: 10.1098/rsos.251891. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Shared automated vehicles (SAVs) may transform urban mobility but face strong public resistance. Existing acceptance research is fragmented and often relies on complex frameworks. We introduce a simplified shared automated vehicle acceptance (SAVA) model, identifying trust, utility and social comfort as core predictors of SAV acceptance. Using structural equation modelling, we tested whether these factors form a general acceptance factor (GAF) or operate as distinct but correlated predictors of intention to use. A 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design further assessed whether targeted informational interventions could increase trust, utility and social comfort. Monte Carlo-based power analyses indicated a minimum of 800 participants to detect small effects (Cohen’s f = 0.20) with 80% power at α = 0.05; we recruited 1250 respondents after data cleaning, ensuring adequate power. Results show that trust, utility and social comfort are best modelled as distinct but correlated constructs, implying rather than establishing a GAF. Utility exerted the strongest effect. Experimental manipulations had no significant impact, suggesting stronger interventions are needed to shift acceptance. The SAVA model provides a parsimonious, testable framework explaining intention to use SAVs. This recommended registered report advances theory and offers practical insights for policymakers and providers seeking to improve SAV acceptance.

• Melinder, Annika Maria Désirée; Kierulf, Haagen Klundby & Ulleberg, Pål (2025). Towards Higher Quality in Expert Reports in Child Protection: Why Emphasizing Limitations and Alternative Explanations Matters. International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice. ISSN 2524-5236. 8, s. 293–314. doi: 10.1007/s42448-025-00226-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Admitting one’s limitations and providing alternative explanations for one’s own conclusions (i.e., justifying) in order to avoid prejudice and confirmation bias is important in most fields, especially when experts evaluate child protective cases. However, we lack knowledge about the relationship between these expressions and the quality of experts’ reports in such cases. In this study, we examined whether experts who are better at justifying their conclusions differ from those who are worse at justifying their conclusions in terms of the quality of their reports. We collected and coded, after reliability testing (Krippendorff’s α = .89), 306 expert reports regarding quality and justification-related variables. Spearman’s rho indicated that the overall quality ratings were positively related to the degree of justification (p < 0.001). Evaluation quality and methodological discussion were also associated with justification (p < 0.001) and differed among experts with low vs. middle vs. high levels of justification. Furthermore, rating scores of experts’ conduct and behavior increased with higher levels of justification (p < 0.001). Experts who discussed doubt and limitations in their work and who presented alternative hypotheses achieved higher scores on several of our quality measures. The higher scores on the judgement scale were further associated with a higher score on the experts’ code of conduct scale.

• Aasvik, Ole; Hagenzieker, Marjan Paula & Ulleberg, Pål (2025). “I trust Norway” – Investigating acceptance of shared autonomous shuttles using open and closed questions in short-form street interviews. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives (TRIP). 31(May 2025), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.trip.2025.101414. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Shared autonomous shuttles (SASs) could improve the mobility infrastructure in the worlds’ growing cities. This novel service could reduce congestion and improve both mobility and sustainability. To facilitate the implementation of SASs, more research is needed on the psychological aspects of sharing a small, intimate shuttle with strangers. The current study is among the first to use open-ended questions to investigate SAS acceptance. This investigation is based on the Multi-Level Model on Automated Vehicle Acceptance (MAVA). We had 236 participants answer short-form interviews including both open-ended questions and quantitative items. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations, and qualitative data analyzed with directed content analysis. Respondents seem very positive about the proposed new transport service. We found that perceived usefulness, hedonic motivation, trust, and social influence shared large correlations with intentions to use. Other factors such as demographics, technology savviness and use of public transport did not share a linear relationship with intentions to use. Qualitative analysis suggests that, while most people do not mind sharing shuttles with strangers, some could find the social situation deterring. People seem most concerned with availability, effectiveness, travel cost and safety. The reported positive attitudes towards the service seem predicated upon trust in the government regulation and proper testing of the technology, that many think of as immature. Regulation and thorough testing may be paramount in keeping people positive. This study emphasizes the importance of trust and safety to adoption of SAS, while suggesting new factors that need further investigation.

• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Ulleberg, Pål; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Tvedt, Vivian; Næss, Marit Solhaug & Jensen, Tine (2025). Development and achievement of aspirations among unaccompanied refugee minors. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. ISSN 0267-3843. 30(1). doi: 10.1080/02673843.2025.2454996. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hesselberg, Jan Ole; Ulleberg, Pål; Sørensen, Øystein; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Ingvaldsen, Sigrid Hegna & Svege, Ida (2025). Registered report protocol: Factors associated with inter-rater agreement in grant peer review. PLOS ONE. 20(5). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322696. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Grant peer review processes are pivotal in allocating substantial research funding, yet concerns about their reliability persist, primarily due to low inter-rater agreement. This study aims to examine factors associated with agreement among peer reviewers in grant evaluations, leveraging data from 134,991 reviews across four Norwegian research funders. Using a cross-classified linear regression model, we will explore the relationship between inter-rater agreement and multiple factors, including reviewer similarity, experience, expertise, research area, application characteristics, review depth, and temporal trends. Our findings are expected to shed light on whether similarity between reviewers (gender, age), their experience, or expertise correlates with higher agreement. Additionally, we investigate whether characteristics of the applications—such as funding amount, research area, or variability in project size—affect agreement levels. By analyzing applications from diverse disciplines and funding schemes, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drivers of inter-rater agreement and their implications for grant peer review reliability. The results will inform improvements to peer review processes, enhancing the fairness and validity of funding decisions. All data and analysis scripts will be publicly available, ensuring transparency and reproducibility.

• Aasvik, Ole; Ulleberg, Pål & Hagenzieker, Marjan Paula (2025). Exploring the general acceptance factor for shared automated vehicles: the impact of personality traits and experimentally altered information. Frontiers in Psychology. 16, s. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531386. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Shared automated vehicles (SAVs) could significantly enhance public transport by addressing urban mobility challenges. However, public acceptance of SAVs remains under-studied, particularly regarding how informational factors and individual personality traits influence acceptance. Methods: This study explores SAV acceptance using data from an experimental survey of 1902 respondents across Norway. Participants were randomly presented with different informational conditions about SAV services, manipulating vehicle autonomy (fully autonomous vs. steward onboard), seating orientation (facing direction of travel vs. facing other passengers), and ethnicity of co-passengers. Personality traits from the Five Factor Model (FFM) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) were assessed. The General Acceptance Factor (GAF), derived from the Multi-Level Model of Automated Vehicle Acceptance (MAVA), was used as the primary outcome measure. Results: No significant main or interaction effects were found from the experimentally altered information conditions. However, personality traits significantly influenced acceptance. Specifically, higher openness and agreeableness positively predicted SAV acceptance, while higher neuroticism and social dominance orientation negatively predicted acceptance. Discussion: The absence of experimental effects suggests either a limited role of the manipulated factors or insufficiently robust manipulations. Conversely, the substantial impact of personality traits highlights the importance of psychological factors, particularly trust, openness, and social attitudes, in shaping SAV acceptance. These findings emphasize the need for tailored communication strategies to enhance SAV uptake, addressing specific psychological profiles and fostering trust in automation.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Ulleberg, Pål; Nilsen, Odd Viggo & Halberg, Anne Marie (2024). The hidden costs of working from home: examining loneliness, role overload, and the role of social support during and beyond the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Organizational Psychology. ISSN 2813-771X. doi: 10.3389/forgp.2024.1380051. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: This study evaluated the impact of the number of days per week working from home (WFH) on employee loneliness during and 2 years after the COVID-19 lockdown, with a focus on role overload as a mediating factor and social support from coworkers as a moderating variable. Methods: Data were collected via self-reports from a sample of 6,918 participants during the lockdown in January 2021 and 6,576 participants 2 years post-lockdown in January 2023. Results: Analysis using a moderated mediation model showed that increased WFH days were associated with heightened loneliness during the lockdown, a link that weakened post-lockdown. Role overload served as a mediator, intensifying loneliness during WFH but less so after the lockdown. While higher social support was generally linked to reduced role overload and loneliness, it paradoxically intensified these issues in individuals with extensive WFH days. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the number of days WFH can exacerbate loneliness and role overload among employees, with the effect being more pronounced during the lockdown. Employees with substantial social support faced more challenges as WFH duration increased. These results underscore the complex dynamics between WFH, social support, and employee wellbeing.

