Tine Jensen

• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Bækkelund, Harald & Jensen, Tine (2026). What is trauma? In Lynch, R. Jason; Berger, Emily & Padmanabhanunni, Anita (Ed.), Trauma-Informed Practice in Higher Education. Bloomsbury Academic. ISSN 9781350525016. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine; Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Stoilova, Mariya; Jessen, Reidar Schei; Graham, Richard & Staksrud, Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). There is no Point in Telling: Disclosing Negative Online Experiences Among Youth with Mental Health Challenges. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma. ISSN 1936-1521. doi: 10.1007/s40653-026-00945-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Online victimization has been linked to mental health problems. Youth often do not disclose these experiences, and little is known about disclosure barriers, particularly among youth with mental health challenges. This study aimed to fill this gap by identifying barriers to and facilitators of disclosure for this vulnerable group. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 young people aged 13–22 from the UK and Norway who had mental health challenges and experiences with cyberbullying, sexual abuse online, and/or exposure to harmful content online. We asked the youth open-ended questions about digital activity and negative online experiences, whether they had disclosed such experiences, and what helped or stopped them from disclosing. The responses were analyzed using Reflective Thematic Analysis. Previous negative life experiences leading to lack of trust, being afraid of the consequences, and avoiding difficult feelings were described as barriers while disclosure was facilitated when they were asked directly about their online activities. Given the growing evidence for the association between mental health challenges and risky digital activities, more knowledge on disclosure barriers is needed. Since young people find it difficult to initiate conversations regarding events that they feel shameful for and fear negative consequences of disclosure, adults must actively inquire into online activities in a supportive and non-judgmental manner. Youth with mental health challenges may have had negative experiences in the past that caused them to lose trust. As a result, it is important to rebuild their trust. Disclosure is encouraged by asking direct questions about online activity.

• Sadeh, Yaara; Graham, Leila; Kapa, Hillary M.; Ford, Julian D.; Haan, Anke de & Hien, Denise [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2026). Building the framework for ongoing discovery: coding practice elements in child traumatic stress intervention studies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 17(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2026.2650097. Full text in Research Archive
• Braathu, Nora; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Tveter, Lise; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine K. (2026). Scaling Up Evidence-Based Treatments: An Analysis of 25,000 Sessions of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) in Routine Care. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 0890-8567. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2026.04.012. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Most youth in routine mental health care do not receive evidence-based treatments, and when implemented in real-world settings, their effects are typically smaller than those observed in controlled efficacy trials. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most efficacious and widely implemented evidence-based treatments for traumatized youth worldwide, yet little is known about how it is delivered and adapted in routine practice. We examined 25,000 treatment sessions to understand 1) how TF-CBT is implemented in routine care, 2) what delivery adaptations are made based on child age and the presence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptoms, and 3) whether adaptations are associated with outcomes. Method Data came from an observational study of TF-CBT implementation (2018-24) across Norwegian child and adolescent mental health services. Youth (6-18 years) with clinically significant posttraumatic stress symptoms (N=1,373) received treatment from 357 therapists across 74 outpatient clinics representing 82% of such services in Norway. Results Overall, 66% completed treatment and 59% showed reliable improvement. Clinicians applied TF-CBT flexibly as prescribed by the model. Patients with CPTSD received more trauma processing but had less caregiver involvement than those without CPTSD. Children received more stabilization and caregiver involvement than adolescents. More trauma experiences predicted higher dropout, while more caregiver sessions predicted lower dropout. CPTSD was associated with reliable improvement. Number of potentially traumatic event types were more strongly associated with dropout for children than adolescents, and caregiver sessions more strongly predicted improvement in CPTSD cases. Conclusion This study provides the first large scale systematic documentation of TF-CBT delivery in routine care, showing that TF-CBT can be scaled-up in community clinics, with high improvement rates comparable to recent meta-analyses. A majority of the therapists received supervision, and future studies need to dismantle the importance of case consultation when scaling up evidence-based treatments.

• Sachser, Cedric; Kooij, Lieke H.; Keller, Jacob; Eilers, Rebekka; Jensen, Tine & Lindauer, Ramon J.L. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Understanding bullying as a significant predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents: insights from clinical samples in Norway, The Netherlands and Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2589566. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Hayes, Adele M. & Jensen, Tine (2025). Changing maladaptive trauma-related cognitions and emotional activation during trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: Thematic content and relationships with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy. ISSN 0005-7967. 195, p. 104910–104910. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2025.104910. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Changing maladaptive trauma-related cognitions may be crucial in trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT). We identified common maladaptive cognitions during TF-CBT's trauma narration and processing phase and examined their relationship with trauma type and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). We also assessed whether maladaptive trauma-related cognitions (overgeneralization, assimilation), more balanced and functional cognitions (accommodation), and negative emotions during this phase of TF-CBT were associated with PTSS. Methods Adolescents exposed to multiple types of traumas (N = 87, mean age = 15.8 years, 78.3 % girls) received TF-CBT. The Change and Growth Experiences (CHANGE) coding system measured maladaptive trauma-related cognitions, accommodated beliefs, and negative emotions during the trauma narration and processing phase. We then categorized the maladaptive cognitions from the CHANGE coding according to predefined topics. Mixed-effects analyses were used to assess relationships between maladaptive cognitions, accommodation, in-session negative emotion, and PTSS. Results Maladaptive trauma-related cognitions primarily concerned trust, esteem, and guilt. Sexual violence was associated with trust, esteem, intimacy, and guilt cognitions. Trust and esteem-related cognitions significantly predicted higher levels of PTSS at posttreatment. Higher levels of maladaptive cognitions and negative in-session emotion also predicted higher posttreatment PTSS. Low in-session negative emotion appeared to amplify the negative impact of maladaptive cognitions on PTSS at posttreatment. Accommodation showed no association with PTSS. Conclusions Maladaptive trauma-related cognitions, particularly related to trust and esteem, were common and associated with higher levels of PTSS at posttreatment. Low emotional engagement during trauma processing may potentiate the negative effects of maladaptive cognitions on PTSS. Results suggest both emotional processing and cognitive change are important treatment pathways for youth with PTSS.

• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Jensen, Tine; Porcheret, Kate Louise; Andreassen, Anne Lie; Byford, Sarah & Fagermoen, Else Merete [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2025). Stepping together for children after trauma: protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a parent-led treatment in first-line services (NorStep Study). European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2555047. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Childhood trauma is a public health challenge, and there is currently a service/needs gap. Low-intensive treatments where the task of leading the treatment is partially shifted to a caregiver can help bridge this gap by freeing therapist resources. Stepping Together for Children after Trauma (ST-CT), is a novel parent-led, therapist-assisted treatment with promising results in the U.S. Also, it has shown to be feasible as a first-line intervention in Norwegian municipal services and ST-CT is well accepted by children, caregivers, and therapists. Objective: This study is the first randomized controlled trial of ST-CT by independent researchers. The study consists of three work-packages: WP1: Investigates (a) the effectiveness of ST-CT compared to therapy as usual (TAU) in reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), related mental health symptoms, sleep problems and increasing daily functioning; (b) the cost-effectiveness of ST-CT compared to TAU in terms of quality adjusted life years; (c) future health care utilization. WP2: Looks at change processes in ST-CT, with changes in sleep, post-traumatic cognitions and child–parent relationship as potential mediators of reductions in child PTSS. WP3: Investigates keys to implementation into regular first-line mental health services. Methods: The study has a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation design. Children between 7-12 years of age with symptoms of PTSS and their caregivers are randomized to either ST-CT or TAU and participants are assessed at five time points during the first year. Sleep quality is measured with a non-contact radar 1 week pre- and post-treatment and registry data of use of prescribed medications and mental health service utilization will be collected 3 years post-inclusion. The study aims to include 160 child–parent dyads from 30 municipalities. Conclusion: Results can help gain a better understanding of the effectiveness and change processes of ST-CT and may provide important knowledge for a future dissemination and implementation.

• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Bones, Live Olsen; Guren, Gudmund Olavsønn & Jensen, Tine (2025). Comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-5 and ICD-11 in children and adolescents: rates of probable PTSD, diagnostic agreement, and comorbidity. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2568339. Full text in Research Archive
• Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Jessen, Reidar Schei; Staksrud, Elisabeth; Stoilova, Mariya; Graham, Richard & Livingstone, Sonia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). The Eclipse of Young people’s Life: The Importance of Exploring Engagement in Self-Harm Content Online in Psychotherapy. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy (JICAP). ISSN 1528-9168. 24(1), p. 54–67. doi: 10.1080/15289168.2025.2450193. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Self-harm is increasing among young people. Research highlights how engagement with texts, pictures or videos sharing self-harm content online (SCO) may escalate self-harm. However, few studies have examined young people’s experience with SCO in clinical samples. The present study aims to explore how young people who self-harm and are in treatment become and stay engaged with SCO. The data consists of in-depth interviews with 12 young females (15–19 years of age). The analysis follows the steps of Reflexive thematic analysis. Three meta-themes were identified: 1) “Engaging in self-harm content online – A way to get to know oneself,” 2) “Negative consequences and self-reflection – What am I doing to myself?,” and 3) “A need to take charge – I must take care of myself.” Engagement in SCO is discussed as a peer arena to obtain self-knowledge, self-reflection and self-protection in a digital age. Engagement with SCO can trigger self-harm and increase mental health problems but may influence affect regulation and mentalization for young people. Therapists should therefore explore patients’ engagement in digital risks like SCO to understand upsides and downsides of the activity, the difficulties in ending the engagement, and the interconnectedness between challenges in online and offline life.

• Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Jensen, Tine; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Meiser-Stedman, Richard; Dyb, Grete Anita & Blix, Ines (2025). Maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions in young terror survivors across 8 years: a random intercepts cross-lagged analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2459462. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Blestad, Camilla; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Arnberg, Filip K. & Jensen, Tine (2025). Development and pilot-testing of an app to complement trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 16(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2481703. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Ulleberg, Pål; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Tvedt, Vivian; Næss, Marit Solhaug & Jensen, Tine (2025). Development and achievement of aspirations among unaccompanied refugee minors. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. ISSN 0267-3843. 30(1). doi: 10.1080/02673843.2025.2454996. Full text in Research Archive
• Harpviken, Anna Naterstad; Jensen, Tine; Johnson, Sverre Urnes; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott (2025). Assessing change and persistence of specific post-traumatic stress symptoms among youth in trauma treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2515683. Full text in Research Archive
• Livingstone, Sonia; Jessen, Reidar Schei; Stoilova, Mariya; Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Graham, Richard & Staksrud, Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Can platform literacy protect vulnerable young people against the risky affordances of social media platforms? Information, Communication & Society. ISSN 1369-118X. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2025.2518254. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A qualitative study of young people with mental health difficulties sought to understand their digital experiences and identify whether their digital literacy helps them cope with online problems. The findings reveal how young people’s encounters with extreme online risk are amplified by platforms’ promotion of trending and viral content and intensified through the personalisation of content that can ‘trigger’ individual vulnerabilities. We conceptualise these twin processes in terms of risky affordances and show how young people are becoming hypervigilant in their efforts to understand them and take anticipatory and remedial action. In the process, they gain platform literacy, a form of digital literacy that responds to the challenges posed by platform architecture and business models and encompasses data and algorithm literacies. Specifically, young people gained platform literacy by critically examining and comparing social media platforms for their risky features at the interface (on the screen), business operation, and user support (beyond the screen). There were indications that this learning was facilitated by peer discussion, shared experimentation and reflexive deliberation about how their digital experiences relate to their individual biographies. When efforts to manage these risky affordances failed, the young people tended to blame themselves. However, they expected society to support them through improved digital literacy education, clinical support and platform regulation and design. Such systemic changes are vital if vulnerable youth are not to be left responsible for coping with the effects of powerful digital platforms on their mental health.

• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Skjærvø, Ingeborg; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Jensen, Tine & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2024). The bidirectional associations between caregiver and child symptoms in the parent-led treatment stepping together for children after trauma. Behaviour Research and Therapy. ISSN 0005-7967. 173. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104459. Full text in Research Archive
• Salloum, Alison; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Jensen, Tine; Skjærvø, Ingeborg & Storch, Eric A. (2024). Stepped Care Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children after Trauma. Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health. ISSN 2667-3835. doi: 10.1016/j.ypsc.2024.04.007. Full text in Research Archive
• Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Reiremo, Gry Katrin; Scheie, Sebastian Istad; Jessen, Reidar Schei & Jensen, Tine (2024). Navigating, being tricked, and blaming oneself—A meta-synthesis of youth's experience of involvement in online child sexual abuse. Child & Family Social Work. ISSN 1356-7500. doi: 10.1111/cfs.13152. Full text in Research Archive
• Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Jensen, Tine; Dyb, Grete Anita; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Blix, Ines (2024). “What if…?”: Vividness and frequency of counterfactual thinking in survivors of terrorism. Applied Cognitive Psychology. ISSN 0888-4080. 38(1). doi: 10.1002/acp.4176. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  After traumatic experiences, it is common to think about alternative scenarios or outcomes of the event. This is often referred to as counterfactual thoughts (CFT), and CFT after trauma have been associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR). In this study, we aimed to: (1) investigate the relationship between the vividness and frequency of CFT and PTSR, and to (2) examine the associations between exposure, peri-traumatic reactions, physical injury and the loss of someone close, and the subsequent vividness and frequency of CFT. The participants (N = 289) were survivors of a terror attack in Norway. More vivid and frequent CFT were significantly and independently related to more PTSR. Exposure during trauma was significantly associated with more vivid CFT in the unadjusted regression model. No further significant relationships were found between exposure, peri-traumatic reactions, physical injury and the loss of someone close, and the vividness and frequency of CFT. As CFT are common after trauma and potentially cause distress, clinicians should identify and validate CFT, and provide coping assistance.

• Blix, Ines; Glad, Kristin Alve; Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Ottesen, Akiah & Jensen, Tine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). ‘My child could have died’: counterfactual thoughts and psychological distress in parents of trauma survivors. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 15(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2326736. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: After exposure to a potentially traumatic event, survivors may experience thoughts about ‘what could have happened’, referred to as counterfactual thoughts (CFTs). CFTs have been found to have a negative impact on survivors’ mental health. This is the first study to investigate whether parents of trauma survivors experience CFTs and the association with psychological distress in this group. Objective: The main aim of the present study is to investigate CFTs in parents of trauma survivors and the relationship between the frequency and vividness of CFTs and psychological distress. Method: The participants (N = 310, 191 females) were parents of the youths targeted in the terror attack on Utøya island, Norway, in 2011. Frequency and vividness of CFTs, posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR), and symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured 8.5–9 years post-terror. Results: The majority of the parents (74%) reported having experienced CFTs at some time point since the attack. For almost one-third of the parents, CFTs were still present more than eight years after the attack. Higher frequency and vividness of CFTs were uniquely associated with higher levels of PTSR, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that frequent and vivid CFTs may contribute to mental health problems in parents of trauma survivors and should be addressed in therapy.

