Lars Smith

• Svendsrud, Hedvig; Fredriksen, Eivor; Lund, Olaf; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Helmikstøl, Beate [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Fathers’ prenatal risk and infant mental health: The role of caregiving warmth. Developmental Psychology. ISSN 0012-1649. 62(11), s. 2322–2334. doi: 10.1037/dev0002191. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Fathers can influence their children's behavioral and emotional development positively or negatively. Limited research has explored the impact of fathers' prenatal risk factors and paternal postnatal warmth on infant socioemotional development. This novel study, characterized by its use of two warmth measures, a large Nordic cohort of fathers and a longitudinal prenatal-to-postnatal design, investigates (a) the longitudinal direct effects of prenatal paternal cumulative risk on infant externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months and (b) whether paternal caregiving warmth at 12 months, assessed by paternal self-reports as well as observed by dyadic interactions, moderates these associations. Data were drawn from the Little in Norway study, a large cohort of fathers (N = 864, 97.6% cohabiting, Mage = 32.18 years, 67.2% reported >3 years higher education, 4.7% belonged to an ethnic minority group) and their infants. Path analyses showed that higher paternal prenatal cumulative risk predicted increased infant externalizing (β = 0.14, p = .002) and internalizing (β = 0.09, p = .039) symptoms. Paternal self-reported warmth predicted lower externalizing symptoms, but no association was found for internalizing symptoms. Neither self-reported nor observed paternal warmth was found to moderate the relation between paternal prenatal risk and infant externalizing or internalizing symptoms, suggesting that paternal warmth may not serve as a single protective factor in buffering the potential detrimental effects of paternal cumulative risk on infant mental health outcomes. Findings underscore the importance of including fathers in developmental research, early interventions, and social policies, beginning in the prenatal period. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

• Svendsrud, Hedvig; Bekkhus, Mona; Lund, Olaf; Shai, Dana; Spencer, Rose & Smith, Lars [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Does expectant fathers' attachment style or depressive mood relate to their embodied mentalizing capacity of their 12-month-old infant? Acta Psychologica. ISSN 0001-6918. 263, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106224. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Parental embodied mentalizing is about how parents show with their body that they hold in mind their infants' mind. The main study's aim was to explore what influences fathers' embodied mentalizing. A random sample of 200 fathers and their 12-month-old infants were drawn from a large longitudinal, population-based dataset, the "Little in Norway (LiN)" study. Fathers' partner related attachment style was assessed at enrollment, symptoms of depression were measured four times during pregnancy and at 12 months postpartum, as was also parenting stress. Videotaped father-infant interactions were coded with the Parental Embodied Mentalizing Assessment (PEMA). Results showed that fathers of girls were demonstrating a higher capacity for embodied mentalizing compared to fathers of boys. There were no direct effects of prenatal depressive symptoms or attachment style on fathers embodied mentalizing, suggesting that lower levels of attachment insecurity and depressive symptoms do not necessarily compromise fathers' capacity for embodied mentalizing. However, depressive symptoms during pregnancy increased the likelihood of postpartum depressive symptoms and parenting stress. In combination, these increased risks were related to poorer embodied mentalizing in fathers. This suggests that being depressed both during pregnancy and when the infant is 12 months, as well as experiencing stress in the parenting role, may be risk factors for compromised embodied mentalizing.

• Fredriksen, Eivor; Soest, Tilmann Martin von; Bekkhus, Mona; Svendsrud, Hedvig; Smith, Lars & Siqveland, Torill Kandal Sundet [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Parental Gender and Adult Attachment Style in the Transition to Parenthood: Implications for Parent–Infant Interaction, Parenting Stress, and Parental Leave Practices. Journal of Marriage and Family. ISSN 0022-2445. 88(1), s. 145–159. doi: 10.1111/jomf.70002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective Aiming to broaden our understanding of parental gender differences within the framework of attachment theory, this study explores how parents' prenatal attachment styles relate to parenting stress, parent–infant interaction, and paternity leave, by investigating how attachment styles and gender interact to predict parenting outcomes. Background The attachment system is at the core of parental adjustments during the perinatal period, underscored by the interplay between attachment styles and caregiving behavior. Yet, gender differences in these associations remain poorly understood, despite variations in parenting roles. Methods Families (N = 1036) participating in a prospective community-based study in Norway reported adult attachment orientations during pregnancy. Postnatal data included self-reported parenting stress, observed mother–infant/father–infant interactions, and paternal parental leave uptake. A path analysis was carried out, using multigroup comparisons to investigate parental gender differences. Results Prenatal adult attachment avoidance and anxiety predicted higher parenting stress (range: β = 0.12–0.38), and attachment avoidance predicted higher father–infant interactional difficulties postnatally (β = 0.35). Fathers' attachment insecurities were related to lower uptake of paternity leave through indirect pathways with a small effect size. Associations between attachment avoidance and all parenting outcomes were consistently stronger for fathers than mothers. Conclusion Adult attachment styles among expectant parents are associated with a diverse range of parenting outcomes, with findings revealing gendered patterns in the links between adult attachment and caregiving systems during the perinatal period.

• Helmikstøl, Beate; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Fredriksen, Eivor (2025). Mapping Dysregulation: Prenatal Predictors and Developmental Trajectories of Multiple Regulatory Problems in Early Childhood. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. doi: 10.1007/s10802-025-01320-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Helmikstøl, Beate; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Fredriksen, Eivor (2023). Multiple Risk in Pregnancy- Prenatal Risk Constellations and Mother-Infant Interactions, Parenting Stress, and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study from Pregnancy to 18 Months Postpartum. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. doi: 10.1007/s10802-023-01145-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Svendsrud, Hedvig; Fredriksen, Eivor; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Tsotsi, Stella & Ullebø, Anne Karin [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Becoming Dad: Expectant Fathers’ Attachment Style and Prenatal Representations of the Unborn Child. Children. 10(7). doi: 10.3390/children10071187. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How expectant fathers think and feel about the unborn child (prenatal representations), has shown associations with fathers’ postnatal parenting behaviors, observed father–infant interactional quality and child cognitive development. There is limited knowledge about fathers’ prenatal representations. The present study examined if fathers’ partner-related attachment styles were related to their prenatal representations of the unborn child. In the “Little in Norway Study”, an ongoing prospective, longitudinal population-based study, 396 expectant fathers completed the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale at enrollment (mean gestational week = 23.76, SD = 4.93), and in gestational weeks 27–35 completed three questions assessing prenatal representations. Correlations of attachment style and prenatal representations were reported using logistic regression analyses. We found that an avoidant attachment style by fathers were predicted to have absent or negative representations on all three items (1) “strongest feeling about the unborn child” (Cl = 1.19–2.73), (2) “thoughts about child personality” (Cl = 1.16–1.87), and (3) “experiences of relationship with the child” (Cl = 1.14–1.75). Father anxious attachment style was not significantly associated with absent or negative prenatal representations. Results suggest that expectant fathers with a partner related avoidant attachment style have an increased risk of having absent or negative prenatal representations of the unborn child.