• Aasvik, Ole; Ulleberg, Pål & Hagenzieker, Marjan Paula (2024). Simplifying acceptance: A general acceptance factor predicting intentions to use shared autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 107(November), s. 1125–1143. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.10.025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The primary aim of this study was to develop an accurate measure of acceptance for shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) and to assess whether this measure can predict intentions to use SAVs. One leading model for explaining technology uptake is the UTAUT (Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology). This model is extensive and has received numerous suggested extensions and revisions, even being developed into a Multi-Level Model of Autonomous Vehicle Acceptance (MAVA). The challenge is to consolidate a model that effectively measures SAV acceptance and to determine which extensions capture the unique social situation within SAVs. The current study used survey data from 1902 respondents. The sample was split into two: one half underwent a principal component analysis (PCA) and the other half a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We found that the 24 items we included were reducible to a single general acceptance factor (GAF), with three additional factors measuring interpersonal security, sociability, and attractivity. The GAF was, by a large margin, the most efficacious predictor of intention to use SAVs. The GAF could be further reduced to as little as two predictors, trust and usefulness, accounting for over 70 % of the variance in intention to use. However, there is also an argument to be made that the other components of SAV acceptance may capture different nuances of the service, particularly relating to the social situation. Interaction terms show differences between genders in their rating of sociability and how this impacts intentions to use SAVs. Our findings carry significant implications for future research in this field. They underscore the pivotal roles of trust and usefulness while corroborating the notion that SAV acceptance is best represented by a single latent component. However, further investigation is warranted to explore individual-level moderating effects on the other components, potentially offering novel insights for the design of future SAV services.

• Aasvik, Ole; Hagenzieker, Marjan Paula; Ulleberg, Pål & Bjørnskau, Torkel (2024). How Testing Impacts Willingness to Use and Share Autonomous Shuttles with Strangers: The Mediating Effects of Trust and Optimism. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. ISSN 1044-7318. s. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2024.2352220. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates acceptance of shared autonomous shuttles (SASs) in a suburban area. A model where contextual variables were mediated through trust in SASs and technology optimism was tested. We examined intentions to use SASs without a steward and the significance of social distancing. Data were collected at the start and end of a 2020–2021 pilot involving 922 and 608 participants respectively, operating at SAE level 3. Findings indicate that trust and technological optimism significantly influence the willingness to use SASs, though contextual variables show minimal impact. Older adults and women displayed lower trust and optimism, reducing their usage intentions. These two groups also feel that it is more important to be able to keep social distance while riding SASs. The study suggests that future pilots should avoid negative impacts from using immature technology and address the social needs of specific groups.

• Ulleberg, Pål; Bjørnskau, Torkel & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2022). Does age matter? Examining age-dependent differences in at-fault collisions after attending a refresher course for older drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 87, s. 379–390. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2022.04.016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract: The “Driver 65+” course is a voluntary refresher course offered to all drivers aged 65 years or older in Norway. The current study estimated differences in at-fault motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) between older drivers who had attended in the course and older drivers who had not attended the course. Methods: Two samples of drivers were selected from the database of an insurance company and were sent a questionnaire in the mail. The first sample consisted of 2039 car owners aged 70 years or older who had reported a collision to the insurance company during the last 24 months. The second sample consisted of 1569 drivers aged 70 or older who had not reported any collisions during the last 24 months. Results: The results indicated an age-dependent effect; drivers attending the course before 75 years of age had a significantly lower risk of being the at-fault driver in a multi-MVC than older drivers who did not attend the course. Conclusion: The results indicate that the refresher course had a beneficial effect on collision risk for drivers who attended the course before reaching 75 years of age. One possible explanation of this age-dependent effect is that a certain level of visual, cognitive, and motor functioning is needed to implement the strategies learned in the course. However, the design of the study makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions about the causal relationship between course attendance and later collision involvement.

• Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Skule, Cecilie & Landrø, Nils Inge (2021). Is perceived control of depression related to therapy outcome for depression? A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research. ISSN 0022-3956. 140, s. 504–511. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hesselberg, Jan Ole; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Ulleberg, Pål & Svege, Ida (2021). Individual versus general structured feedback to improve agreement in grant peer review: a randomized controlled trial. Research Integrity and Peer Review. 6(12). doi: 10.1186/s41073-021-00115-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Vast sums are distributed based on grant peer review, but studies show that interrater reliability is often low. In this study, we tested the effect of receiving two short individual feedback reports compared to one short general feedback report on the agreement between reviewers. Methods A total of 42 reviewers at the Norwegian Foundation Dam were randomly assigned to receive either a general feedback report or an individual feedback report. The general feedback group received one report before the start of the reviews that contained general information about the previous call in which the reviewers participated. In the individual feedback group, the reviewers received two reports, one before the review period (based on the previous call) and one during the period (based on the current call). In the individual feedback group, the reviewers were presented with detailed information on their scoring compared with the review committee as a whole, both before and during the review period. The main outcomes were the proportion of agreement in the eligibility assessment and the average difference in scores between pairs of reviewers assessing the same proposal. The outcomes were measured in 2017 and after the feedback was provided in 2018. Results A total of 2398 paired reviews were included in the analysis. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of absolute agreement on whether the proposal was eligible for the funding programme, with the general feedback group demonstrating a higher rate of agreement. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the average score difference. However, the agreement regarding the proposal score remained critically low for both groups. Conclusions We did not observe changes in proposal score agreement between 2017 and 2018 in reviewers receiving different feedback. The low levels of agreement remain a major concern in grant peer review, and research to identify contributing factors as well as the development and testing of interventions to increase agreement rates are still needed. Trial registration The study was preregistered at OSF.io/n4fq3.

• Bjørnstad, Anne Lise & Ulleberg, Pål (2021). Effects of trust, structure and processes on effectiveness in a military organization: exploring a moderated mediation model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. ISSN 0143-7739. doi: 10.1108/LODJ-06-2020-0255. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  PurposeThe purpose of this study is to better understand the consequences of trust between personnel at different hierarchical levels for organizational effectiveness. The authors aim to explore the direct effects and the interaction effects of trust with organizational structure and processes. The study focuses on military organizations and expands on models and research from this context. Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from a Norwegian military exercise organization at two different hierarchical levels. The hypothesized relationships between the variables were tested using moderation and serial mediation analyses. FindingsTrust between personnel at different hierarchical levels was found to positively influence organizational effectiveness in terms of higher shared awareness of tasks and responsibilities, better information sharing and, in turn, better decision-making. A perceived flat organizational structure and decentralized processes were found to increase flexibility, an increase that in turn improved decision-making. Moderation analyses further suggested that trust between hierarchical levels could attenuate the negative effects of personnel's perception of their organization as hierarchical and centralized. Practical implicationsThe study’s results suggest that, at least in Norwegian military contexts, practitioners should be concerned with building trust between personnel at different hierarchical levels, flattening the organizational structure, and decentralizing processes to increase organizational flexibility and effectiveness. Originality/valueThe present study contributes to a better understanding of the role of trust between personnel at different hierarchical levels in the effort to achieve effective organizational structures and processes in military contexts.