• Endsjø, Mathilde; Vang, Maria Louison; Jensen, Tine & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2024). Predictors of burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction among practitioners in Norwegian child advocacy centers. Child Abuse & Neglect. ISSN 0145-2134. 154. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106924. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Practitioners at Child Advocacy Centers (CACs) are frequently exposed to indirect trauma through their job, yet there is a lack of knowledge on how this affects them emotionally. Objective This study aimed to investigate the levels of burnout, secondary traumatic stress (STS), and compassion satisfaction among practitioners at Norwegian CACs, and possible individual or work-related predictors. Participants and setting An electronic cross-sectional survey was sent to practitioners at Norwegian CACs. A total of 77 practitioners completed the survey (response rate 86.5 %). Methods Variables were measured with the Professional Quality of Life Scale, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, and questions on personal traumatic experiences, support, and supervision. Bivariate and multivariate mixed effects modeling analyses and logistic regression analyses were employed. Results The results showed relatively low levels of burnout and STS, and high levels of compassion satisfaction, compared to other studies of child protective and child welfare professionals. Work-related factors, but not individual factors, were found to predict all three outcome variables: Burnout was predicted by transformational leadership (p = .002) and laissez-faire leadership (p = .012), secondary traumatic stress by case supervision (p = .001), and compassion satisfaction by transformational leadership (p < .000), laissez-faire leadership (p = .028), and personal supervision (p = .023). Conclusions The results indicate that transformational leadership and supervision may protect against burnout and STS and promote compassion satisfaction in practitioners working at CACs. The type of supervision may be relevant, as case-focused supervision predicted STS, while personal supervision predicted compassion satisfaction.

• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Skjærvø, Ingeborg; Dyrdal, Gunvor Marie; Fagermoen, Else Merete; Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne Økern & Jensen, Tine [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). Stepping Together for Children After Trauma (ST-CT): Feasibility and Predictors of Outcome of a Parent-led, Therapist Assisted Treatment. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. 52. doi: 10.1007/s10802-024-01199-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Stepping Together for Children after Trauma (ST-CT) is the first step of the promising intervention Stepped Care CBT for Children after Trauma. In ST-CT, the task of leading treatment is partially shifted to the parents, and the child and parent work together to complete therapeutic tasks from a workbook with therapist supervision. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of ST-CT in Norwegian first line services and explore child factors predicting outcome. Eighty-two children (mean age 9.9 years, 56% girls) participated. Feasibility was defined by treatment completion, reductions of child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) mid- and post-treatment, and client treatment satisfaction. Predictors included child baseline PTSS, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions, externalizing symptoms, number of different traumatic events, and type of trauma. Results showed that rates of completion (78.0%) and response (81% of completers/59.8% intention-to-treat) were comparable to previous studies by the ST-CT developer. Overall treatment effect was d = 2.46 and client treatment satisfaction was high (mean score child: 8.3, parent: 9.0, on a scale from 0 – 10). Higher baseline PTSS and depressive symptoms predicted poorer outcome at both mid- and post-treatment, while more posttraumatic cognitions, and exposure to interpersonal trauma predicted poorer outcome at mid-treatment only. These associations were no longer significant in the fully adjusted models. In conclusion, ST-CT shows promise as an effective first line treatment in this new context, with two of three children responding to the treatment. Baseline PTSS, depression, post-traumatic cognitions and type of trauma may be related to outcomes and should be explored further. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04073862. Retrospectively registered June 3rd 2019, first patient recruited May 19th 2019)

• Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Jensen, Tine; Dyb, Grete Anita; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Stensland, Synne Øien Blixt [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). A parallel investigation of trauma exposure, maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions in two groups of trauma-exposed adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 15(1). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2402193. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Maladaptive appraisals, such as thoughts about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and about being a fragile person in a scary world, are associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) for trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Less is known about what puts young people at risk for developing such appraisals, and the differential relationship between the types of appraisals and PTSR. Objective: The primary aim was to examine the role of age, gender and exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs) for the levels of maladaptive appraisals. The secondary aim was to investigate the association between the levels of maladaptive appraisals (appraisals of a permanent change and appraisals about a scary world) and PTSR. Methods: We investigated these aims in two samples: survivors after the terror attack at Utøya island in Norway in 2011 (N = 165, mean age 17.65, SD = 1.19) and adolescents referred to treatment after mainly interpersonal trauma (N = 152, mean age 15.08, SD = 2.18). The aims were investigated using linear regression and partial correlation. Results: In the terror-exposed sample, female gender was significantly associated with higher levels of scary-world appraisals, witnessing or learning that someone close were exposed to physical violence was significantly associated with more permanent-change appraisals, and a higher number of PTEs was significantly associated with higher levels of both types of appraisals. For the clinical sample, we found no significant associations between exposure to PTEs, gender, age, and the level of maladaptive appraisals. Both types of maladaptive appraisals were highly associated with PTSR in both samples, and there was no significant difference in the strength of the associations between the types of appraisals and PTSR. Conclusions: The results have implications for identifying adolescents at risk for developing harmful maladaptive appraisals. Both scary-world appraisals and permanent-change appraisals were strongly associated with PTSR in both groups of trauma-exposed adolescents.

• Pfeiffer, Elisa; Unterhitzenberger, Johanna; Enderby, Pia; Juusola, Aino; Kostova, Zlatina & Lindauer, Ramon J. L. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). The dissemination and implementation of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents in seven European countries. BMC Health Services Research. 24(1202). doi: 10.1186/s12913-024-11689-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There is broad scientific evidence for the effectiveness of individual trauma-focused evidence-based treatments (EBTs) such as “trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy” (TF-CBT) for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, there is a significant research-to-practice gap resulting in traumatized children in high-income countries in Europe having only very limited access to these treatments. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify common barriers and successful dissemination and implementation (D&I) strategies of evidence-based trauma-focused treatments (in particular TF-CBT) in seven European countries. Methods For this study, we chose a mixed-method approach: an online survey among certified European TF-CBT trainers (N = 22) and the collection of country-based narratives from TF-CBT experts in different European countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden). Results Common modifiable barriers to the implementation of TF-CBT were identified on different levels (e.g. government or treatment level), and successful D&I strategies were highlighted across all countries, such as translations of materials. Additionally, the experts from the country narratives put together a broad overview of TF-CBT research in Europe. Conclusions The results of this study revealed that especially learning collaborations and the development of joint European efforts in funding and researching D&I strategies are crucial for future implementation of trauma-focused EBTs in Europe.