• Siqveland, Torill Sundet; Fredriksen, Eivor; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2022). Dyadic parent–infant interaction patterns at 12 months: Exploring dyadic parent–infant gender compositions. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 43(3), s. 424–439. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21982. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Willis, David W.; Condon, Marie-Celeste; Moe, Vibeke; Munson, Leslie; Smith, Lars & Eddy, J. Mark (2022). The context and development of the early relational health screen. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 43(3), s. 493–506. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21986. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Araujo, Pedro; Kjellevold, Marian; Nerhus, Ive; Dahl, Lisbeth; Aakre, Inger & Moe, Vibeke [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Fatty acid reference intervals in red blood cells among pregnant women in Norway–Cross sectional data from the ‘Little in Norway’ cohort. Nutrients. 12(10), s. 1–16. doi: 10.3390/nu12102950. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a growing interest in determining fatty acid reference intervals from pregnancy cohort, especially considering the lack of reference values for pregnant women in the literature and the generalized misconception of equating reference intervals for nonpregnant women as equivalent to pregnant women. Seafood and supplements are important dietary sources for the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:55ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω-3). Sufficient intake of EPA and DHA is vital during pregnancy for the development of the fetus, as well as for maintaining adequate levels for the mother. This study describes the fatty acid status and suggests reference values and cut-offs for fatty acids in red blood cells (RBC) from pregnant women (n = 247). An electronic food frequency questionnaire (e-FFQ) mapped the dietary habits of the participants, and gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid levels in RBC. The association between e-FFQ variables and fatty acid concentrations was established using a principal component analysis (PCA). Twenty-nine-point-one percent (29.1%) of the participants reported eating seafood as dinner according to the Norwegian recommendations, and they added in their diet as well a high percentage (76.9%) intake of ω-3 supplements. The concentration levels of fatty acids in RBC were in agreement with those reported in similar populations from different countries. The reference interval 2.5/97.5 percentiles for EPA, DPA, DHA were 0.23/2.12, 0.56/2.80, 3.76/10.12 in relative concentration units (%), and 5.99/51.25, 11.08/61.97, 64.25/218.08 in absolute concentration units (µg/g), respectively. The number of participants and their selection from all over Norway vouch for the representativeness of the study and the validity of the proposed reference values, and therefore, the study may be a useful tool when studying associations between fatty acid status and health outcome in future studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first PCA study reporting a direct association between ω-3 LCPUFA and intake of seafood and ω-3 supplements in a pregnancy cohort.

• Aakre, Inger; Morseth, Marianne; Dahl, Lisbeth Jane; Henjum, Sigrun; Kjellevold, Marian & Moe, Vibeke [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Iodine status during pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 18 months post-partum. Maternal & Child Nutrition. ISSN 1740-8695. s. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post‐partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine‐containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post‐partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post‐partum (n = 915), 6 months post‐partum (n = 849), 12 months post‐partum (n = 733) and 18 months post‐partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post‐partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post‐partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post‐partum and gradually improved with increasing time post‐partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine‐containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post‐partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine‐containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status.

• Skjøthaug, Thomas; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Stänicke, Erik & Moe, Vibeke (2020). Antecedents of fathers’ perception of child behavior at child age 12 months. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 41(4), s. 495–516. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21862. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates whether fathers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and attachment style reported during pregnancy predict fathers’ perception of child behavior assessed 12 months postpartum, expressed by the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Child Domain. Prospective fathers (N = 835) were recruited to “The Little in Norway (LiN) study” (Moe & Smith) at nine well‐baby clinics in Norway, with data collection composed of five time points during pregnancy and two time points postpartum (6 and 12 months). The main analyses included linear regression, path‐analysis modeling, and intraclass correlation based on mixed effects modeling. First, linear regression analyses showed that neither fathers’ ACE nor attachment style significantly predicted perceived child behavior postpartum directly. Furthermore, path analyses showed that ACE and less secure attachment style (especially avoidant attachment) measured early in pregnancy strongly predicted negatively perceived child behavior, mediated by fathers’ mental health symptoms during pregnancy and partner disharmony postpartum. Second, intraclass correlation analyses showed that fathers’ perceived child behavior showed substantial stability between 6 and 12 months postpartum. Family interventions beginning in pregnancy may be most beneficial given that fathers’ early experiences and perceptions of attachment in pregnancy were associated with later partner disharmony and stress.

• Jacobsen, Heidi; Bergsund, Hans Bugge; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2020). Foster children are at risk for developing problems in social-emotional functioning: A follow-up study at 8 years of age. Children and Youth Services Review. ISSN 0190-7409. 108. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104603. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Foster children are at risk for becoming less well-adjusted in their social-emotional functioning due to possible abuse and neglect prior to placement. There is no consistent evidence that foster children’s social-emotional functioning improves in foster care, and externalizing behavior has specifically been linked to placement disruption. Investigations of foster children’s functioning over time and with multiple informants are scarce. Our first aim was to investigate foster children’s social-emotional functioning (externalizing, internalizing and total problem behavior) reported by female and male caregivers, as well as by teachers, at 8 years (T3) of age, as compared with a non-foster group. Our second aim was to investigate the predictive power of internalizing and externalizing behavior from age 2 (T1) and 3 years (T2). Results showed that foster children were reported to show more problem behavior at age 8 years compared to the comparison children, although their scores were within the normal range. Externalizing behavior reported by foster mothers at age 2 and 3 years, and by foster fathers at age 3, strongly predicted externalizing behavior at age 8 years. The results suggest that social-emotional functioning in early childhood predicts externalizing and internalizing behavior in middle childhood. This study highlights the clinical importance of investigating such behavior among young foster children in order to help them move towards a healthy developmental pathway in early school years.

• Wikenius, Ellen; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Heiervang, Einar & Berglund, Anders (2019). DNA methylation changes in infants between 6 and 52 weeks. Scientific Reports. 9(1), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54355-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Infants undergo extensive developments during their frst year of life. Although the biological mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood, changes in the DNA methylation in mammals are believed to play a key role. This study was designed to investigate changes in infant DNA methylation that occurs between 6 and 52 weeks. A total of 214 infant saliva samples from 6 or 52 weeks were assessed using principal component analyses and t-distributed stochastic neighbor-embedding algorithms. Between the two time points, there were clear diferences in DNA methylation. To further investigate these fndings, paired two-sided student’s t-tests were performed. Diferently methylated regions were defned as at least two consecutive probes that showed signifcant diferences, with a q-value<0.01 and a mean diference>0.2. After correcting for false discovery rates, changes in the DNA methylation levels were found in 42 genes. Of these, 36 genes showed increased and six decreased DNA methylation. The overall DNA methylation changes indicated decreased gene expression. This was surprising because infants undergo such profound developments during their frst year of life. The results were evaluated by taking into consideration the extensive development that occurs during pregnancy. During the frst year of life, infants have an overall three-fold increase in weight, while the fetus develops from a single cell into a viable infant in 9 months, with an 875-million-fold increase in weight. It is possible that the fndings represent a biological slowing mechanism in response to extensive fetal development. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of DNA methylation changes during the frst year of life, representing a possible biological slowing mechanism. We encourage future studies of DNA methylation changes in infants to replicate the fndings by using a repeated measures model and less stringent criteria to see if the same genes can be found, as well as investigating whether other genes are involved in development during this period.