• Elstad, Tiril; Ulleberg, Pål; Klonteig, Sandra; Hisdal, Jonny; Dyrdal, Gunvor Marie & Bjørndal, Arild (2020). The effects of yoga on student mental health: a randomised controlled trial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. 8(1), s. 573–586. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1843466. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Universities around the world are facing an epidemic of mental distress among their students. The problem is truly a public health issue, affecting many and with serious consequences. The global burden of disease-agenda calls for effective interventions with lasting effects that have the potential to improve the mental health of young adults. In this study we aimed to determine whether yoga, a popular and widely available mind-body practice, can improve student mental health. Methods We performed a randomised controlled trial with 202 healthy university students in the Oslo area. The participants were assigned to a yoga group or waitlist control group in a 1:1 ratio by a simple online randomisation program. The intervention group was offered 24 yoga sessions over 12 weeks. Measurements were taken at week 0 (baseline), week 12 (post-intervention), and week 24 (follow-up). The primary outcome was psychological distress assessed by the HSCL-25 questionnaire. Analysis was performed based on the intention to treat-principle. Results Between 24 January 2017, and 27 August 2017, we randomly assigned 202 students to a yoga intervention group (n = 100), or waitlist control group (n = 102). Compared with the control group, the yoga participants demonstrated a significant reduction in distress symptoms both at post-intervention (adjusted difference in the mean change −0.15, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.03, p = 0.0110) and follow-up (adjusted difference in the mean change −0.18, 95% CI −0.29 to −0.06, p = 0.0025). Sleep quality also improved at post-intervention and follow-up. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions Our findings suggest that yoga has a moderately large and lasting effect, at least for some months, reducing symptoms of distress and improving sleep quality among students. Further research should seek ways to enhance the effect, assess an even longer follow-up period, include active control groups, and consider performing similar studies in other cultural settings.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Andersen, Eivind & Mordal, Jon [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). High-intensity interval training and active video gaming improve neurocognition in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. ISSN 0940-1334. 271(2), s. 339–353. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01200-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a need for treatments targeting neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurocognitive effect of aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A comparison group performed sport simulating active video gaming (AVG). We anticipated that HIIT would improve neurocognition beyond any effect of AVG, due to engagement in higher intensity cardiorespiratory demands. Recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive effect of AVG challenges this expectation but added new relevance to comparing the two interventions. This is an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eighty-two outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were allocated to HIIT (n = 43) or AVG (n = 39). Both groups received two supervised sessions per week for 12 weeks. The attrition rate was 31%, and 65% of the participants were defined as protocol compliant study completers. Intention-to-treat analyses showed significant improvements in the neurocognitive composite score from baseline to post-intervention and from baseline to 4 months follow-up in the total sample. The same pattern of results was found in several subdomains. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no interaction effects of time and group, indicating equal effects in both groups. Separate within-group analysis unexpectedly showed trends of differential effects in the learning domain, as HIIT showed post-intervention improvement in verbal but not visual learning, while AVG showed improvement in visual but not verbal learning. HIIT and AVG improve neurocognition equally, suggesting that both interventions may be applied to target neurocognition in schizophrenia. Future research should investigate trends towards possible differential effects of exercise modes on neurocognitive subdomains

• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Speed preferences in work zones: the combined effect of visible roadwork activity, personality traits, attitudes, risk perception and driving style. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 62(62), s. 390–405. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.01.017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Effects of roadwork characteristics and drivers? individual differences on speed preferences in a rural work zone. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 132. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105263. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Work zone safety from a psychological perspective has received little attention in scientific literature. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the influence of roadwork characteristics and drivers’ individual differences in terms of personality traits and self-assessment of driving skills on speed preferences in a rural work zone. Eight hundred forty-five Norwegian drivers stated their preferred speed for ten pictures of a rural work zone with a 50 km/h reduced speed limit without knowing the speed limit. The results showed that the preferred speeds were greater than the actual reduced speed limit for all pictures. The standard deviations were quite high (from 11 to 14 km/h), indicating that drivers have a rather high variation in preferred speeds. A multilevel model was used to analyse the effects of the variables on speed preference. The results indicated that preferred speeds increased with age, higher scores on the normlessness scale, and higher self-assessment of own driving skills. As for the roadwork characteristics, speed increased with the presence of road markings by 11 km/h, while it decreased by 9 km/h with the presence of road delineators and by 5 km/h with barriers. Implications for respect for the reduced speed limits in work zones were discussed, and recommendations of other countermeasures were presented.

• Indregard, Anne Marthe Rustad; Ulleberg, Pål; Knardahl, Stein & Nielsen, Morten Birkeland (2018). Emotional Dissonance and Sickness Absence Among Employees Working With Customers and Clients: A Moderated Mediation Model via Exhaustion and Human Resource Primacy. Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00436. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Emotional dissonance, i.e., a discrepancy between required and felt emotions, has been established as a predictor of sickness absence in studies, but little is known about mechanisms that can explain this association. In order to prevent and reduce the impact of emotional dissonance on sickness absence, there is a need for greater attention to variables explaining when and how emotional dissonance is related to sickness absence. The overarching aim of this study was to examine whether emotional dissonance has an indirect association with sickness absence through exhaustion. In addition, we examined whether human resource primacy (HRP), which is the employer’s degree of concern for human resources, moderates this indirect effect. A sample of 7758 employees, all working with customers and clients, were recruited from 96 Norwegian organizations. Emotional dissonance, exhaustion, and HRP were measured through surveys and then linked to registry data on medically certified sickness absence for the year following the survey assessment. Results showed that exhaustion is a mediator for the relationship between emotional dissonance and sickness absence. Furthermore, higher levels of HRP were found to reduce the positive association between emotional dissonance and exhaustion, and the indirect effect of emotional dissonance on sickness absence through exhaustion is found to be weaker when HRP is high. By testing this moderated mediation model, the current study contributes to the literature on emotion work by clarifying mechanisms that are crucial for the development of targeted interventions that aim to reduce and prevent sickness absence in client-driven work environments.

• Karlsen, Kari Ebbesen; Vrabel, Kari-Anne; Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid; Ulleberg, Pål & Benum, Kirsten (2018). Effect of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial with 6-months follow-up. International Journal of Yoga. ISSN 0973-6131. 11(2), s. 166–169. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_3_17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of yoga treatment of eating disorders (EDs). Methods: Adult females meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa or ED not otherwise specified (n = 30) were randomized to 11-week yoga intervention group (2 × 90 min/week) or a control group. Outcome measures, the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE)-Interview and Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) scores, were administered at baseline, posttest, and at 6-month follow-up. There was a dropout rate of 30% (posttest) and 37% (6-month follow-up). Results: The intervention group showed reductions in EDE global score (P < 0.01), the EDE subscale restraint (P < 0.05), and eating concern (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. The differences between the groups increased at 6-month follow-up. There were no differences between the groups in the EDI-2 score. Conclusion: The results indicate that yoga could be effective in the treatment of ED.