• Aminihajibashi, Samira; Jensen, Tine & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2024). Exploring key job demands and resources in Norwegian child mental health services: a cross-sectional study of associations with and relationship between compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress and turnover intention. Frontiers in Public Health. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1304345. Full text in Research Archive
• Smith, Charlotte; Ford, Catherine; Baldwin, George; Jensen, Tine; Karatzias, Thanos & Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Do psychological treatments for PTSD in children and young people reduce trauma-related appraisals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. ISSN 0005-7967. 182. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2024.104621. Full text in Research Archive
• Danese, Andrea; Martsenkovskyi, Dmytro; Remberk, Barbara; Khalil, Monika Youssef; Diggins, Emma & Keiller, Eleanor [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2024). Scoping Review: Digital Mental Health Interventions for Children and Adolescents Affected by War. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 0890-8567. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.02.017. Full text in Research Archive
• Graham, Richard; Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Jensen, Tine; Livingstone, Sonia; Jessen, Reidar Schei & Staksrud, Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). PLATFORM POWER AND EXPERIENCES FROM THE MARGIN: ADOLESCENTS’ ONLINE VULNERABILITY AND MENTAL HEALTH. Selected Papers of Internet Research, SPIR. doi: 10.5210/spir.v2022i0.13010. Full text in Research Archive
• Bartels, Lasse; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Berliner, Lucy & Jensen, Tine (2023). The differential impact of the DSM-5 post-traumatic stress symptoms on functional impairment in traumatized children and adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 1018-8827. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s00787-023-02266-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Stensland, Synne; Glad, Kristin Alve; Andersen, Arnfinn J.; Brodersen, Dorte; Bækkelund, Harald & Daae, Cecilie [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Oppfølging av mennesker rammet av krig og katastrofer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 143(18), p. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0791. Full text in Research Archive
• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Jensen, Tine; Martinsen, Marianne & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2023). Parent-Led Stepped Care Trauma Treatment: Parents’ Experiences With Helping Their Child Recover. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma. ISSN 1936-1521. doi: 10.1007/s40653-023-00537-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose There is a need for interventions for traumatized children that are easily accessible and effective, and that involve parents directly in the recovery process. To meet this challenge, stepped care trauma-focused cognitive behavioral treatment (SC TF-CBT), which consists of a parent-led therapist-assisted intervention as the first step, was developed. Parent-led trauma-treatment is a promising, but novel approach. The aim of this study was therefore to gain knowledge on how parents experience the model. Methods Parents who participated in a SC TF-CBT feasibility study were consecutively recruited and interviewed with semi-structured interviews, which were then analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results The parents described that the intervention gave them insights that led to a sense of parental agency. Through the analysis we identified and labelled four themes: (i) understanding my child: how the trauma has affected my child and our relationship; (ii) understanding myself: how my reactions have stood in the way of helping my child; (iii) gaining competence: how to learn specific tasks that were not part of my normal parenting skills; and (iv) receiving support: how guidance, warmth and encouragement was necessary. Conclusions The results from this study show how the shifting of therapeutic tasks to parents may facilitate parental empowerment and improve the parent-child relationship. This knowledge may guide clinicians on how to provide support to parents so they can take a leading role in their child’s recovery process after trauma

• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Skjærvø, Ingeborg; Jensen, Tine & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2023). Parent-led stepped care for traumatised children: parental factors that predict treatment completion and response. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 14(2). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2225151. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Stepped care cognitive behavioural therapy for children after trauma (SC-CBT-CT; aged 7–12 years) can help to increase access to evidence-based trauma treatments for children. SC-CBT-CT consists of a parent-led therapist-assisted component (Step One) with an option to step up to standard therapist-led treatment (Step Two). Studies have shown that SC-CBT-CT is effective; however, less is known about what parent variables are associated with outcome of Step One. Objective: To examine parent factors and their relationship with completion and response among children receiving Step One. Method: Children (n = 82) aged 7–12 (M = 9.91) received Step One delivered by their parents (n = 82) under the guidance of SC-CBT-CT therapists. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate whether the following factors were associated with non-completion or non-response: the parents’ sociodemographic variables, anxiety and depression, stressful life experiences and post-traumatic symptoms, negative emotional reactions to their children's trauma, parenting stress, lower perceived social support, and practical barriers to treatment at baseline. Results: Lower level of educational achievement among parents was related to non-completion. Higher levels of emotional reactions to their child's trauma and greater perceived social support were related to non-response. Conclusions: The children seemed to profit from the parent-led Step One despite their parents` mental health challenges, stress, and practical barriers. The association between greater perceived social support and non-response was unexpected and warrants further investigation. To further increase treatment completion and response rates among children, parents with lower education may need more assistance on how to perform the interventions, while parents who are very upset about their child's trauma may need more emotional support and assurance from the therapist.

• Haan, Anke de; Meiser-Stedman, Richard; Landolt, Markus A.; Kuhn, Isla; Black, Melissa J & Klaus, Kristel [Show all 43 contributors for this article] (2023). Efficacy and moderators of efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus in children and adolescents: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health. ISSN 2352-4642. 1(8), p. 28–39. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00253-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Existing clinical trials of cognitive behavioural therapies with a trauma focus (CBTs-TF) are underpowered to examine key variables that might moderate treatment effects. We aimed to determine the efficacy of CBTs-TF for young people, relative to passive and active control conditions, and elucidate putative individual-level and treatment-level moderators. Methods: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomised studies in young people aged 6−18 years exposed to trauma. We included studies identified by the latest UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines (completed on Jan 29, 2018) and updated their search. The search strategy included database searches restricted to publications between Jan 1, 2018, and Nov 12, 2019; grey literature search of trial registries ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN; preprint archives PsyArXiv and bioRxiv; and use of social media and emails to key authors to identify any unpublished datasets. The primary outcome was post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment (<1 month after the final session). Predominantly, one-stage random-effects models were fitted. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019151954. Findings: We identified 38 studies; 25 studies provided individual participant data, comprising 1686 young people (mean age 13·65 years [SD 3·01]), with 802 receiving CBTs-TF and 884 a control condition. The risk-of-bias assessment indicated five studies as low risk and 20 studies with some concerns. Participants who received CBTs-TF had lower mean post-traumatic stress symptoms after treatment than those who received the control conditions, after adjusting for post-traumatic stress symptoms before treatment (b=−13·17, 95% CI −17·84 to −8·50, p<0·001, τ2=103·72). Moderation analysis indicated that this effect of CBTs-TF on post-traumatic stress symptoms post-treatment increased by 0·15 units (b=−0·15, 95% CI −0·29 to −0·01, p=0·041, τ2=0·03) for each unit increase in pre-treatment post-traumatic stress symptoms. Interpretation: This is the first individual participant data meta-analysis of young people exposed to trauma. Our findings support CBTs-TF as the first-line treatment, irrespective of age, gender, trauma characteristics, or carer involvement in treatment, with particular benefits for those with higher initial distress. Funding: Swiss National Science Foundation.

• Hoppen, Thole H.; Meiser-Stedman, Richard; Jensen, Tine; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott & Morina, Nexhmedin (2023). Efficacy of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to single versus multiple traumas: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry. 222(5), p. 196–203. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2023.24. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjølaas, Siri Hagen; Jensen, Tine & Feragen, Kristin Judith Billaud (2022). Dilemmas when talking about Huntington's disease: A qualitative study of offspring and caregiver experiences in Norway. Journal of Genetic Counseling. ISSN 1059-7700. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1002/jgc4.1610. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjølaas, Siri Hagen; Feragen, Kristin Judith Billaud & Jensen, Tine (2022). Social support experiences when growing up with a parent with Huntington’s disease. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine. 10(1), p. 655–675. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2022.2104286. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine; Braathu, Nora; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2022). Complex PTSD and treatment outcomes in TF-CBT for youth: A naturalistic study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 13(2), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2114630. Full text in Research Archive
• Sachser, Cedric; Berliner, Lucy; Risch, Elisabeth; Rosner, Rita; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott & Eilers, Rebekka [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). The child and Adolescent Trauma Screen 2 (CATS-2) – validation of an instrument to measure DSM-5 and ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 13(2). doi: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2105580. Full text in Research Archive
• Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Braathu, Nora; Jensen, Tine & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2022). Predictors of nonresponse and drop-out among children and adolescents receiving TF-CBT: investigation of client-, therapist-, and implementation factors. BMC Health Services Research. 22(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08497-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There is a paucity of evidence about effective implementation strategies to increase treatment response and prevent drop-out among children receiving evidence-based treatment. This study examines patient, therapist, and implementation factors and their association to nonresponse and drop-out among youth receiving Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). Methods Youth (n = 1240) aged 6–18 (M = 14.6) received TF-CBT delivered by 382 TF-CBT therapists at 66 clinics. Odds ratio analyses were used to investigate whether pretreatment child (age, gender, number of trauma experiences, post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), therapist (education), and implementation strategy factors (high-low, low-low, low–high intensity therapist and leadership training respectively) or tele-mental health training during the Covid-19 pandemic are associated with nonresponse (above clinical PTSS level post-treatment) and drop-out (therapist-defined early termination). Fidelity checks were conducted to ensure that TF-CBT was used consistently. Results One fourth of the children (24.4%) were nonresponders and 13.3 percent dropped out. Exposure to three or more traumatic experiences were related to nonresponse and drop-out. Higher baseline PTSS was related to a higher probability of nonresponse. There was no effect of therapist education or child gender on nonresponse and drop-out, whereas children over 15 years had a higher likelihood of both. After controlling for baseline PTSS, the effect of age on nonresponse was no longer significant. Drop-out was related to fewer sessions, and most dropped out during the first two phases of TF-CBT. Fidelity was high throughout the different implementation phases. High-intensity therapist training was related to a lower probability of both nonresponse and drop-out, whereas low therapist and leadership training were related to a higher likelihood of both. Multivariate analysis revealed higher child age and higher PTSS baseline scores as significant predictors of nonresponse, and number of trauma experiences (> = 3) at baseline as the only predictor of drop-out. Conclusions High-intensity therapist training seem key to prevent patient nonresponse and drop-out. Leadership training might positively affect both, although not enough to compensate for less intensive therapist training. More complex cases (higher PTSS and exposure to more traumas) predict nonresponse and drop-out respectively, which underscores the importance of symptom assessment to tailor the treatment. The lack of predictive effect of therapist education increases the utilization of TF-CBT. Trial registration Retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials, ref. nr. NCT05248971.

• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine (2022). Understanding the relationships between trauma type and individual posttraumatic stress symptoms: A cross-sectional study of a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13602. Full text in Research Archive
• Aminihajibashi, Samira; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine (2022). Professional wellbeing and turnover intention among child therapists: a comparison between therapists trained and untrained in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. BMC Health Services Research. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08670-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Poor professional wellbeing and job turnover is challenging for child mental health clinics and despite an increasing interest in implementing evidence-based practices (EBPs) in mental health services, little is known about if and how using EBPs may influence therapists’ professional wellbeing and turnover intention. To investigate this, we compare the average level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and turnover intention between therapists trained in an EBP (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – TF-CBT) and untrained therapists. We also explore the prevalence of and the associations between these personal and organizational outcomes. Method In this cross-sectional study, the data is collected from a national sample of 373 therapists 5 years after an implementation program began (i.e., in the sustainment phase). The variables were measured by the Professional Quality of Life and the Turnover Intention Scales. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale was also used to measure therapists’ attitudes toward EBPs. Results Over 70% of the respondents reported medium to high levels of burnout, secondary traumatic stress symptoms, and compassion satisfaction, whereas one-third of the respondents reported a high level of intention to leave their job in the current or near future. Higher ratings on burnout and secondary traumatic stress were significantly associated with lower compassion satisfaction and higher turnover intention. Finally, we found significantly lower degree of burnout and turnover intention along with higher compassion satisfaction among TF-CBT therapists (n = 96), compared to other therapists who were not trained in TF-CBT (n = 231). These differences could not be explained by between-group differences in age, job tenure, educational background, or therapists’ attitudes towards EBPs. However, mean differences in ratings on secondary traumatic stress symptoms were not statistically significant. Conclusion Although the prevalence findings are in general alarming, the present study provides the first empirical evidence for a potential positive effect of being trained in TF-CBT on therapists’ wellbeing and turnover intention. We discuss these findings in the light of self-efficacy theory and the job demands-resources model.

• Ovenstad, Kristianne Stigsdatter; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine (2022). The relationship between youth involvement, alliance and outcome in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research. ISSN 1050-3307. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2022.2123719. Full text in Research Archive
• Ovenstad, Kristianne Stigsdatter; Jensen, Tine & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2021). Four perspectives on traumatized youths’ therapeutic alliance: Correspondence and outcome predictions. Psychotherapy Research. ISSN 1050-3307. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2021.2011983. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Does the rater-perspective of youths’ therapeutic alliance matter? To answer this, we evaluated the relationships between four perspectives of youths’ alliance, then, we examined whether each perspective and potential discordance between the perspectives predicted outcomes. Method Participants were 65 youth (M age = 15.11, SD = 2.14; 76.9% girls) undergoing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and their therapists (n = 24). Youths’ alliance was rated by youth, therapists and parents using the Therapeutic Alliance Scale for Children-revised and by observers using the Therapy Process Observational Coding System-Alliance scale. Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) were assessed with the Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA). Results The alliance ratings by youth-parent, parent-therapist, and therapist-observer significantly correlated. Only a higher youth-rated alliance significantly predicted fewer PTSS. Furthermore, a higher therapist-rated than youth-rated alliance significantly predicted higher scores on CPSS and CAPS-CA, and a higher parent-rated than youth-rated alliance predicted significantly higher CPSS score. Conclusion Therapists should explicitly check in with youth clients about the alliance; because only youths’ evaluation of their alliance predicted the outcome and an overestimation of their alliance by therapists and parents predicted more PTSS.

• Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Jensen, Tine Kristin & Harpviken, Anna Naterstad (2021). Who Reports What? A Comparison of Child and Caregivers´ Reports of Child Trauma Exposure and Associations to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Functional Impairment in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinics. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. doi: 10.1007/s10802-021-00788-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Identifying trauma-related symptoms is important for treatment planning at child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), and routine trauma screening may be a first step to ensure appropriate treatment. Studies with community samples have found modest agreement between children’s and caregivers´ report of exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs). However, studies from clinical populations are scarce and the evidence base for screening recommendations is insufficient. The current study explores child and caregiver agreement on the child’s exposure to PTEs and its relationship with the child’s post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and functional impairment. The sample consist of 6653 caregiver-child dyads referred to Norwegian CAMHS between 2012–2017. The children were 6 to 18 years of age (M = 12.03, SD = 3.14) and 47% were boys and 45% were girls (8% missing). Children reported significantly more exposure to accidents or illness, community violence, and sexual abuse than their caregiver, but there were no differences for reports of domestic violence. Kappa results were fair to moderate, with the highest agreement rate for reports of sexual abuse, followed by domestic violence, community violence, and lowest agreement for accidents or illnesses. There were higher agreement rates among caregivers and older children, and caregivers and girls. In general, the child had higher PTSS and functional impairment scores when child exposure to PTEs were reported by both the caregiver and the child. Both children and caregivers should be included in trauma screening procedures at CAMHS to collect a more complete picture of the child’s experiences and treatment needs.

• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2021). Unaccompanied refugee minors and resettlement: Turning points towards integration. European Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0046-2772. p. 1–30. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2761. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Resettling into a new country may pose many challenges for unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs). In this study we seek to get a better understanding of these challenges through analysing interviews with 48 URMs five years after their arrival in Norway, using the concept of turning points as an analytic frame. Gaining a sense of security, feeling affiliated, being loved and cared for, and becoming independent were identified as important turning points. Despite high levels of agency, many of the youths struggled to fulfil these basic needs, possibly due to limited relational and cultural resources. These struggles seemed to interfere with their capacity to participate in important developmental activities, affecting their well-being and making integration difficult. This study's results accentuate the need for better systems and assistance from people in their support system to help URMs towards feeling secure, affiliated, loved, and independent as this may facilitate resettlement and integration.