• Wikenius, Ellen; Myhre, Anne Margrethe; Page, Christian Magnus; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Heiervang, Einar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant DNA methylation: a longitudinal epigenome-wide study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 73(4-5), s. 257–263. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1613446. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Verpe, Hege; Kjellevold, Marian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas & Stormark, Kjell Morten [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Early postpartum discharge: maternal depression, breastfeeding habits and different follow-up strategies. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 33(1), s. 85–92. doi: 10.1111/scs.12604. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: In most maternity wards in Norway, early discharge (&lt;48h) is the norm. To monitor newborns&rsquo; and women&rsquo;s health during the first week after delivery, most maternity wards offer early check-ups, were families return to the hospital (standard care). However, a few municipalities offer home-visits by midwives (domiciliary care), to ensure seamless services for the family. Aim: The primary aim of this study was to explore if different follow-up strategies were differently associated with maternal depression and breastfeeding habits, six weeks and six months postpartum. The secondary aim was to investigate if families at risk for postpartum depression were included in the home visiting program in the municipality that offered both follow-up strategies. Method: This study draws on data from the &ldquo;Little in Norway&rdquo; (LIN) study, which followed families from pregnancy until the child was 18 months. The present study used data from two different municipalities, where one offered standard care (n=95) and the other domiciliary (n=64) and standard care (n=17). The Edinburg postnatal depression scale (EPDS) was used to measure maternal depression. Breastfeeding habits were measured using a self-reported questionnaire. The Life Stress subscale of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) was used to identify women at risk for postpartum depression. Results: There were no differences in maternal depressive symptoms or breastfeeding habits at neither six weeks nor six months postpartum between women that received standard or domiciliary care in the two municipalities. Within the municipality that offered both follow-up strategies a higher number of women scoring high on prenatal Life Stress were included in domiciliary- compared to standard care. Conclusion: Differential follow-up strategies in the first week after birth did not impact on maternal depression or breastfeeding habits. However, domiciliary care seems to be regarded as supportive and non-stigmatizing for women at risk for postpartum depression.

• Moe, Vibeke; Fredriksen, Eivor; Kjellevold, Marian; Dahl, Lisbeth Jane; Wik, Maria & Stormark, Kjell Morten [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Little in Norway: a prospective longitudinal community-based cohort from pregnancy to child age 18 months. BMJ Open. 9:e031050(12), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Little in Norway (LiN) project is a cross-disciplinary prospective longitudinal study starting in pregnancy. It was set up to investigate maternal and paternal mental health functioning in the transition to parenthood, detect pathways to healthy and aberrant child development and generate new knowledge about mechanisms underlying differential child mental health susceptibility.

• Fredriksen, Eivor; Soest, Tilmann Von; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2019). Depressive symptom contagion in the transition to parenthood: Interparental processes and the role of partner-related attachment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. ISSN 0021-843X. 128(5), s. 397–403. doi: 10.1037/abn0000429. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How depressive symptoms unfold within a couple during the perinatal events of pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenthood is poorly understood. In this prospective study, we aim to investigate the reciprocal relation between maternal and paternal depressive symptomatology, specifically how symptoms in 1 partner relate to subsequent symptom level changes in the other partner throughout the perinatal period. Further, we aim to identify parents who are particularly vulnerable to the development of disruptive processes of negative mood states. Data were collected from 1,036 mothers and 878 fathers participating in the Little in Norway study from midpregnancy until 12 months postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed at 7 time points (4 prenatally) in both parents. Partner-related attachment was measured early in pregnancy. By using an autoregressive latent trajectory modeling approach, accounting for time invariant confounding, we found mothers’ depressive symptoms late in pregnancy to predict elevated symptom levels in fathers 6 weeks after birth, with a small effect size. No other time-adjacent effects were observed among partners at other time points or with the opposite directionality. However, moderation analyses revealed that among parents characterized by insecure partner-attachment styles, additional cross-lagged pathways were evident during pregnancy and throughout the first year of parenthood. Clinicians need to be aware of fathers’ vulnerability to symptom development in instances of maternal perinatal depressive states at the time around childbirth, and tailor preventive and treatment efforts to address both parents’ needs. Further, particular attention should be directed to parents with heightened susceptibility to prolonged depression contagion processes.

• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne Økern; Siqveland, Torill Sundet; Nygaard, Egil; Bjørnebekk, Astrid; Slinning, Kari & Wentzel-Larsen, Tore [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Cognitive and socioemotional functioning at 4½ years in children born to mothers who have received treatment for substance-abuse problems while pregnant. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 39(5), s. 581–594. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21733. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Cognitive and socioemotional functioning at 4½ years of age were examined in children born to mothers with substance‐abuse problems (n = 22) recruited from residential treatment institutions while pregnant, and then compared to children born to mothers with mental health problems (n = 18) and children from a low‐risk group (n = 26). No significant group differences in cognitive functioning were found, but the children born to mothers with substance‐abuse problems showed more caregiver‐reported socioemotional problems than did the low‐risk children, like the children born to mothers with mental health problems. Birth weight had an effect on internalizing problems at 4½ years and mediated the relation between group and socioemotional problems, although not when controlling for caregiver education, single parenthood, and anxiety and depression. At 4½ years, 7 children born to mothers with substance‐abuse problems were placed in foster care. These children had lower birth weight and higher caregiver‐rated internalizing problems. In addition to emphasizing the importance of the quality of the prenatal environment, this study suggests that families with previous substance abuse are in need of long‐term follow‐up to address socioemotional problems and enhance further positive child cognitive development. The foster‐placed children may be in particular need of long‐term follow‐up.

• Jacobsen, Heidi; Vang, Kristin Alvestad; Lindahl, Karoline Mentzoni; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Quality of social interaction in foster dyads at child age 2 and 3 years. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. ISSN 0009-398X. s. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10578-018-0823-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The main aim of this study was to investigate the quality of social interaction between 60 foster parents and their foster children compared to a group of 55 non-foster families at 2 (T1) and again at 3 (T2) years of age. Video observations were used to investigate child–parent interaction at both time-points. “This is My Baby” interview was administered to investigate foster parents’ commitment at T1. The main results revealed significant group differences at T1 on all child–parent social interaction measures, although not at T2. Further, a significant group by time interaction was identified for parental sensitivity, revealing a positive development over time in the foster group. Finally, a significant positive relation was found between commitment at T1 and parental sensitivity. The results convey an optimistic view of the possibilities for foster dyads to develop positive patterns of social interaction over time.

• Fredriksen, Eivor; Soest, Tilmann von; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Parenting Stress Plays a Mediating Role in the Prediction of Early Child Development from Both Parents` Perinatal Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. ISSN 0091-0627. s. 1–16. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0428-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Drugli, May Britt; Solheim, Elisabet; Lydersen, Stian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne (2018). Elevated cortisol levels in Norwegian toddlers in childcare. Early Child Development and Care. ISSN 0300-4430. 188(12), s. 1682–1693. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2016.1278368. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Meta-analytic evidence suggests that children have higher cortisol levels in childcare than at home. In the present study change of morning to mid-afternoon levels of cortisol was explored at home and in childcare in a Norwegian sample of toddlers. Further, analyses of associations between change of cortisol levels in childcare and child-, family-, and childcare factors were conducted. One hundred and twelve children attending 85 childcare centres were included in the present study. Saliva samples and observations in childcare were conducted 5–6 months after the children entered childcare. Linear mixed-model analyses revealed a statistical significant difference in change of cortisol levels during the day in childcare as compared at home. An increase in cortisol levels during the day was found among Norwegian toddlers in childcare, in particular for children with long hours in childcare, but not at home. Implications for practice are discussed.