• Rike, Per-Ola; Johansen, Hans; Ulleberg, Pål; Lundqvist, Anna & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2018). Exploring associations between self-regulatory mechanisms and neuropsychological functioning and driver behaviour after brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 0960-2011. 28(3), s. 466–490. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1170702. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Cecilie; Berge, Torkil; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara & Egeland, Jens [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Levels of alcohol use and depression severity as predictors of missed therapy sessions in cognitive behavioral psycho-educational group treatment for depression. Addiction Research and Theory. ISSN 1606-6359. 25(1), s. 11–16. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2016.1173683. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2017). Interventions for Subjects with Depressive Symptoms with or without Unhealthy Alcohol Use: Are There Different Patterns of Change? Frontiers in Psychology. 8(MAY). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00788. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: It has been suggested that alcohol problems negatively affect therapeutic interventions for depression. This study examines the patterns of change in depressive symptoms following an intervention for depression, in participants with or without comorbid unhealthy alcohol use. Methods: Depressive symptoms (BDI–II), perceived control of depressive symptoms (UNCONTROL) and unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT) were assessed in 116 patients before and after attending a cognitive behavioral psychoeducational intervention for depression. At pretest the mean score of AUDIT was 8.1, indicating a, on average, risk of harmful level of alcohol abuse. At pretest the majority of the total sample had a moderate degree of depressive symptoms, with a mean BDI–II score of 25.1 and 36.2% had a risky use of alcohol as measured with AUDIT score at 8 points or above. To assess the relationship between depressive symptoms, perceived uncontrollability of depression and alcohol use across time, a cross-lagged panel model was estimated. Results: A clinical significant reduction of depressive symptoms, and a parallel and statistically significant increase in the perceived control of depressive symptoms, was identified after attending a cognitive behavioral psychoeducational intervention for depression. At posttest, the mean BDI–II score was 17.8, demonstrating a statistically significant decrease of 7.3 points in depressive symptoms from before starting the course to 6 months later. The effect size (d-value) of 0.83 can be interpreted as a large decrease in depressive symptoms. In this sample alcohol use and depressive symptoms seemed to be unrelated. The cross-lagged correlation panel analysis indicated that a high degree of perceived control of depressive symptoms leads to a reduction in depressive symptoms, and not vice versa. Conclusion: We found that this intervention for depression were effective in reducing depressive symptoms. The patterns of change seemed to be independent of risky use of alcohol, although leaving the study was systematically associated with higher AUDIT-scores. As participants with or without unhealthy alcohol use show the same patterns of change regarding reduction of depressive symptoms and perceived control of depression, both groups could be offered the same cognitive behavioral psychoeducational interventions for depression.

• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2017). Analysing the influence of visible roadwork activity on drivers’ speed choice at work zones using a video-based experiment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 44(January), s. 53–62. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study used a video-based experimental design to investigate the influence of visible roadwork activity on speed preferences at work zones. Four videos from real work zones in Norway were used. Two roadwork areas were filmed at two moments – with and without visible roadwork activity. A total of 815 drivers watched two videos and answered a questionnaire online. Participants stated speed preferences for both videos and then evaluated the influence of 17 common work zone elements on their speed choice. The results showed lower preferred speeds for the videos with visible roadwork activity. The elements considered by drivers to influence their speed included speed regulation (e.g. speed limit signs), transient motives (e.g. time pressure), flow pressure (e.g. speed of the rear driver) and situational conditions (e.g. road situation). Results from the regression analysis showed that visible roadwork activity was the strongest predictor of lower preferred speeds. Speed regulation and transient motives were also significant predictors of preferred speeds. Those who considered speed regulation more important to influence their speed choice at work zones were likely to state lower preferred speeds, while those who considered transient motives as more important were likely to state higher preferred speeds. These findings support the hypothesis that visible roadwork activity is an important factor for lower speed preferences at work zones. The main practical implication is that road authorities should consider various countermeasures to achieve safe driving speeds at work zones, not only roadworks warning signs.

• Carlquist, Erik; Nafstad, Hilde Eileen; Blakar, Rolv Mikkel; Ulleberg, Pål; Fave, Antonella Delle & Phelps, Joshua (2017). Well-being vocabulary in media language: An analysis of changing word usage in Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Positive Psychology. ISSN 1743-9760. 12(2), s. 99–109. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1163411. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Well-being is a widely discussed topic in research, policy, and media. This study was aimed at examining usage patterns of core terminology related to well-being in Norwegian newspapers during the past two decades. Specifically, we investigated occurrence across time of 39 words describing well-being facets from four theoretical perspectives: affective approaches, cognitive or life satisfaction approaches, eudaimonic and humanistic approaches, and character strengths. Four major newspapers were selected in order to capture sociocultural and regional variation. Evidence of significant changes in usage frequency was detected for about half of the search terms. Affective words showed variable trends, while usage of words referring to satisfaction declined. The most notable magnitude of change concerned the increase in eudaimonic words related to mastery, motivation, and self-development. Findings suggest that core vocabulary of well-being belongs to a changeable field of linguistic practice. Implications for positive psychology are proposed. This research has been published in the Journal of Positive Psychology. © 2016 Taylor & Francis

• Carlquist, Erik; Ulleberg, Pål; Fave, Antonella Delle; Nafstad, Hilde Eileen & Blakar, Rolv Mikkel (2017). Everyday Understandings of Happiness, Good Life, and Satisfaction: Three Different Facets of Well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life. ISSN 1871-2584. 12(2), s. 481–505. doi: 10.1007/s11482-016-9472-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The need for increasing conceptual clarity within well-being research has been stressed by social scientists as well as policymakers and international organizations. The present study aimed to identify and compare conceptual structures of the everyday terms happiness, a good life, and satisfaction, based on a semi-stratified sample of Norwegian adults. Findings indicate that these terms share certain conceptual similarities, as used in everyday Norwegian language. For each term, it was possible to identify an underlying structure of conceptual configuration, articulated into external life domain components and internal, psychological dimensions. Relationship themes were prominent among the external domains for all three terms. Findings indicated that in Norwegian participants’ understanding, happiness and good life were highly inclusive of external life domains, whereas satisfaction primarily evoked associations to internal, psychological states and experiences. Latent class analyses highlighted differences among socio-demographic groups as concerns the degree to which different conceptualizations of the three terms were endorsed. Findings raise questions about the practice, relatively common in the applied social sciences, of treating happiness, good life and satisfaction as highly similar concepts, and the assumption that each term carries the same meaning for everyone. This research has been published in Applied Research in Quality of Life. © 2016 Springer Verlag

• Larsen, Anne Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål & Rønnestad, Michael Helge (2017). Depersonalization reconsidered: An empirical analysis of the relation between depersonalization and cynicism in an extended version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Nordic Psychology. ISSN 1901-2276. 69(3), s. 160–176. doi: 10.1080/19012276.2016.1227939. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørnstad, Anne Lise & Ulleberg, Pål (2017). Is established knowledge about cross-cultural differences in individualism–collectivism not applicable to the military? A multi-method study of cross-cultural differences in behavior. Military Psychology. ISSN 0899-5605. doi: 10.1037/mil0000186. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Preparing for international military collaboration includes raising knowledge about cultural differences. The differences in individualism–collectivism between countries are among the most central aspects likely to impact collaboration. However, are the differences in individualism–collectivism between countries as documented in a significant amount of civilian research (e.g., Hofstede, 2001a) generalizable to a military context? Or are the differences not the same in a military context, as suggested by Soeters (1997) on the bases of a values survey? Quasi-experiments were conducted in a distributed collaborative computer game environment. The study is multimethod, employing self-reporting, observer ratings and direct behavioral measures, and it is the first study of cross-cultural differences in individualism–collectivism in behavior in a military context. By studying differences in collectivist-type behaviors in a sample of military officers (N = 154) in 4 different countries (the United States, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Norway), this study seeks to determine whether the cross-cultural differences in values found by Soeters from a military context are reflected in behavior. The study also includes a values survey using Hofstede’s (2007) measurement tool, the Values Survey Module (VSM), consistent with Soeters’ study. The study is considered exploratory because of a somewhat limited sample. The results from the 6 different measures of collectivist behaviors provide no support for the suggestion that cross-cultural differences in individualism–collectivism are not the same in military organizations as in civilian organizations. Although not conclusive, the results raise doubt concerning the appropriateness of using the VSM in military samples. The implications are discussed.