• Kjølaas, Siri Hagen; Jensen, Tine & Feragen, Kristin Judith Billaud (2021). ‘I knew it wasn’t normal, I just didn’t know what to do about it’: adversity and caregiver support when growing up in a family with Huntington’s disease. Psychology and Health. ISSN 0887-0446. 37(2), p. 211–229. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1907387. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Excessive adversity in childhood can have long-term consequences on health and well-being. One group of children that may be at risk are those who grow up with a parent with Huntington’s disease (HD). Despite this, there is little knowledge about how these children are impacted by adversity. We aimed to explore adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of individuals who grew up with a parent with HD and their perceptions of caregiver support. Design Semi-structured qualitative interviews of 36 adults and adolescents were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results First, the analysis revealed a range of frequent adverse events during participants’ childhoods, leading to feelings of uncertainty, loss, fear, and a lack of care. Next, how the presence or absence of support had impacted participants’ perceptions of these experiences was analysed. Results showed that participants without support were often overwhelmed by feelings of stress, whereas participants with support tolerated adversity better. Conclusion Findings suggest that children in families with HD can be exposed to a range of adverse experiences. Findings also suggest that sufficient support from a caregiver without HD can buffer or protect against negative consequences of these experiences.

• Stensland, Synne; Thoresen, Siri; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Dyb, Grete (2020). Early Pain and Other Somatic Symptoms Predict Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Survivors of Terrorist Attacks: The Longitudinal Utøya Cohort Study. Journal of Traumatic Stress. ISSN 0894-9867. 33, p. 1060–1070. doi: 10.1002/jts.22562. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Survivors of traumatic events commonly suffer from long‐term pain and related somatic symptomatology. To test the predominant hypothesis that survivors’ pain comprises sequela of persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), we assessed the sequential order of symptom development among young survivors of a terrorist attack. All 490 survivors of the 2011 Utøya (Norway) attacks were invited to the longitudinal Utøya cohort study; 355 (72.4%) participated. The mean survivor age was 19.3 years (SD = 4.6) and 169 were female (47.6%). Somatic symptoms, including headache, other pain and fatigue, and PTSS, were measured 4–5 months (T1), 14–16 months (T2), and 32–33 months (T3) after the attack. Longitudinal associations between somatic symptoms and PTSS were assessed in cross‐lagged structural equation model (SEM) analyses, which were adjusted for known confounders. Higher pain levels and other somatic symptoms at T1 consistently predicted PTSS at T2 in SEM analyses, r = .473, p < .001. Beyond this early‐to‐intermediate posttraumatic phase, somatic symptoms did not significantly predict PTSS: T2–T3, r = .024, p = .831; T1–T3, r = −.074, p = .586. PTSS did not significantly predict later somatic symptomatology at T1–T2, r = .093, p = .455; T2–T3, r = .272, p = .234; or T1–T3, r = −.279, p = .077. The findings indicate that survivors’ early pain and related somatic symptoms strongly and consistently predict later psychopathology. After severe psychological trauma, early interventions may need to address individuals’ pain to hinder chronification.

• Pfeiffer, Elisa; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Tutus, Dunja; Holt, Tonje; Rosner, Rita & Wentzel-Larsen, Tore [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Does the therapist matter? Therapist characteristics and their relation to outcome in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 11(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1776048. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There is a broad evidence-base for the effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) in treating children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The effect of therapist characteristics on patient symptoms has been neglected in psychotraumatology research and necessitates further investigation. Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of therapist characteristics (gender, clinical experience and theoretical background) on posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in a heterogeneous and international sample of traumatized children and adolescents. Method Data from two RCTs on the effectiveness of TF-CBT in Norway and Germany were included, comprising N = 52 therapists (78.8% female) and N = 153 patients (72.3% female). All therapists underwent thorough training and continuous supervision in TF-CBT. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA) assessed pre- and post-treatment served as the outcome variable in a linear mixed-effects model with therapists’ theoretical background, prior clinical experience and gender as independent variables, adjusted for patient gender, measurement time and country. The possibility of an interaction between therapist and patient gender was investigated subsequently. Results None of the therapist characteristics were significantly related to PTSS. There was no indication of an interaction between patient and therapist gender (p =.878). Conclusion The lack of evidence for a relationship of therapists’ theoretical orientation and clinical experience with outcome suggests that a wider dissemination of TF-CBT may be warranted. More studies with larger therapist and patient sample sizes and including only community practice are needed.

• Aas, Eline; Silwal, Sanju; Cyr, Pascale-Renée; Holt, Tonje; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2020). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescent with post-traumatic stress symptom: A comparison of 16D and condition-specific instruments. Nordic Journal of Health Economics. ISSN 1892-9729. 8(1), p. 46–71. doi: 10.5617/njhe.6929. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The objective of this study was to compare Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) as measured by the 16D instrument with four condition-specific instruments in children and adolescents with significant post-traumatic stress disease (PTSD), to assess the validity of the 16D instrument. In addition, we test for differences in health for the PTSD population compared to a representative sample of Finnish schoolchildren. The study included 156 children and adolescents with trauma-related symptoms in Norway. The condition-specific instruments included were; Child PTDS Symptom Scale (CPSS); Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ); Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), and; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We found that the 16D HRQoL score was significantly correlated with all condition-specific instruments (CPSS, SCARED, MFQ, and SDQ), where SCARED had the highest correlation with the 16D (-0.659, p &lt; 0.01). Several of the corresponding items (sleep, distress, discomfort and symptoms, mental functioning, and school and hobbies) of the condition-specific instruments were correlated above the threshold (convergent validity, ρ &gt; 0.4). Children and adolescents with symptoms of post-traumatic stress experienced a significant health loss of 0.177 compared to a representative sample of Finnish 12 to 15-years-old schoolchildren with a Cohen’s d of 1.07, and the health difference was significant for all 16 dimensions. These findings support the use of the 16D to measure health outcomes in cost-utility analysis. More studies are needed to examine the responsiveness.&#x0D; Published: Online August 2020.

• Bisson, Jonathan I.; Berliner, Lucy; Cloitre, Marylène; Forbes, David; Jensen, Tine Kristin & Lewis, Catrin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). ISTSS PTSD Prevention and Treatment Guidelines: Recommendations. In Forbes, David; Bisson, Jonathan I.; Monson, Candice M. & Berliner, Lucy (Ed.), Effective Treatments for PTSD. Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.. Guilford Press. ISSN 9781462543571. p. 109–116. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine Kristin; Cohen, Judith; Jaycox, Lisa & Rosner, Rita (2020). Treatment of PTSD and Complex PTSD. In Forbes, David; Bisson, Jonathan I.; Monson, Candice M. & Berliner, Lucy (Ed.), Effective Treatments for PTSD. Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.. Guilford Press. ISSN 9781462543571. p. 385–413. Full text in Research Archive
• Ovenstad, Kristianne Stigsdatter; Ormhaug, Silje M.; Shirk, Stephen R. & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2020). Therapists' behaviors and youths' therapeutic alliance during trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. ISSN 0022-006X. 88(4), p. 350–361. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000465. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Holt, Tonje; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine K. (2020). Perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and youth in therapy: A parallel process latent growth curve model. Behaviour Research and Therapy. ISSN 0005-7967. 132. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103655. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many studies show that perceived social support protects against the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in the aftermath of trauma, but less is known about support in relation to PTSS in trauma therapy. This study examined associations between perceived social support and PTSS in children and adolescents during trauma therapy. Parallel process latent growth curve modeling was used to examine trajectories of perceived social support and PTSS over five measurement waves in a sample of 156 patients, aged between 10 and 18 years (M age = 15.1, SD = 2.2, 79.5% girls), randomized to receive trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) or therapy-as-usual (TAU). Across all participants there was an average decline in PTSS and increase of perceived social support from pre-therapy to 18 months after therapy. Most of the change occurred during therapy and was maintained after therapy. Higher levels of PTSS prior to therapy were associated with lower levels of perceived social support prior to therapy, and a decrease in PTSS was associated with increase in perceived social support. This co-development may have been directed by a third underlying factor or short-term temporal effects. Studies investigating within-person associations over shorter time intervals will benefit our understanding of possible temporal effects.