• Aakre, Inger; Wik, Maria; Kjellevold, Marian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Dahl, Lisbeth (2018). Sufficient iodine status among Norwegian toddlers 18 months of age – cross-sectional data from the Little in Norway study. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 62:1443, s. 1–9. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1443. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Inadequate iodine intake has been identified in several population groups in the Nordic countries over the past years; however, studies of iodine status in infants and toddlers are scarce. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the iodine status and dietary iodine sources among 18-monthold toddlers from Norway. Methods: Cross-sectional and country representative data from the Little in Norway study were used. All children who had given a spot urine sample at 18 months age were included (n = 416). Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Dietary habits and supplement use were measured by a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Median (25th–75th percentiles [p25–p75]) UIC was 129 (81–190) μg/L while estimated median (p25– p75) habitual iodine intake was 109 (101–117) μg/day. None of the children were below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 65 μg/day or above the upper intake level of 180 μg/day. There were no differences in either UIC or estimated habitual iodine intake between different geographic areas in Norway. Milk was the most important iodine source, contributing an estimated 70% to the total iodine intake, while other foods rich in iodine such as seafood and enriched baby porridge contributed about 30%. Conclusions: The iodine status among 18-month-old toddlers from different geographic areas in Norway was sufficient, indicated by a median UIC above the WHO cutoff of 100 μg/L. This was further supported by the estimated habitual iodine intake, where none of the participants were below the EAR. Milk was an important iodine source in this age group; thus children with a low intake might be at risk of insufficient iodine intake.

• Wik, Maria; Dahl, Lisbeth; Moe, Vibeke; Abel, Marianne Hope; Brantsæter, Anne Lise & Øyen, Jannike [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Maternal iodine status is associated with offspring language skills in infancy and toddlerhood. Nutrients. 10(9). doi: 10.3390/nu10091270. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Inadequate iodine status affects the synthesis of the thyroid hormones and may impair brain development in fetal life. The aim of this study was to explore the association between maternal iodine status in pregnancy measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and child neurodevelopment at age 6, 12 and 18 months in a population-based cohort. In total, 1036 families from nine locations in Norway were enrolled in the little in Norway cohort. The present study includes n = 851 mother-child pairs with singleton pregnancies, no use of thyroid medication in pregnancy, no severe genetic disorder, data on exposure (UIC) in pregnancy and developmental outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition). Data collection also included general information from questionnaires. We examined associations between UIC (and use of iodine-containing supplements) and repeated measures of developmental outcomes using multivariable mixed models. The median UIC in pregnancy was 78 µg/L (IQR 46–130), classified as insufficient iodine intake according to the WHO. Eighteen percent reported use of iodine-containing multisupplements. A UIC below ~100 was associated with reduced receptive (p = 0.025) and expressive language skills (p = 0.002), but not with reduced cognitive or fine- and gross motor skills. Maternal use of iodine-containing supplements was associated with lower gross motor skills (b = −0.18, 95% CI = −0.33, −0.03, p = 0.02), but not with the other outcome measures. In conclusion, an insufficient iodine intake in pregnancy, reflected in a UIC below ~100 µg/L, was associated with lower infant language skills up to 18 months. The use of iodine-containing supplements was not associated with beneficial effects.

• Moe, Vibeke; Soest, Tilmann von; Fredriksen, Eivor; Olafsen, Kåre Sten & Smith, Lars (2018). The multiple determinants of maternal parenting stress 12 months after birth: The contribution of antenatal attachment style, adverse childhood experiences, and infant temperament. Frontiers in Psychology. 9, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01987. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Parenting stress can influence caregiving behavior negatively, which in turn may harm children’s development. Identifying precursors of parenting stress, preferably beginning during pregnancy and throughout the first year of life, is therefore important. The present study aims to provide novel knowledge on this issue through a detailed examination of the association between maternal attachment style and later parenting stress. Moreover, we examine the role of several additional risk factors, specificially the mothers’ own adverse childhood experiences (ACE), as well as infants’ temperamental characteristics. Data from a community based longitudinal study of 1,036 Norwegian mothers, collected during pregnancy and 12 months after childbirth, were used. Results showed that attachment style in pregnancy predicted parenting stress 1 year after birth. In addition, it was demonstrated that the mothers’ own ACEs predicted postnatal parenting stress, and that attachment style operated as a mediator of this association. A significant association between perceived infant temperament and parenting stress was also found. The study illustrates the importance of understanding the multifactorial antecedents of parenting stress. The results may inform early intervention efforts aimed at supporting mothers and their partners in the potentially difficult transition period around childbirth.

• Dahl, Lisbeth; Wik, Maria; Sanchez, Perla Vanessa Roldan; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Meltzer, Helle Margrete [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Iodine deficiency in a study population of Norwegian pregnant women - results from the Little in Norway study (LiN). Nutrients. 10(4). doi: 10.3390/nu10040513. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150–250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status in pregnant Norwegian women. The study comprises a cross-sectional population-based prospective cohort of pregnant women (Little in Norway (LiN)). Median UIC in 954 urine samples was 85 µg/L and 78.4% of the samples (n = 748) were ≤150 µg/L. 23.2% (n = 221) of the samples were ≤50 µg/L and 5.2% (n = 50) were above the requirements of iodine intake (>250 µg/L). Frequent iodine-supplement users (n = 144) had significantly higher UIC (120 µg/L) than non-frequent users (75 µg/L). Frequent milk and dairy product consumers (4–9 portions/day) had significantly higher UIC (99 µg/L) than women consuming 0–1 portion/day (57 µg/L) or 2–3 portions/day (83 µg/L). Women living in mid-Norway (n = 255) had lowest UIC (72 µg/L). In conclusion, this study shows that the diet of the pregnant women did not necessarily secure a sufficient iodine intake. There is an urgent need for public health strategies to secure adequate iodine nutrition among pregnant women in Norway.

• Olafsen, Kåre Sten; Ulvund, Stein Erik; Torgersen, Anne Mari; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Temperamental adaptability, persistence, and regularity: Parental ratings of Norwegian infants aged 6 to 12 months, with some implications for preventive practice. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 39(2), s. 183–197. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21697. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a need for standardized measures of infant temperament to strengthen current practices in prevention and early intervention. The present study provides Norwegian data on the Cameron‐Rice Infant Temperament Questionnaire (CRITQ; J.R. Cameron & D.C. Rice, 1986a), which comprises 46 items and is used within a U.S. health maintenance organization. The CRITQ was filled out by mothers and fathers at 6 and again at 12 months as part of a longitudinal study of mental health during the first years of life (the “Little in Norway” study, <i>N</i> = 1,041 families enrolled; V. Moe & L. Smith, 2010). Results showed that internal consistencies were comparable with U.S. data. The temperament dimensions of <i>persistence, adaptability</i>, and <i>regularity</i> had acceptable or close‐to‐acceptable reliabilities in the U.S. study as well as in this study, and also were unifactorial in confirmatory factor analysis. These dimensions are the focus in this article. Findings concerning parents’ differential ratings of their infants on the three dimensions are reported, as is the stability of parents’ ratings of temperament from 6 to 12 months. In addition, results on the relation between temperament and parenting stress are presented. The study suggests that temperamental adaptability, persistence, and regularity may be relevant when assessing infant behavior, and may be applied in systematic prevention trials for families with infants. The inclusion of concepts related to individual differences in response tendencies and regulatory efforts may broaden the understanding of parent—infant transactions, and thus enrich prevention and sensitizing interventions with the aim of assisting infants’ development.

• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars; Nordahl-Hansen, Anders; Fagerland, Morten & Kasari, Connie (2017). Early interaction in autism spectrum disorder: Mothers' and children's behaviours during joint engagement. Child: Care, Health and Development. ISSN 0305-1862. 44(2), s. 312–318. doi: 10.1111/cch.12532. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: More knowledge about the interaction between young children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents is one way to improve intervention. This study aims to investigate the behaviours of mothers and children with autism spectrum disorder during joint engagement, with a focus on pacing or rate (i.e., incidences per minute) of their behaviours when being in this state. Method: Video recordings of 10 min of free‐play between 58 children (2–4 years) diagnosed with childhood autism and their mothers were used to examine rate of mothers' and children's behaviours (i.e., toy introduction, toy expansion, positive affect, and language) during joint engagement, the association between rate of mothers and children's behaviours, the relation between rate of mothers' behaviours and time in joint engagement, and how child factors might be associated with the latter. Results: Mothers(m) and children(c) showed similar rate of positive affect (Mm = 0.6/Mc = 0.5) and toy expansion (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 0.7) per minute, whereas mothers talked almost three times more than their children (Mm = 10.2/Mc = 3.8). In contrast, mothers introduced fewer toys compared to the children (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 1.2). Rate of mothers' toy introduction, toy expansion, and positive affect was inversely related to time in joint engagement (Regression coefficient = −70.7 to −48.5, p = .006 to .024). Rates of mothers' and children's behaviours were associated (Spearman rank order coefficient = .53 to .29, p < .001 to .03), but neither rate of children's behaviours nor mental age was associated with the observed relation between rate of these maternal behaviours and time in joint engagement. Conclusion: Time in joint engagement was related to rate of mothers' behaviours and children's mental age but not to rate of children's behaviours in this study. Thus, intervention teaching parents of young children with autism strategies designed to increase time in joint engagement may be vital. The complex nature of the interaction between mother and child behaviours in promoting joint engagement warrants further elucidation.

• Fredriksen, Eivor; Soest, Tilmann von; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2017). Patterns of pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms: Latent class trajectories and predictors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. ISSN 0021-843X. 126(2), s. 173–183. doi: 10.1037/abn0000246. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum women are common. However, recent studies indicate that depressive symptoms in the perinatal period do not follow a uniform course, and investigations of the heterogeneity of time courses and associated factors are needed. The aim of this study was to explore whether depressive symptoms in the perinatal period could be categorized into several distinct trajectories of symptom development among subgroups of perinatal women, and to identify predictors of these trajectory groups. The study used data from 1,036 Norwegian women participating in a community-based prospective study from midpregnancy until 12-months postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 7 time points (4 during pregnancy). Partner-related attachment, stress, childhood adversities, pregnancy-related anxiety, previous psychopathology, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed at enrollment. By means of growth mixture modeling based on piecewise growth curves, 4 classes of depressive symptom trajectories were identified, including (a) pregnancy only (4.4%); (b) postpartum only (2.2%); (c) moderate-persistent (10.5%); and (d) minimum symptoms (82.9%) classes. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that membership in the pregnancy only and postpartum only classes primarily was associated with pregnancy-related anxiety and previous psychopathology, respectively, whereas the moderate-persistent class was associated with diverse psychosocial adversity factors. Findings suggest heterogeneity in temporal patterns of elevated depressive mood, relating specific trajectories of time courses with distinct adversity factors. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of possible multiple courses of elevated perinatal depressive mood, and inquire about possible diverse adversity factors, aberrant pathways, and prognoses. © 2017 American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission.

• Sanner, Nina; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Moe, Vibeke (2016). Early identification of social-emotional problems: Applicability of the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) at its lower age limit. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 42, s. 69–85. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.11.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moe, Vibeke; Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Slinning, Kari; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas & Guedeney, Antoine [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Precursors of social emotional functioning among full-term and preterm infants at 12 months: Early infant withdrawal behavior and symptoms of maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 44, s. 159–168. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.06.012. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wikenius, Ellen; Moe, Vibeke; Malde, Marian Kjellevold; Smith, Lars; Lyle, Robert & Waagbø, Rune [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). The association between hair cortisol and self-reported symptoms of depression in pregnant women. PLOS ONE. 11(9). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161804. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Depression has been linked to an imbalance in cortisol. Until recently, cortisol has been studied by measuring concentrations at single time points in blood or saliva samples. Cortisol concentrations vary with circadian rhythm and experiences, from time point to time point. The measurement of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a new method of accessing mean, long-term cortisol concentrations. Recent studies show positive associations between depression and HCC, and prenatal maternal cortisol is thought to influence the developing fetus. We therefore examined the association between HCC and self-reported symptoms of depression in second trimester pregnant women. Participants were 181 women, recruited between September 2011 and October 2013 to the Little-in-Norway (LiN)-study. These women answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale (EPDS) on self-reported symptoms of depression, and one cm maternal scalp hair was collected and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not show depressive symptoms as a predictor for HCC in our selection of pregnant women, while gestational age was significantly related. In conclusion, our study indicated that symptoms of depression during pregnancy did not predict HCC, but further studies of clinically depressed, pregnant women using gestational age as an adjustment variable are warranted.

• Valla, Lisbeth; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott & Slinning, Kari (2016). Association between maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and infants' communication skills: A longitudinal study. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 45, s. 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.10.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skjøthaug, Thomas; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Moe, Vibeke (2015). Prospective fathers' adverse childhood experiences, pregnancy-related anxiety, and depression during pregnancy. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 36(1), s. 104–113. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21485. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Foster parents' state of mind with respect to attachment: Concordance with their foster children's attachment patterns at 2 and 3 years of age. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 35(4), s. 297–308. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21447. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2014). Foreldres intuitive omsorgsatferd. Scandinavian Psychologist. 1. doi: 10.15714/scandpsychol.1.e1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaale, Anett; Fagerland, Morten; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Smith, Lars (2014). Preschool-based social communication treatment for children with autism: 12-month follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 0890-8567. 53(2), s. 188–198. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skjøthaug, Thomas; Smith, Lars; Moe, Vibeke & Larsen, Tore Wentzel (2014). Prospective Fathers’ Adverse Childhood Experiences, Pregnancy-related Anxiety and Depression during Pregnancy. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 36(1). doi: 10.1002/imhj.21485. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Attachment security in young foster children: Continuity from 2 to 3 years of age. Attachment & Human Development. ISSN 1461-6734. 16(1), s. 42–57. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2013.850102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Walhovd, Kristine B & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Mother–Child Interaction and Early Language Skills in Children Born to Mothers with Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. ISSN 0009-398X. doi: 10.1007/s10578-014-0512-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Moe, Vibeke; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Smith, Lars (2013). Cognitive development and social-emotional functioning in young foster children: A follow-up study from 2 to 3 years of age. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. ISSN 0009-398X. 44(5), s. 666–677. doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0360-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Foster children (FC) are at risk of delayed development relative to their peers due to early caregiver disruptions and adverse experiences prior to placement. Descriptive analyses and Linear Mixed Effects (LME models) were used to analyse the cognitive development and social emotional functioning of 60 FC and 42 comparison children (CC) at 2 (T1) and 3 years (T2). Changes in group differences between T1 and T2 were examined, and significant group differences occurred on all cognitive scales, with the FC obtaining lower scores than the CC. An analysis of social emotional functioning revealed significantly more externalising, dysregulation behaviour and poorer competencies among the FC, which exhibited significantly better cognitive abilities and competencies at T2 than T1, with the exception of receptive language. The FC did not demonstrate more negative social-emotional behaviour at T2 (apart from more internalisation behaviour), but failed to catch up with the CC. Young foster children need screening and support to improve their developmental potential. Keywords: foster children, cognitive development, social-emotional functioning, toddlers, developmental catch-up

• Strid, Karin; Heimann, Mikael; Gillberg, Christoffer; Smith, Lars & Tjus, Thomas (2013). Deferred Imitation and Social Communication in Speaking and Nonspeaking Children With Autism. Focus on Autism and other developmental disabilities. ISSN 1088-3576. 28(4), s. 230–240. doi: 10.1177/1088357612468030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Deferred imitation and early social communication skills were compared among speaking and nonspeaking children with autism and children developing typically. Overall, the children with autism showed a lower frequency on measures of deferred imitation and social communication compared with typically developing children. Deferred imitation was observed at a significantly lower level among the speaking and nonspeaking groups of children with autism. However, when comparing the speaking autism group with the typical group, many differences in observed social communication disappeared. These results underscore the importance of considering children’s verbal ability in autism research and clinical practice, and indicate that there are specific difficulties in deferred imitation in autism but that the social communication deficits that are observed are greatly influenced by low level of verbal ability.

• Azak, Schale; Murison, Robert; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Gunnar, Megan R. (2013). Maternal depression and infant daytime cortisol. Developmental Psychobiology. ISSN 0012-1630. 55(4), s. 334–351. doi: 10.1002/dev.21033. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Slinning, Kari; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas & Guedeney, Antoine [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Relation between social withdrawal symptoms in full-term and premature infants and depressive symptoms in mothers: A longitudinal study. Infant Mental Health Journal. ISSN 0163-9641. 34(6), s. 532–541. doi: 10.1002/imhj.21414. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The objective of this longitudinal study was to investigate the prevalence of infants' social withdrawal and mothers’ depressive symptoms in a cohort of full-term infants and their mothers and in a cohort of moderately premature infants and their mothers at 3, 6, and 9 months’ postpartum. The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) was used to assess social withdrawal; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to ascertain postpartum depressive symptoms. The results revealed a higher proportion of premature infants with social withdrawal at 6 months’ postpartum and significantly higher ADBB composite scores at 3 and 6 months of age, as compared with the full-term infants. A higher proportion of mothers in the premature cohort had symptoms of postpartum depression at the 3-month assessment, and they reported a significantly higher EPDS composite score at 3 months’ postpartum. There was a significant relation between maternal depressive symptoms at 3 and 6 months and infants’ social withdrawal at 9 months, and a significant concurrent relation between the two variables at 6 and 9 months in the full-term cohort. The findings suggest a need to screen for both infant social withdrawal and maternal depressive symptoms in moderately prematurely born infants and their caregivers.

• Ravn, Ingrid; Smith, Lars; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Sandvik, Leiv & Bunch, Eli Haugen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Effects of early mother-infant intervention on outcomes in mothers and moderately and late preterm infants at age 1 year: A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 35(1), s. 36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars & Sponheim, Eili (2012). A randomized controlled trial of preschool-based joint attention intervention for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. 53(1), s. 97–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02450.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Deficits in joint attention (JA) and joint engagement (JE) represent a core problem in young children with autism as these affect language and social development. Studies of parent-mediated and specialist-mediated JA-intervention suggest that such intervention may be effective. However, there is little knowledge about the success of the intervention when done in preschools. Aim: Assess the effects of a preschool-based JA-intervention. Methods: 61 children (48 males) with autistic disorder (29–60 months) were randomized to either 8 weeks of JA-intervention, in addition to their preschool programs (n = 34), or to preschool programs only (n = 27). The intervention was done by preschool teachers with weekly supervision by trained counselors from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinics (CAMHC). Changes in JA and JE were measured by blinded independent testers using Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS) and video taped preschool teacher–child and mother– child play at baseline and post-intervention. Clinical trials registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00378157. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis showed significant difference between the intervention and the control group, with the intervention group yielding more JA initiation during interaction with the preschool teachers. The effect generalized to significantly longer duration of JE with the mothers. Conclusions: This is the first randomized study to show positive and generalized effects of preschool-based JA-intervention.

• Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2012). The impact of optimality on maternal sensitivity in mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems and their infants at 3 months. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 35(1), s. 60–70. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The main aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of four different optimality indexes, as well as infant perinatal status, in relation to maternal sensitivity in interaction at 3 months. The four optimality indexes comprised items related to substance abuse, psychiatric condition, relational experience and socioeconomic status (SES). Maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction was assessed in two different groups of mothers. One group consisted of mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems who underwent treatment during pregnancy. The other group of mothers had neither substance abuse nor psychiatric problems. The expectant mothers were interviewed in the third trimester of pregnancy. Medical records and meconium were obtained from the infants at birth. Three months after birth, maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction was assessed. Altogether 79 mother–infant dyads participated in the study. The mothers’ optimality associated with relational experiences, as well as the infants’ perinatal status were found to predict maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction at 3 months. The SES index was also significantly related to maternal sensitivity. The relation between group and maternal sensitivity was mediated by the mothers’ optimality associated with relational experiences. This study points to the importance of addressing the mothers’ own relational experiences and their current representations of motherhood during treatment, in order to support and enhance maternal sensitivity.

• Ravn, Ingrid; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2011). Stress in fathers of moderately and late preterm infants: a randomised controlles trial. Early Child Development and Care. ISSN 0300-4430. 18(5), s. 537–552. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2011.564279. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Smith, Lars; Waal, Helge & Sundet, Jon Martin (2011). Risks and realities: Dyadic interaction between 6-month-old infants and their mothers in opioid maintenance treatment. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 34(4), s. 578–589. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A number of studies point to methadone exposure in utero as a possible risk factor in the developing mother–infant relationship in the first year of life. This study is part of a larger, national follow-up of 38 infants prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine and 36 comparison, low-risk infants. The aim of the present paper is to assess the quality of mother–infant relationship when the infants are 6 months old. Videotaped mother–infant interactions were rated in a global scale (NICHD). Maternal and infant contributions collapsed into the variables “infant style” and “maternal style” showed that the only factor making significant contribution to the outcome measure “dyadic mutuality” was maternal style. The importance of group membership (exposed versus non-exposed), was reduced when controlling for maternal drug use prior to opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), maternal depression and parenting stress as well as infants’ developmental status and sensory-integrative functions. This suggests that prediction of dyadic mutuality should be based on individual characteristics rather than group characteristics. These results support previous research findings that methadone and buprenorphine use per se does not have direct influence on the quality of early mother–infant relationship, but tailored follow-up procedures targeting drug-free pregnancies and parenting support are beneficial for women in OMT and their children.

• Smith, Lars (2011). Om tilknytning hos små fosterbarn. Fosterhjemskontakt : tidsskrift om fosterhjemsarbeid. ISSN 0800-143X. 30(6), s. 38–39. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravn, Ingrid; Smith, Lars; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Kynø, Nina Margrethe & Bunch, Eli Haugen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Effect of early intervention on social interaction between mothers and preterm infants at 12 months of age: A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 34(2), s. 215–225. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.11.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In a randomized controlled trial at 12-months of age, the effect of the Mother Infant Transaction Program was tested on social interaction between mothers and moderately and late preterm infants with gestational age ≥ 30.0 and <36 weeks. Ninety-three play sessions were videotaped and coded, 46 mothers–infants in the intervention group and 47 mothers–infants in the control group. The intervention mothers scored higher on maternal sensitivity/responsiveness (p = .05). Being a first-time mother was a moderator that enhanced the effects of the intervention. First-time mothers were more sensitive/responsive to their infant's cues (p = .01), and the dyads evinced higher level of synchrony (p = .02) as compared with experienced mothers. More positive mood was observed among their infants (p = .04). The findings suggest that the intervention contributes to better mother–infant interactions in moderately and late preterm infants of first-time mothers.

• Westerberg, Ane Cecilie; Schei, Ragnhild; Henriksen, Christine; Smith, Lars; Veierød, Marit Bragelien & Drevon, Christian A [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Attention among very low birth weight infants following early supplementation with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 100(1), s. 47–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01946.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaland, Nils; Mortensen, Erik Lykke & Smith, Lars (2011). Social communication impairments in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome: Slow response time and the impact of prompting. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. ISSN 1750-9467. 5(3), s. 1129–1137. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2010). Felles oppmerksomhet og forståelsen av andres tanker, intensjoner og følelser i spedbarnsalderen. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 47(7), s. 593–600. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2010). Tilknytning og omsorg for barn under tre år når foreldre går fra hverandre. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 47(9), s. 804–811. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jensen, Jorun; Castaños, Carmen & Smith, Lars (2010). En oppfølgingsstudie av barn med diffuse utviklingsvansker i tidlig førskolealder. Spesialpedagogikk. ISSN 0332-8457. 75(9), s. 59–65. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Glavin, Kari; Smith, Lars; Sørum, Ragnhild & Ellefsen, Bodil (2010). Redesigned community postpartum care to prevent and treat postpartum depression in women - a one year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 19(21/22), s. 3051–3062. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03332.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim.  To investigate the effect of a redesigned follow-up care programme on prevention and treatment of postpartum depression. Background.  Postpartum depression may have negative consequences on child development, maternal health and the relationship between parents. Early identification and treatment might prevent longer-term depression. Design.  A quasi-experimental post-test design with non-equivalent groups. Method.  The study population was postpartum women with a live-born child, residing in one of two municipalities in Norway. A total of 2247 women were enrolled: 1806 in the experimental municipality and 441 in the comparison municipality. Public health nurses (26) in the experimental municipality were trained to identify postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and clinical assessment and to provide supportive counselling. Measurements.  The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at six weeks, three, six and 12 months postpartum and the Parenting Stress Index at 12 months postpartum. Results.  The redesigned postpartum care programme yielded a significant group difference in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score at six weeks (p < 0·01), odds ratio (OR) 0·6, three months (p < 0·01), OR 0·4, six months (p < 0·01), OR 0·5 and 12 months postpartum (p < 0·01), OR 0·6. Women who had been depressed at least once during the first postpartum year reported significantly higher levels of parenting stress at 12 months. Conclusion.  The findings of this study suggest that redesigned postpartum care comprising training of health professionals, increased focus on mental health problems and support for the parents is a useful approach to managing postpartum depression in the community. Relevance to clinical practice.  Public health nurses are well positioned to identify and treat depressed mothers and provide referrals when needed. A small investment in training nurses to identify and treat postpartum depression can be cost-effective in the longer term. These findings have implications for service delivery in public health.

• Smith, Lars (2010). Når barn er i risiko for omsorgssvikt. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 47(5), s. 402–402. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2010). Tidlig utvikling, risiko og psykopatologi. I Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari & Hansen, Marit Bergum (Red.), Håndbok i sped- og småbarns psykiske helse. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205390713. s. 29–52. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Glavin, Kari; Smith, Lars; Sørum, Ragnhild & Ellefsen, Bodil (2010). Supportive counselling by public health nurses for women with postpartum depression. Journal of Advanced Nursing. ISSN 0309-2402. 66(6), s. 1317–1327. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05263.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim.  This paper is a report of a study examining the effect of supportive counselling by public health nurses on postpartum depression. Background.  Depression is a common condition following childbirth and may have negative consequences for the child’s development, the woman’s health and the relationship between the parents. Psychological intervention is a treatment alternative to biological treatment options and may prevent longer-term postpartum depression. Method.  The study was designed as a pragmatic trial. The study population comprised postpartum women, residing in two Norwegian municipalities, who had delivered a live-born child between June 2005 and December 2006. A total of 228 women were included in the study: 64 in the comparison municipality and 164 in the experimental municipality. Public health nurses (26) in the experimental municipality were trained in identifying postpartum depression and in providing supportive counselling. Pre-tests were conducted using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks postpartum. Post-tests using the same Scale were performed at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Results.  The depression score decreased statistically significantly in the experimental group compared to the comparison group both at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Conclusion.  Supportive counselling based on a non-directive counselling method provided by public health nurses is an effective treatment method for postpartum depression. Further research is required to assess the mothers’ evaluation of the treatment and appraise methods used for management of postpartum depression in primary health care.

• Torkildsen, Janne von Koss; Hansen, Hanna Friis; Svanstu, Janne Mari; Smith, Lars; Simonsen, Hanne Gram & Moen, Inger [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Brain dynamics of word familiarization in 20-month-olds: Effects of productive vocabulary size. Brain and Language. ISSN 0093-934X. 108(2), s. 73–88. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.09.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study investigated the brain mechanisms involved during young children’s receptive familiarization with new words, and whether the dynamics of these mechanisms are related to the child’s productive vocabulary size. To this end, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from 20-month-old children in a pseudoword repetition task. Results revealed distinct patterns of repetition effects for children with large and small productive vocabularies. High producers showed evidence of recognizing the novel words already after three presentations, while the low producers needed five presentations to display a recognition effect. The familiarization process was manifested in the modulations of two components, the N200–400 and a later fronto-central component, which appeared to increase in amplitude until a certain level of encoding was reached and then decrease with further repetition. These findings suggest a relation between the onset of the productive vocabulary spurt and the rate of receptive word familiarization.

• Smith, Lars (2009). Desorganisert tilknytning er relatert til foreldres tilknytningsrepresentasjoner og omsorgsutøvelse. Impuls : Tidsskrift for psykologi. ISSN 0801-2911. 63(2), s. 24–36. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2009). Det "gamle" og det "nye" barnet. I Gullestad, Siri Erika; Killingmo, Bjørn & Magnussen, Svein (Red.), Klinikk og laboratorium. Psykologi i hundre år. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215015637. s. 177–192. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Glavin, K.; Smith, Lars & Sørum, R. (2009). Prevalence of postpartum depression in two municipalities in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 23(4), s. 705–710. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00667.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Smith, Lars (2023). Tilknytning og barns utvikling, 2.utg. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245045833. 248 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2022). En kort introduksjon til spedbarnspsykologi. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245038910. 152 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2021). Refleksjoner omkring barns utvikling. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 9788205538009. 250 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars; Brandtzæg, Ida & Torsteinson, Stig (2019). Barn og relasjonsbrudd: bind 1, makroseparasjoner. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245025019. 177 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Ida; Torsteinson, Stig & Smith, Lars (2019). Barn og relasjonsbrudd: bind 2, mikroseparasjoner. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245025026. 367 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2018). En kort introduksjon til utviklingspsykologi. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245025040. 153 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Brandtzæg, Ida; Smith, Lars & Torsteinson, Stig (2011). Mikroseparasjoner: tilknytning og behandling. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 9788245004830. 327 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Moe, Vibeke & Smith, Lars (2022). Det sosiale spedbarnet: Psykisk helse og utvikling i de første leveår. I Lundgren, Charlotte (Red.), Psykisk oppvekst. Barn og unges psykiske helse fra 0-25 år. Rådet for psykisk helse. ISSN 9788291635460. s. 183–191. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2019). Spedbarnets primære emosjoner :. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 56(4), s. 274–275. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Drugli, May Britt; Solheim, Elisabet; Lydersen, Stian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne (2018). Elevated cortisol levels in Norwegian toddlers in childcare. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Olafsen, Kåre Sten; Ulvund, Stein Erik; Torgersen, Anne Mari; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Temperamental adaptability, persistence, and regularity: Parental ratings of Norwegian infants aged 6 to 12 months, with some implications for preventive practice. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2017). Tilknytning: teori og forskning. I Gulbrandsen, Liv Mette (Red.), Oppvekst og psykologisk utvikling. Innføring i psykologiske perspektiver. 2. utgave. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215026930. s. 139–178. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moe, Vibeke; Lindberg, Astri; Moe, Rigmor Grette & Smith, Lars (2016). Tidlig hjelp og utviklingsstøtte til sped- og småbarn. I Haavind, Hanne & Øvreeide, Haldor (Red.), Barn og unge i psykoterapi, bind 1. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205487550. s. 261–298. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2016). Tilknytning hos små fosterbarn: En prospektiv og longitudinell studie. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Moe, Vibeke & Smith, Lars (2016). Attachment and development in foster children: a prospective and longitudinal follow-up at 8 years. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moe, Vibeke; Lindberg, Astri; Moe, Rigmor Grette & Smith, Lars (2016). Tidlig hjelp og utviklingsstøtte til sped- og småbarn. I Haavind, Hanne & Øvreeide, Haldor (Red.), Barn og unge i psykoterapi, bind 1. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205487550. s. 261–298. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars (2016). Epigenetikk. I Holme, Hanne; Olavesen, Ellen Solstad; Valla, Lisbeth & Hansen, Marit Bergum (Red.), Helsestasjonstjenesten: barns psykiske helse og utvikling. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788205486294. s. 41–52. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  De siste tiårenes spedbarnsforskning viser at spedbarnet har langt større kapasitet enn man tidligere antok. Samtidig understreker forskningen betydningen av utviklingsstøtten barnet får de første leveårene.

• Verpe, Hege; Skotheim, Siv; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes; Malde, Marian Kjellevold; Stormark, Kjell Morten & Vannebo, Unni Tranaas [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Early discharge and follow-up strategies after childbirth. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nordhagen, Thomas; Koch, Katrin & Smith, Lars (2015). Derfor bør man vente. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 52(3), s. 240–241. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2015). Attachment in young foster children at 2 and 3 years of age and the foster parents state of mind. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Smith, Lars; Moe, Vibeke; Ivarsson, Tord & Wentzel-Larsen, Tore (2014). Attachment security in young foster children: Continuity from 2 to 3 years of age. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Walhovd, Kristine B & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Early language skills in children born to mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fredriksen, Eivor; Siqveland, Torill; Willis, David; Condon, Marie-Celeste; Eddy, Mark & Smith, Lars [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). The Relational Health Screen: A new screening instrument for assessing dyadic quality in parent-child interactions. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Slinning, Kari & Smith, Lars (2014). Hjerneforsker: Kos på høyre eller venstre side - valget påvirker mor og barn. [Journal]. Aftenposten.no. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen & Sandvik, Leiv [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). The effects of an early intervention on maternal confidence in mothers of moderately and late preterm infants- A randomized controlled trial. Quality of Life Research. ISSN 0962-9343. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen & Sandvik, Leiv [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). The effects of an early intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen & Sandvik, Leiv [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). The effects of an early intervention on maternal confidence in mothers of moderately and late preterm infants- A randomized controlled trial. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2013). Stress hos fedre til moderat og lett premature i barnets første leveår. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Slinning, Kari; Moe, Vibeke; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Guedeney, Antoine & Smith, Lars [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Sosial tilbaketrekking hos fullbårne og premature spedbarn. En longitudinell studie. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas & Guedeney, Antoine [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Early sustained withdrawal in infants, mothers’ mental health, other risk factors, and socio- emotional outcome in infants. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars; Sponheim, Eili & Hansen, Anders Johan Nordahl (2011). Joint Engagement and Joint attention during mother-child and preschool teacher-child play: similarities and differences. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Guedeney, Antoine & Smith, Lars [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Sustained withdrawal at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12 months: A analysis of a Norwegian validation study of the Alarm Baby Scale. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Slinning, Kari; Braarud, Hanne Cecilie & Guedeney, Antoine [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). Sustained withdrawal at 3-, 6-, and 9-months: A first analysis of a Norwegian validation study of the Alarm Distress Baby Scale. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Siqveland, Torill; Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Walhovd, Kristine B & Bjørnebekk, Astrid [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2010). Neurocognitive and socioemotional development in children born to mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders: Biological-social interaction effects. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walhovd, Kristine B; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Sigveland, Torill; Fjell, Anders M & Bjørnebekk, Astrid [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Effects of prenatal opiate exposure on brain development - a call for attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. ISSN 1471-003X. 10(5), s. 390–390. doi: 10.1038/nrn2598-c1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smith, Lars; Backer, K.C.; Grotnes, B.; Rydland, V. & Urnes, H. (2008). The relation of joint attention and early language skills: Differential methods yield differential results. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Smith, Lars; Moe, Vibeke & Ivarsson, Tord (2014). Foster care - an opportunity for young children: a longitudinal and prospective study of foster children's attachment and development. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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