• Backer-Grøndahl, Agathe; Nærde, Ane; Ulleberg, Pål & Janson, Harald (2016). Measuring Effortful Control Using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Form: Modeling Matters. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 98(1), s. 100–109. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1056303. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rike, Per-Ola; Johansen, Hans; Ulleberg, Pål; Lundquist, Anna & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2015). Exploring associations between self-reported executive functions, impulsive personality traits, driving self-efficacy, and functional abilities in driver behaviour after brain injury. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 29, s. 34–47. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2015.01.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Brennen, Tim [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Depressive Symptoms in People with and without Alcohol Abuse: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Across Groups. PLOS ONE. 9(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088321. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study explored differences in the factor structure of depressive symptoms in patients with and without alcohol abuse, and differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between the two groups. In a sample of 358 patients without alcohol problems and 167 patients with comorbid alcohol problems, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the same factor structures, Beck et al.’s two-factor Somatic Affective-Cognitive (SA-C) model, and Buckley et al.’s three-factor Cognitive-Affective- Somatic (C-A-S) model, demonstrated the best fit to the data in both groups. The SA-C model was preferred due to its more parsimonious nature. Evidence for strict measurement invariance across the two groups for the SA-C model was found. MIMIC (multiple-indicator-multiple-cause) modeling showed that the level of depressive symptoms was found to be highest on both factors in the group with comorbid alcohol problems. The magnitude of the differences in latent mean scores suggested a moderate difference in the level of depressive symptoms between the two groups. It is argued that patients with comorbid depression and alcohol abuse should be offered parallel and adequate treatment for both conditions.

• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2014). Alcohol use is not directly related to the perceived control of depressive symptoms in patients with depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00031. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Treatment-seeking patients (N = 233) were recruited as they started a course of relapse prevention and coping with depression. The mean Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) score was 26 points, indicating a moderate degree of depression. The sample was recruited from different outpatient clinics and screened for alcohol-related problems with the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Almost half of the total sample had a score on AUDIT >8 indicating an alcohol problem. The participants in this study did not undergo a clinical interview to check out if their symptoms, as assessed with BDI-II and AUDIT, were part of a formal diagnosis in accordance with the criteria in ICD 10 or DSM IV. A specific instrument, perceived uncontrollability of depression (UNCONTROL), was used to measure the persons’ perceived control of depressive symptoms; a set of statements about coping with depressive symptoms where high scores indicate lack of coping with the symptoms. Alcohol problems were not found to be significantly associated with the perceived control of ongoing depressive symptoms and did not moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms and the perceived control of depressive symptoms. The results question the assumption that alcohol use is related to coping with depressive symptoms in patients with alcohol abuse and depressive symptoms.

• Rike, Per-Ola; Ulleberg, Pål; Schultheis, Maria T.; Lundqvist, Anna & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2014). Behavioural ratings of self-regulatory mechanisms and driving behaviour after an acquired brain injury. Brain Injury. ISSN 0269-9052. 28(13-14), s. 1687–1699. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.947632. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Veer, Kees Van der & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Exploring the relationships between fear-related xenophobia, perceptions of out-group entitativity and social contact in Norway. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 112(1), s. 109–124. doi: 10.2466/17.07.21.PR0.112.1.109-124. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nissen-Lie, Helene A; Monsen, Jon Trygve; Ulleberg, Pål & Rønnestad, Michael Helge (2013). Psychotherapists' self-reports of their interpersonal functioning and difficulties in practice as predictors of patient outcome. Psychotherapy Research. ISSN 1050-3307. 23(1), s. 86–104. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2012.735775. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Følstad, Asbjørn; Hornbæk, Kasper & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Social design feedback: evaluations with users in online ad-hoc groups. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences. doi: 10.1186/2192-1962-3-18. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Social design feedback is a novel approach to usability evaluation where user participants are asked to comment on designs asynchronously in online ad-hoc groups. Two key features of this approach are that (1) it supports interaction between user participants and development team representatives and (2) user participants can see and respond to other participants’ comments. Two design cases, involving 250 user participants, were studied to explore the output of social design feedback and investigate the effect of the two key features of this approach. Of all the design feedback, 17% was rated highly useful, and 21% contained change suggestions. The presence of an active moderator, representing the development team and interacting with the user participants, increased the usefulness of the design feedback. The opportunity to see and respond to others’ design feedback had a minor effect on the kind of design feedback provided, but no effect on usefulness. Based on the findings, we offer advice on how to implement social design feedback and suggest future research.

• Bernstrøm, Vilde; Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander; Ulleberg, Pål & Hoff, Thomas (2013). Assessing a Norwegian Translation of the Organizational Climate Measure. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 112(2), s. 390–407. doi: 10.2466/01.08.PR0.112.2.390-407. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Phelps, Joshua Marvle; Ommundsen, Reidar; Türken, Salman & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Intergroup perception and proactive majority integration Attitudes. Social Psychology. ISSN 1864-9335. 44(3), s. 196–207. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000104. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Few social psychological investigations focus upon the majority’s potential active role in integration. The present study examines the relationship between intergroup perception and majority attitudes toward proactive integration of immigrant minorities in Norway. It assesses how and whether perceived entitativity of immigrants, endorsement of counter stereotypic portrayals of immigrants and meta perspectives along the appraisal dimensions of warmth/competence predict Norwegian majority members’ integration attitudes as measured by the Majority Integration Efforts (MIE) scale. Correlational and multiple regression analysis yielded two strong (perceptions of positive immigrant integration intentions and perceived entitativity) and two moderate (perceptions of high immigrant competence in Norwegian society and meta-warmth) predictors of these attitudes. Further analysis indicated that the main effect of perceived immigrant entitativity on MIE attitudes was partially mediated by perceptions of counter-stereotypic intentions and competence. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. We conclude by highlighting how the perception of immigrants’ positive integration intentions and heterogeneity as a group may best promote majority support for proactive integration efforts.

• Kunst, Jonas R.; Sam, David Lackland & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. ISSN 0147-1767. 37(2), s. 225–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gabrielsen, Leiv Einar; Watten, Reidulf G. & Ulleberg, Pål (2012). Differences on adolescent life goal profile scale between a clinical and non-clinical adolescent sample. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice. ISSN 1365-1501. 17(4), s. 244–252. doi: 10.3109/13651501.2012.745573. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haga, Silje Marie; Ulleberg, Pål; Slinning, Kari; Kraft, Pål; Steen, Thorbjørn & Staff, Anne Cathrine (2012). A longitudinal study of postpartum depressive symptoms: multilevel growth curve analyses of emotion regulation strategies, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and social support. Archives of Women's Mental Health. ISSN 1434-1816. 15(3), s. 175–184. doi: 10.1007/s00737-012-0274-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Postpartum depression is a serious health issue affecting as many as 10–15 % of postpartum women. This longitudinal study aimed to explore how psychological variables such as cognitive emotion regulation strategies, breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE), and dimensions of social support predicted postpartum depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). The data were collected with web-based survey questionnaires between May 2008 and December 2009, in a sample of 737 new mothers. The same questionnaire was surveyed at three points in time: 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling (level 1, time points; level 2, person). Results showed that BSE, certain cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived available support, and need for support predicted the rate of postpartum depressive symptoms. Only breastfeeding self-efficacy predicted change in postpartum depressive symptoms. This study illustrates the importance of psychological variables with regard to postpartum depressive symptoms. Implications for preventative efforts are discussed.

• Gabrielsen, Leiv Einar; Ulleberg, Pål & Watten, Reidulf G. (2012). The Adolescent Life Goal Profile Scale: Developmentof a New Scale for Measurements of Life GoalsAmong Young People. Journal of Happiness Studies. ISSN 1389-4978. 13(6), s. 1053–1072. doi: 10.1007/s10902-011-9306-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kunst, Jonas Rønningdalen; Tajamal, Hajra; Sam, David Lackland & Ulleberg, Pål (2012). Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities' identity formation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. ISSN 0147-1767. 36(4), s. 518–532. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Islamophobic sentiments in the Western world have gained scientific attention, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. However, the effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities’ identity formation have rarely been studied. Using structural equation modeling, this cross-sectional study examined direct and indirect effects of different forms of religious stigma on the national affiliation of 210 Norwegian-Pakistani and 216 German-Turkish Muslims. Furthermore, the study examined the mediator role of religious identity. Our results suggest that being a Muslim in Norway is more reconcilable with affiliating with the nation than being a Muslim in Germany. However, across the samples, the results indicated that various forms of religious stigma affected Muslims’ national identity and engagement in the public and private sphere in distinct ways. These effects were both positive and negative, differed between the two samples, and in Germany, were mediated by the participants’ religious identity. The findings indicated that the ways in which religious stigma influences Muslims’ national affiliation is context and culture bound.

• Lyche, Pia Elisabeth; Jonassen, Rune; Stiles, Tore C; Ulleberg, Pål & Landrø, Nils Inge (2011). Attentional Functions in Major Depressive Disorders With and Without Comorbid Anxiety. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. ISSN 0887-6177. 26(1), s. 38–47. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acq095. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to explore if the divergent results regarding attentional functions in patients with mood disorders are due to selective impairments in higher level or more basic and distinctive attentional subcomponents. We compared outpatients with current major depressive disorders (MDD; n = 37) and MDD with comorbid anxiety disorder (MDDA; n = 24) with healthy controls (n = 92) on Stroop and Attentional Network Test (ANT). The current data indicate that significant impairment in attentional functions corresponds to the presence of MDD and MDDA. MDDA displayed significantly lower performance on the Stroop variables, and MDD were significantly impaired in the alerting function in ANT. These results show impairments on different levels of attention in mood disorders. MDDA show impairments on higher level executive attention functions, whereas MDD display deficits at the basic attentional level. These findings suggest that including comorbid anxiety disorder in MDD is important for future research.

• Lyche, Pia Elisabeth; Jonassen, Rune; Stiles, Tore C; Ulleberg, Pål & Landrø, Nils Inge (2011). Verbal Memory Functions in Unipolar Major Depression With and Without Co-morbid Anxiety. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. 25(3), s. 359–375. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2010.547518. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to examine both executive control of verbal working memory and verbal learning as well as long-term storage function in outpatients with major depressive disorder (n = 61) compared to healthy controls (n = 92). A total of 37 patients had no co-morbid anxiety disorder, whereas 24 had a co-morbid anxiety disorder. Both patient groups showed impaired working memory test performance compared to healthy controls. Patients with co-morbid depression and anxiety disorder performed significantly below the depression group. Only patients with depression and co-morbid anxiety displayed deficient long-term memory function compared to healthy controls. The present results show impairments in various memory functions in patients presenting depression and depression with co-morbid anxiety disorder.

• Phillips, Ross Owen; Ulleberg, Pål & Vaa, Truls (2011). Meta-analysis of the effect of road safety campaigns on accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 43(3), s. 1204–1218. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.01.002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Ulleberg, Pål & Hoff, Thomas (2011). Organizational Climate and Innovation in the Norwegian Service Sector. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. 3(1), s. 3–17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this article was to investigate the generalizability of existing research on the relationship between organizational climate and innovation in the service sector. The study was carried out in four large departments in an international service organization (N=409), representing different industries in the service sector. The Norwegian Organizational Climate Measure (NOCM) was administered as a measure of the climate of the organization. Encouragement and support of new ideas were positively related to innovation, whereas holding on to established ways of performing work was negatively related to innovation. The results indicate that certain dimensions of the organizational climate are related to innovation, and of importance for innovation in service sector organizations. The present study discusses the generalizability of prior findings, the relationship between climate and innovation in the service sector, and suggests how organizations within the service sector can promote innovation.

• Bjørnstad, Anne Lise; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Ulleberg, Pål (2011). Effects of Cultural Diversity on Trust and its Consequences for Team Processes and Outcomes in Ad Hoc Distributed Teams. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This quasi-experimental study explores trust as a mediator, explaining how cultural diversity may affect team processes and outcomes in distributed ad hoc teams. Data were collected both through self-report and direct behavioral measures from a military sample. Our results demonstrate significantly lower trust in culturally heterogeneous distributed teams than in homogenous teams. In turn, trust was found to be positively related to team processes (i.e., communication). The results suggest trust will add explanatory value as a mediator in future team composition research. In terms of performance, outcome was not significantly predicted. Aiming to contribute to the future successful use of internationally composed teams, the implications of and the need for further research in these areas are discussed.

• Lyche, Pia Elisabeth; Jonassen, Rune; Stiles, Tore C; Ulleberg, Pål & Landrø, Nils Inge (2010). Cognitive control functions in unipolar major deepression with or without co-morbid anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 1, s. 1–9. doi: 10.3389/psyt.2010.00149. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Impaired cognitive control functions have been demonstrated in both major depression (MDD) and anxiety disorder (A), but few studies have systematically examined the impact of MDD with co-morbid A (MDDA), which is the main aim of this study. Method: We compared patients with MDD with (MDDA; n = 24) and without co-morbid A (n = 37) to a group of healthy controls (HC; n = 92) on three subtests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; intra–extra dimensional, stop signal task, and spatial working memory. These tasks correspond to a theoretical model consisting of three separable but interrelated executive control functions: Shifting, Inhibition, and Updating. A simple psychomotor speed measure was also included. Results: After controlling for age, gender, and education level, the results showed that the MDDA group displayed significantly impaired performance on the functions Shifting and Updating compared to HC. There emerged no significant differences between any of the patient groups and HC regarding Inhibition. The pure MDD group did not display dysfunctions relative to the HC group on the main executive control variables, but displayed slowed psychomotor speed. Contrary to expectation there were no significant differences between the MDDA and the MDD groups. Conclusion: Co-morbid anxiety should be taken into account when studying cognitive control functions in major depression.

• Backer-Grøndahl, Agathe; Fyhri, Aslak; Ulleberg, Pål & Amundsen, Astrid Helene (2009). Accidents and Unpleasant Incidents: Worry in Transport and Prediction of Travel Behavior. Risk Analysis. ISSN 0272-4332. 29(9), s. 1217–1226. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Hoff, Thomas; Jenssen, Gunnar Deinboll; Øritsland, Trond Are & Ulleberg, Pål (2008). On Representations of In-Vehicle Information Systems - Effects of Graphical (GUI) versus Speech-Based User Interfaces. I Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (Red.), Embodied Minds – Technical Environments. Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251923415. s. 161–180. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The deep integration of technology in our modern society forces us to rethink the relationship humans have to their surroundings. The rise of complex sociotechnical systems denotes how humans and technology have entered a symbiotic relationship where the coordinated and fluent interaction between us and technology is a crucial condition for modern societies to function. The disharmony in the relationship between humans and technology has immediate and serious consequences. Accidents and failed operations in transport, incomprehensible user interfaces, and failure to learn from experience are all examples from everyday life suggesting that the understanding of human-technology relationships is not sufficient. This book investigates how humans relate to technology in our modern society, and how our basic assumption of human thought and behaviour guide our efforts to improve and control technology. The fact is that the skilled use of technology in expert systems and everyday life challenges the traditional conception of humans and technology as two separate elements in the analysis of work. This book shows how this dualism is evident and problematic in a wide range of areas, such as investigation of human error in accidents, case studies of innovative interface solutions, simulator training strategies, analysis of work practices in complex systems, and traffic safety research. This book is written for researchers, students and professionals, to supplement the ongoing effort to understand how technology can be integrated with more confidence in modern society.

• Bjørnskau, Torkel; Fyhri, Aslak & Ulleberg, Pål (2004). Traffic education of small children with the use of a table-top model. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 7(4), s. 197–207. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål (2004). Social influence from the back-seat. Factors related to adolescent passengers willingness to address unsafe drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 7, s. 17–30. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2003). Personality, attitudes and risk perception as predictors of risky driving behaviour among young drivers. Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 41(5), s. 427–443. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2002). Risk-taking attitudes among young drivers: the psychometric qualities and dimensionality of an instrument to measure young drivers’ risk-taking attitudes. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 43(3), s. 227–237. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hatling, Trond; Krogen, Trond & Ulleberg, Pål (2002). Compulsory admissions to psychiatric hospitals in Norway – international comparisons and regional variations. Journal of Mental Health. ISSN 0963-8237. 11(6), s. 623–634. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål (2001). Personality subtypes of young drivers. Relationship to risk-taking preferences, accident involvement, and response to a traffic safety campaign. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. 4(4), s. 279–297. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Risk-Taking Attitudes and Driving Behaviour Among Adolescents in Two Norwegian Counties. I etternavn], [Mangler fornavn] [Mangler (Red.), Safety in the Modern Society. Work, Home and Leisure,. People and Work Research Reports. ISSN 9789518023381. s. 66–70. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2000). The Relation Between Risk Perception, Risk-Taking Attitudes and Driving Behaviour Among Adolescents. I Cottam, M.P.; Harvey, D.W.; Pape, R.P. & Tait, J. (Red.), Foresight and Precaution Vol. 2. Proceedings of The European Conference of Safety and Reliability ESREL 2000. Balkema. ISSN 9789058091420. s. 983–988. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Adolescents' Risk-Taking Attitudes and Driving Behaviour. I Rundmo, Torbjørn (Red.), Risk Perception, Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety, and Behaviour Among Young Novice Drivers and Their Passengers. Rotunde Publikasjoner. s. 45–51. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2000). Predictors of Risky Driving behaviour. I Rundmo, Torbjørn (Red.), Risk Perception, Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety, and Behaviour Among Young Novice Drivers and Their Passengers. Rotunde Publikasjoner. s. 53–69. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2000). The Psychometric Qualities and Dimensionality of an Instrument to measure Young Drivers' Risk-Taking Attitudes. I Rundmo, Torbjørn (Red.), Risk Perception, Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety, and Behaviour Among Young Novice Drivers and Their Passengers. Rotunde Publikasjoner. s. 1–19. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Risk Perception and Risk Behaviour Among Young Drivers and Their Passengers. I Rundmo, Torbjørn (Red.), Risk Perception, Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety, and Behaviour Among Young Novice Drivers and Their Passengers. Rotunde Publikasjoner. s. 21–44. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn; Hestad, Hilde & Ulleberg, Pål (1998). Organisational factors and workload among offshore oil personnel. Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 29, s. 75–87. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1997). Job stress, social support, job satisfaction and absenteeism among offshore oil personnel. Work & Stress - An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations. ISSN 0267-8373. 11(3), s. 215–228. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1997). Job stress, social support, job satisfaction and absenteeism. Work & Stress - An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations. ISSN 0267-8373. 11, s. 215–228. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Ulleberg, Pål & Nordvik, Hilmar (2001). Faktoranalyse: Innføring i faktoranalyse og faktorteori. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788251916462. 31 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2000). Var Det Vært Det? Evaluering av 18/40-aksjonen. Teknisk Dokumentasjonsrapport. Rotunde Publikasjoner. ISBN 9788278920084. 114 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Var Det Vært Det? Evaluering av 18/40-Aksjonen. Oppsummeringsrapport. Rotunde Publikasjoner. ISBN 9788278920060. 40 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Var Det Vært Det? Evaluering av 18/40-aksjonen. Resultatrapport. Rotunde Publikasjoner. ISBN 9788278920077. 122 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nordvik, Hilmar & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Teststatistikk: en oversikt over statistiske begreper og metoder knyttet til konstruksjon og bruk av psykologiske tester. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788251916134. 30 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1999). Employee Safety Attitudes at Hydro Polymers Aycliffe. Evaluation of Safety Measures. Rotunde publikasjoner. 13 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1999). Evaluation Study of Measures Aimed at Improving Employee Safety Attitudes at Hydro Rafnes - Study II. Rotunde publiskasjoner. 13 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1999). Evaluation of measures Aimed at Improving Employee Safety Attitudes at Hydro Porsgrunn Industrial Park. Rotunde publikasjoner. 14 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1999). Evaluation Study of measures Aimed at Improving Employee Safety Attitudes at Hydro Plast Stenungsund. Rotunde publikasjoner. 14 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1997). Employee subjective assessments of safety, health and environment at Norsk Hydro Aluminium Rockledge, Florida : pilot study report. Rotunde. 21 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1997). Organisational factors and safety attitudes : employee assessments at Hydro Agri Le Havre. Rotunde. 13 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1997). Organisatoriske faktorer og sikkerhetsholdninger : ansattes vurderinger ved Hydro Agri K@øping. Rotunde. 19 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1997). Organisatoriske faktorer, sikkerhetsholdninger og atferd : ansattes vurderinger av helse, miljø og sikkerhet ved Hydro Agri Glomfjord. Rotunde. 21 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1997). Organisational factors and safety attitudes : employee assessments at Hydro Agri Immingham. Rotunde. 21 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1997). Sikkerhetskultur, holdninger og atferd : ansattes vurderinger av helse, miljø og sikkerhet ved Norsk Hydro ASA Rafnes. Rotunde. 15 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1997). Organisatoriske faktorer, sikkerhetsholdninger og atferd : ansattes vurderinger ved Hydro Energi Telemark. Rotunde. 32 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Ulleberg, Pål & Bjørnskau, Torkel (2022). The effect of passenger presence on risk of collision for older drivers. Do drivers' safety orientation matter? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Previous studies have found that older drivers’ accident risk is lower when carrying one or more passengers. It is, however, unclear whether the presence of a passenger lowers older drivers’ accident risk or whether safer older drivers tend to ride with passengers. The present study aimed to examine whether older drivers’ risk of being the at-fault part in a multi-vehicle accident (MVA) was dependent upon carrying a passenger when the accident occurred, controlling for driver age, gender, driver self-efficacy, the use of compensatory driving strategies, driving skills and driving style. We also tested whether being familiar with the accident site was related accident risk, and the combined effect of familiarity with the accident site and carrying a passenger upon accident risk. Method: The sample consisted of 1266 car owners aged 70 years or older who had reported a multi-vehicle accident to the insurance company during the last 24 months. The car owners responded to a self-report questionnaire. Using the method of quasi-induced exposure, logistic regression analysis was used to predict the odds of at-fault accident risk. Results: Carrying a passenger at the time of the accident was related to a reduction in the risk of being the at-fault part in an MVA. This beneficial effect of carrying a passenger was found for both the “youngest old” and the “oldest old” drivers, and persisted after controlling for drivers’ gender, the use of compensatory driving strategies, driver self-efficacy, and driving skills and driving style. Being unfamiliar with the accident site was related to an increase in accident risk. Conclusion: The results suggest that the presence of a passenger lowers older drivers’ accident risk, independently of drivers’ safety orientation, age and gender. Driving in unfamiliar areas was related to an increase in the risk of being the at-fault part in an MVA. This increase in risk was not contingent upon carrying a passenger.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Andersen, Eivind; Ulleberg, Pål & Bigseth, Therese Torgersen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Shared and differential neurocognitive effects comparing high-intensity interval training and active video-gaming in schizophrenia - results from an rct. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 46, s. S9–S9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Indregard, Anne Marthe Rustad; Ulleberg, Pål; Knardahl, Stein & Nielsen, Morten Birkeland (2018). Emotional dissonance, exhaustion, and sickness absence among employees working with customers and clients The moderating role of human resource primacy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Negri, Luca; Carlquist, Erik; Ulleberg, Pål & Fave, Antonella Delle (2014). Presenza e Ricerca di significato: proprietà psicometriche del Meaning in Life Questionnaire in Italia e Norvegia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kunst, Jonas R.; Sam, David Lackland & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Developing and Validating a Scale to Measure Muslim Minorities' Perceptions of Societal Islamophobia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rike, Per-Ola; Ulleberg, Pål & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2012). Critical factors in driving assessment after Stroke and TBI: Risky premorbid driving behaviors. Brain Injury. ISSN 0269-9052. 26(4-5), s. 650–651. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn; Ulleberg, Pål & Iversen, Hilde Karin (2001). Attitudes towards Traffic Safety, Risk Perception and Behaviour among Young Drivers and Their Passengers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Risk Perception and Traffic Safety Among Adolescents in Two Norwegian Counties. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (2000). Health and Safety Promotion Among Young Drivers and Their Passengers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1999). Subjective Risk Assessments and Risk Behaviour. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål (1999). Evaluering av holdningskampanjer - hva skal en måle og hvordan? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Holdningskampanjer har vært et populært tiltak i forbindelse med sikkerhetsfremmende arbeid. Til tross for kampanjenes popularitet, hevder flere utredninger basert på tidligere empiri at holdningspåvirkning er et lite effektivt virkemiddel for å påvirke atferd. På den annen side foreligger det etter hvert en relativt omfattende forskningslitteratur som hevder det motsatte: at holdninger kan påvirkes og at slike kampanjer kan ha en positiv effekt på atferd. Mye av forvirringen rundt dette skyldes nok at ytterst få holdningskampanjer er blitt vurdert på en faglig forsvarlig måte. I mitt innlegg vil jeg legge vekt på hvilke effektmål man kan fokusere på, hvordan disse kan måles og noen generelle målingsprinsipper for holdninger. Innlegget er ikke ment som en "kokebok" for hvordan holdningskampanje bør evalueres, men heller som et innspill med tanke på hvilke mål som det kan være aktuelt å fokusere på når effekten av holdningskampanjer evalueres.

• Rundmo, Torbjørn & Ulleberg, Pål (1999). Risk Perception, Attitudes and Traffic Behaviour. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål & Rundmo, Torbjørn (1999). Development of a scale measuring risk-taking attitudes among young drivers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Several studies have demonstrated a link between risk taking attitudes and traffic behaviour. Adolescents are over represented in traffic related accidents in Norway, and safety promotion may be of particular relevance to this group. However, psychometric assessment of risk-taking attitudes among adolescents are rarely studied in relation to driving. The present study aims at testing the psychometric qualities of a scale measuring risk taking attitudes in traffic behaviour among adolescents. A self completion questionnaire survey was carried out among 3942 adolescents in Norway in 1998/1999. A factor analysis was applied to identify potential sub-scales of risk taking attitudes. Both Cronbach's alpha and Mokken scale analysis for polytomous items was used in order to test the scalability of the sub-scales. The results indicate that several sub-scales of risk taking attitudes could be identified (e.g. concern for others, speeding, drinking and driving). The paper also investigate similarities and differences between Cronbach's alpha and Mokken scale analysis in relation to the scalability of the sub-scales measuring risk taking attitudes.

• Fløvik, Lise; Christensen, Jan Olav; Knardahl, Stein & Ulleberg, Pål (2020). A healthy change? The impact of organizational changes on the organization’s psychosocial work environment and employee mental health. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Indregard, Anne Marthe Rustad; Nielsen, Morten Birkeland & Ulleberg, Pål (2019). Emotional dissonance, mental health complains, and sickness absence among employees working with customers and clients. Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål; Vaa, Truls; Ausserer, Karin; Carstensen, Gitte; Forward, Sonja & Krol, Barabra [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Road user model and persuasion techniques. Sixth framework programme (EU), Sustainable surface transport priority. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moan, Inger Synnøve & Ulleberg, Pål (2007). Evaluering av trafikksikkerhetstiltaket "Ikke tøft å være død". Transportøkonomisk institutt . ISSN 9788248007173. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulleberg, Pål (2002). Influencing subgroups of young drivers and their passengers. Motivational influences of personality traits on risk-taking attitudes and driving behaviour. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 9788247151310. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In Norway, as well as in many other countries, traffic accidents are one of the greatest threats against adolescents’ health. Young Norwegian drivers are found to have 10-15 times as high a risk of being involved in traffic accidents compared to other drivers, and more than every forth Norwegian driver who is involved in traffic accidents resulting in physical injuries is 24 years of age or younger. The high accident rate indicates that traffic safety promotion may be of particular relevance to young drivers. One way of influencing safer driving practices is through the use of public road safety campaigns. The effect of such campaigns has, however, been questioned. Several literature reviews have concluded that the majority of traffic safety campaigns aimed at influencing drivers’ attitudes or behaviour have failed to document any effects on the number of accidents. The supposed influence of attitudes on driving behaviour has also been questioned. On the other hand, a metaanalysis carried out recently suggests that campaigns be the most efficient measure to improve safety on the roads. This suggests that road safety campaigns still may be a useful mean for promoting road safety. There may be several reasons for the campaigns’ apparent lack of success, as well as the uncertain relation between attitudes, driving behaviour and traffic accidents. This thesis aims at giving a more thoroughly insight into the dimensionality of adolescents attitudes to traffic safety, as well as the association between attitudes and driving behaviour. The motivations underlying attitudes and behaviour are also studied in terms of the correspondence between personality traits and young drivers’ safety orientation in traffic. Finally, the role of adolescent passengers as “guardian angels” is addressed. The present thesis consists of four studies. The first study aims at developing a reliable and valid measure of adolescents’ risk-taking attitudes and how such a measure relates to driving behaviour and accident involvement. The second study investigates how personality dispositions are related to adolescents’ safety orientation in traffic. The third study aims at identifying reliable and valid subtypes of young drivers on the basis of personality characteristics. The fourth study has a different point of departure, focusing on the role of adolescent passengers rather than the drivers. This last study examines factors that may enhance or prevent adolescent passengers to promote safe driving among their peer drivers. The results of study 1 demonstrated that adolescents’ attitudes towards risk-taking in traffic were multidimensional. The reported attitudes on the dimensions demonstrated that adolescents think differently concerning these aspects of traffic safety. On some dimensions, most adolescents report quite ideal attitudes concerning safety, on other dimensions the picture is the opposite. The attitude dimensions identified were related to both risk-taking behaviour in traffic and accident involvement. However, the influence of the various dimensions on behaviour differed in magnitude. This implies that some dimensions were more important predictors of behaviour than others. Thus, the attitude dimensions with the highest correspondence with self-reported behaviour could be given special attention when traffic safety programs are carried out. The results of study 2 suggested that the relation between the personality traits and driving violations was mediated through attitudes. On this basis it was concluded that personality traits primarily influence risky driving behaviour indirectly through affecting the attitudinal determinants of the behaviour. This suggests that deeperlying motivations represented as personality traits is reflected in adolescents’ attitudes towards traffic safety. A practical implication of the results would be to acknowledge the importance of personality traits in traffic safety campaigns. Consequently, the messages of attitude campaigns could be tailored according to certain personality characteristic, in order to appeal to high-risk drivers. However, if risk-taking attitudes are partly a consequence of permanent motivational factors, this implies that drivers’ risk-taking attitudes may be difficult to change trough traditional mass-media campaigns. Study 3 identified six subtypes of young drivers on the basis of a cluster analysis of personality measures. The subtypes were found to differ on self-reported risky driving behaviour, attitudes towards traffic safety, risk perception, estimation of own driving skills, and accident involvement. Two of the subtypes were identified as high-risk groups in traffic. The subtypes were also found to differ on how they evaluated and responded to a traffic safety campaign. The results indicated that the campaign seemed to appeal most to the low-risk subtypes and least to the high-risk subtypes. Gender differences within each subtype were also found on the different traffic related measures, as well as on response to the campaign. It is concluded that young drivers should not be treated as a homogenous group pertaining to road safety. Study 4 showed that there were several factors influencing adolescents’ willingness to address risky driving. Females were in general most likely to report that they spoke out to the driver when feeling unsafe in the car. Males seemed to perceive more negative consequences of addressing unsafe drives, to be less confident in their ability to influence an unsafe driver, to be more likely to accept risk taking from other drivers, and perceive less risk than females. In turn, these beliefs affected the likelihood of confronting an unsafe driver. The results also demonstrated that a relatively large proportion of the adolescents thought that it is acceptable to ride with an unsafe driver. This kind of belief lessened the likelihood of addressing unsafe driving, as well as being most prominent among passengers who ride with friends with risky driving habits. Possible implications of the results of the four studies for both driver-focused and peer-focused interventions aimed at promoting road safety are discussed.

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