• Jensen, Tine Kristin; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Andersson, Elin Sofia & Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott (2019). Long-term mental health in unaccompanied refugee minors: Pre- and post-flight predictors. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ISSN 1018-8827. doi: 10.1007/s00787-019-01340-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Unaccompanied refugee minors are a particularly vulnerable group. The aim of this study is to increase our knowledge about possible pathways to well-being and integration for unaccompanied refugee minors as they strive to establish new lives in a host county. The present study followed a group of youth who fled to Norway without their caregivers at three time points; 6 months (n = 95; M age = 13.8, 80% boys), 2 years (n = 78; M age = 16.5, 83% boys), and 5 years (n = 47; M age 20.0, 83% boys) after arrival. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess whether age, gender, and trauma exposure prior to arrival were associated with levels and changes in symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms over time. Regression analyses were conducted to examine whether daily hassles, perceived social support, and new trauma experiences predict PTS, internalization, externalization, and somatization. The mean levels of depression had decreased significantly at 5 years, but mean levels of anxiety, PTS, and externalizing symptoms did not. Females and severely trauma exposed had higher levels of symptoms. Higher age was associated with less change in symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress over time. Five years after arrival, many still experienced clinical levels of mental health problems, and level of daily hassles was an important predictor. Support may be needed not only at arrival to handle mental health problems in general and posttraumatic stress in particular, but also after resettlement. Help to manage daily hassles may be especially important to ensure well-being and integration.

• Dyb, Grete & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Å oppleve et overveldende traume - Hvordan blir livet etterpå? In Dyb, Grete & Jensen, Tine Kristin (Ed.), Å leve videre etter katastrofen: Stressreaksjoner og oppfølging etter traumer. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205522602. p. 15–32. Full text in Research Archive
• Knutsen, Marie Lindebø; Sachser, Cedric; Holt, Tonje; Goldbeck, Lutz & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Trajectories and Possible Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Youth Receiving Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Psychological Trauma. ISSN 1942-9681. doi: 10.1037/tra0000482. Full text in Research Archive
• Bisson, Jonathan I; Berliner, Lucy; Cloitre, Marylène; Forbes, David; Jensen, Tine Kristin & Lewis, Catrin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Methodology and Development Process. Journal of Traumatic Stress. ISSN 0894-9867. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/jts.22421. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Commentary: I thought I was going to die and the world is not safe—how to help children recover after trauma? Reflections on Meiser‐Stedman et al.(2019). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. 60, p. 885–887. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13081. Full text in Research Archive
• Eidhammer, Sandra Ekelund; Jahr, Håkon Larsen; Blix, Ines & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Traumefokusert kognitiv atferdsterapi for barn og ungdom med PTSD og kompleks PTSD. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many youth develop complex symptoms after traumatic events. To capture this the ICD-11 has recently added complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) as a sibling condition to PTSD. CPTSD includes the three PTSD clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance and hypervigilance) in addition to the new cluster referred to as disturbances in self-organization (affective dysregulation, negative self-concept and disturbances in relationships). Trauma focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) has been proven an effective treatment for PTSD, but less is known about its efficiency for treating CPTSD in youth. In this study we explore whether TF-CBT is also helpful for youth with CPTSD in a sample consisting of 80 children (6-18 years). The results showed that youth with symptoms of PTSD and CPTSD responded equally well to TF-CBT. However, those with CPTSD had significantly higher levels of symptoms both before and after treatment. This indicates that TF-CBT may be helpful for youth with CPTSD, but more studies are needed to understand how the model can, be adapted to accommodate also non-responders, and instruments that measure the new CPTSD disorder need to be developed.

• Thoresen, Siri; Dyb, Grete & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2019). Sosial støtte, svik og sosiale barrierer. In Dyb, Grete & Jensen, Tine Kristin (Ed.), Å leve videre etter katastrofen: Stressreaksjoner og oppfølging etter traumer. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205522602. p. 85–94. Full text in Research Archive
• Bartels, Lasse; Berliner, Lucy; Holt, Tonje; Jensen, Tine Kristin; Jungbluth, Nathaniel & Plener, Paul [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). The importance of the DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of cognitions and mood in traumatized children and adolescents: two network approaches. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 0021-9630. 60(5), p. 545–554. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the central symptoms of DSM‐5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents from the perspective of the child and its caregiver. Identifying core symptoms of PTSD can help clinicians to understand what may be relevant targets for treatment. PTSD may present itself differently in children and adolescents compared to adults, and no study so far has investigated the DSM‐5 PTSD conceptualization using network analysis. Methods The network structure of DSM‐5 PTSD was investigated in a clinical sample of n = 475 self‐reports of children and adolescents and n = 424 caregiver‐reports using (a) regularized partial correlation models and (b) a Bayesian approach computing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Results (a) The 20 DSM‐5 PTSD symptoms were positively connected within the self‐report and the caregiver‐report sample. The most central symptoms were negative trauma‐related cognitions and persistent negative emotional state for the self‐report and negative trauma‐related cognitions, intrusive thoughts or memories and exaggerated startle response for the caregiver‐report. (b) Similarly, symptoms in the negative alterations in cognitions and mood cluster (NACM) have emerged as key drivers of other symptoms in traumatized children and adolescents. Conclusions As the symptoms in the DSM‐5 NACM cluster were central in our regularized partial correlation networks and also appeared to be the driving forces in the DAGs, these might represent important symptoms within PTSD symptomatology and may offer key targets in PTSD treatment for children and adolescents.

View all works in NVA

• Landolt, Markus A.; Cloitre, Marylène; Schnyder, Ulrich; Jensen, Tine & Sachser, Cedric (2024). Evidence-Based Treatments for Trauma-Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN 9783031772146. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-77215-3. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine (2025). Changing appraisals and emotional activation during trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: Thematic content and relationships with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Changing maladaptive posttraumatic thoughts such as overgeneralized beliefs may play an important role in trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (TF-CBT). In this study, we aimed to identify the most common themes of the beliefs that are addressed in TF-CBT, and to assess whether overgeneralized beliefs, accommodation, and negative emotions were associated with symptoms of posttraumatic disorder (PTSD). Methods: Participants were multi-traumatized youth (N = 87, mean age = 15.8 years, 78.3 % girls) who received TF-CBT. We categorized the beliefs according to predefined topics. The CHANGE coding system measured overgeneralized beliefs, accommodation, and in-session negative emotion during exposure and cognitive reprocessing. Mixed effects analyses assessed relationships between these factors and PTSD symptoms. Results: The most common overgeneralized beliefs were about trust, esteem, and guilt. Having experienced sexual violence was significantly associated with having overgeneralized beliefs about trust and intimacy. Overgeneralized beliefs related to trust and esteem were associated with higher levels of PTSS. Overgeneralization and in-session negative emotion were associated with higher levels of PTSS. In-session negative emotion moderated the association between overgeneralization and PTSS. Conclusions: Overgeneralized beliefs, in particularly related to trust and esteem, were common and associated with higher levels of PTSS. Low in-session negative emotion during exposure and cognitive reprocessing may amplify overgeneralization's negative effect on PTSD symptoms. Clinicians may achieve better outcomes by addressing patients' distrust and self-esteem issues while eliciting appropriate levels of negative emotion during treatment. This approach could ensure the effectiveness of TF-CBT in treating youth with PTSD symptoms.

• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Jensen, Tine (2025). Foreldreledet tiltak for behandling av symptomer på posttraumatisk stresslidelse hos barn. In Haugland, Bente Storm Mowatt; Bjåstad, Jon Fauskanger & Ogden, Terje (Ed.), Angst hos barn og unge: fagpersoner i nærmiljøet kan hjelpe.. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245047875. p. 219–234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hvordan kan vi bedre hjelpe barn og unge med angst? Angstplager er de mest utbredte psykiske vanskene blant barn og unge i Norge. Mange sliter uten å få tilgang til den hjelpen de trenger. For en del barn og unge innebærer dette at vanskene øker, noe som kan resultere i redusert trivsel, lav mestringsfølelse og risiko for at problemene vokser seg store. Denne boken har som mål å bidra til at barn og unge med milde til moderate angstplager får hjelp og støtte så raskt som mulig . For å nå flest mulig på et tidlig tidspunkt må hjelpen være tilgjengelig der barna er – i skolen, i barnehagen, på helsestasjonen eller gjennom kommunale lavterskeltilbud.

• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Jensen, Tine & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2024). Enslige mindreårige asylsøkere er både sårbare og ressurssterke. Full text in Research Archive
• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Augusti, Else-Marie; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Bræin, Mari Kjølseth; Evang, Are & Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Barn trenger rom til å fortelle. Full text in Research Archive
• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Augusti, Else-Marie; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Bræin, Mari Kjølseth; Evang, Are & Hafstad, Gertrud Sofie [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2023). Angsten for å snakke med barn om vold og overgrep. Full text in Research Archive
• Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Jensen, Tine; Dyb, Grete Anita; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Blix, Ines (2023). Thoughts about what could have happened among survivors of terrorism: Vividness and frequency of counterfactual thinking, and the role of exposure and reactions. Full text in Research Archive
• Glad, Kristin Alve; Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Jensen, Tine; Dyb, Grete Anita & Berg, Akiah Ottesen (2023). “My child could have died”: Counterfactual thinking and mental health in caregivers of young terrorism survivors. Full text in Research Archive
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne Økern; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Jensen, Tine; Knutsen, Marie Lindebø; Martinsen, Marianne & Nymoen, Camilla [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Stepping Together for Children after Trauma, a parent-led, therapist-assisted trauma treatment -Children’s views on the treatment. Full text in Research Archive
• Ormhaug, Silje Mørup; Jensen, Tine; Øverland, Klara; Augusti, Else-Marie; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott & Bræin, Mari Kjølseth [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Barn trenger rom til å fortelle. Vi må unngå å skape usikkerhet om det er greit å snakke med barn om vold. Full text in Research Archive
• Undset, Andrea Barsnes; Jensen, Tine; Dyb, Grete Anita; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Blix, Ines (2023). Vividness and frequency of counterfactual thinking –the role of exposure and peri-trauma reactions, and associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). "They're not going to understand anyway": Why youth may be reluctant to talk about their negative online experiences. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine (2022). Å bli alvorlig mobbet på skolen kan skade like mye som vold i hjemmet. Full text in Research Archive
• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Jensen, Tine; Martinsen, Marianne & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2022). Foreldrenes opplevelse av å hjelpe barna sine med å få det bedre gjennom Trinnvis TF-CBT. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). Psykologen / hjelperen her hjemme: Hva kan vi gjøre? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). Trauma-focused treatment (TF-CBT) for PTSD in children and possible change mechanisms. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). Treatment of Children and Adolescents with PTSD: Where are we at? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). Possible change processes in child trauma treatment. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). How can we understand, support and screen trauma exposed children? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2022). How can we understand and support trauma exposed children? Some things to do. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2021). Hvilke effekter har traumer på barn og unge? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine; Granly, Lene; Hoaas, Live E. C. & Stormyren, Shirley (2021). Traumefokusert kognitiv atferdsterapi for barn og unge. In Martinsen, Kristin & Hagen, Roger (Ed.), Håndbok i kognitiv atferdsterapi i behandling av barn og unge. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205545298. p. 239–265. Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2021). Behandling av traumatiserte barn og unge og endringsprosesser. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Blestad, Camilla; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Thoresen, Siri & Jensen, Tine (2021). Min hverdag: Utvikling og pilottesting av en app til bruk i behandling av posttraumatisk stresslidelse (PTSD) i BUP. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2021). Do different traumatic events invoke different kinds of post-traumatic stress symptoms? Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Blestad, Camilla; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Thoresen, Siri & Jensen, Tine (2021). Brukermedvirkning i utvikling av app til bruk i behandling av PTSD. Full text in Research Archive
• Fagermoen, Else Merete; Jensen, Tine; Skjærvø, Ingebjørg; Martinsen, Marianne & Ormhaug, Silje Mørup (2021). How parents in Norwegian municipalities experience the therapist-assisted parent-led treatment Stepped Care Trauma-Focused Behavioral Therapy (SC-TF-CBT)? Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia & Jensen, Tine (2021). Barn på flukt alene – Hvordan går det med dem og hva trenger de av oss? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2020). Hvordan kan vi forstå og behandle traumatiserte barn og unge? Full text in Research Archive
• Jensen, Tine (2020). Psykisk helse og Barnekonvensjonens artikkel 24. Trinnvis TF-CBT – en modell for lavterskel psykisk helsetilbud. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine (2020). Mot et bedre liv: vendepunkter blant enslige mindreårige asylsøkere under 16 år. Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid. ISSN 1503-6707. 17(4). doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-3010-2020-04-10. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2020). Barn på flukt alene – Hvordan går det med dem og hva trenger de av oss? Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2020). Mot et bedre liv: Vendepunkter blant enslige mindreårige asylsøkere under 16 år. Full text in Research Archive
• Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim & Jensen, Tine Kristin (2020). The importance of leaders to support service provision. Full text in Research Archive
• Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Jensen, Tine Kristin & Selvanayagam, Keerththanan (2019). Veien fra ankomst til bosatt. In Dybdahl, Ragnhild; Lien, Lars; Siem, Harald; Bakke, Hege Helene & Julardzija, Irma (Ed.), Asylsøkere og flyktninger. Psykisk helse og livsmestring. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215031514. p. 144–156. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersson, Elin Sofia; Jensen, Tine Kristin & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim (2019). Unaccompanied minor refugees and resettlement: Turning points, Meaning making, and Pathways. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott; Blestad, Camilla; Granly, Lene; Knutsen, Marie Lindebø; Ormhaug, Silje Mørup & Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Femten år med forskning på og implementering av traumefokusert kognitiv atferdsterapi (TF-CBT) i Norge. Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter om vold og traumatisk stress. ISSN 9788281221796. Full text in Research Archive
• Livingstone, Sonia; Stoilova, Mariya; Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Jessen, Reidar Schei; Graham, Richard & Staksrud, Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Adolescents experiencing internetrelated mental health difficulties: the benefits and risks of digital skills. Leuven University Press. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most research on digital skills concerns typically-developing young people. This project asks whether digital skills, as conceptualised by the wider ySKILLS project, improve or undermine the wellbeing of adolescents with lived experience of diverse mental health difficulties such as self-harm, depression and anxiety, eating disorders, excessive internet use, grooming and sexual abuse.

• Livingstone, Sonia; Stoilova, Mariya; Stänicke, Line Indrevoll; Jessen, Reidar Schei; Graham, Richard & Staksrud, Elisabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Young people experiencing internet-related mental health difficulties: the benefits and risks of digital skills. Leuven University Press. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Most research on digital skills concerns typically-developing young people. This project asks whether digital skills, as conceptualised by the wider ySKILLS project, improve or undermine the wellbeing of adolescents with lived experience of diverse mental health difficulties such as self-harm, depression and anxiety, eating disorders, excessive internet use, grooming and sexual abuse.

• Bjerketvedt, Henriette Koolen; Skjærvø, Ingeborg & Jensen, Tine (2021). Perceived Parental Support in Stepped Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA