Frank Larøi

• Torgalsbøen, Anne-Kari; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank & Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi (2026). Resilience and clinical recovery in first-episode schizophrenia: a 10-year longitudinal study of clinically recovered, non-recovered, and healthy control participants. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1813256. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Research on resilience in clinical recovery following first-episode schizophrenia (FES) remains limited, and few longitudinal studies achieve sufficient retention to capture long-term trajectories. To address this, the Oslo Schizophrenia Recovery Study (OSR) was designed to examine resilience over time in FES. Investigating resilience is essential for understanding how individuals exposed to schizophrenia may achieve favorable outcomes. We addressed two primary questions: First, how does resilience change over time in individuals with FES compared with healthy controls. Second, whether longitudinal resilience trajectories within the FES group differ between participants who meet predefined clinical recovery criteria compared to those who do not. Methods Repeated assessments were conducted across 12 clinical evaluations. The sample comprised 28 individuals with FES and 28 healthy controls. Resilience was measured with the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and social and role functioning were indexed using the Global Functioning Scales. The data were analyzed using linear multilevel models. Candidate longitudinal mixed-effects models were compared using the small-sample corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), with parameters estimated by maximum likelihood. Results At 10-year follow-up, retention was 79%. Half of the FES group achieved clinical recovery. Model estimates indicated increasing resilience over time in the FES group, whereas resilience in healthy controls remained relatively stable, although statistical support for differential trajectories between groups was limited. Clinically recovered individuals showed a steeper increase in resilience. In contrast, non-recovered individuals exhibited only modest, gradual improvements, with resilience levels remaining lower at study completion. Conclusion Different resilience trajectories were observed between clinically recovered and non-recovered individuals with FES, with greater improvements in resilience associated with recovery. Although causality remains uncertain and differences to healthy controls were less robust, these findings highlight the value of repeated longitudinal assessments of resilience in FES, both to more precisely characterize resilience trajectories and to reduce drop-out rates.

• Kowalski, Joachim; Dąbkowska, Małgorzata; Aleksandrowicz, Adrianna; Jarkiewicz, Michał; Larøi, Frank & Gawęda, Łukasz (2026). Examining Auditory Hallucinations and Attention in Schizophrenia Patients According to the Metacognitive Model. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 52(5). doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaf208. Full text in Research Archive
• Torgalsbøen, Anne-Kari; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank & Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi (2025). Longitudinal recovery and self-efficacy in first-episode schizophrenia: insights from a 10-year follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. p. 01–09. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt2025.1588349. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Research on clinical recovery rates in first-episode schizophrenia has yielded inconsistent results due to varying definitions of recovery and methodological differences. The longitudinal trajectory of recovery—whether rates improve, decline, or remain stable—remains unclear. Schizophrenia significantly impacts young lives, making it crucial to examine self-efficacy, the belief in one’s ability to manage adversity, and its relationship with clinical recovery. Methods: The Oslo Schizophrenia Recovery study`s repeated assessment design, including twelve clinical evaluations over ten years, is ideal for studying longitudinal recovery. Self-efficacy was measured using the General Perceived Self-Efficacy scale, with data analyzed through linear multilevel models. Twenty-eight well-defined first-episode schizophrenia patients were assessed yearly, using a strict recovery definition (two years of full symptom remission and adequate social/role functioning), with 79% of patients retained from baseline. Results: Recovery rates improved and remained stable, suggesting better outcomes than previously reported. Of the participants, 50% achieved clinical recovery. Recovered individuals showed a sharp increase in self-efficacy within the first year, while non-recovered patients exhibited gradual improvement. The interaction between recovery status and time revealed distinct self-efficacy trajectories, particularly in the first post-onset year. Conclusions: A significant proportion of first-episode schizophrenia patients can achieve clinical recovery. While these positive outcomes are noteworthy, it is important to recognize that recovery paths can vary widely among individuals. Since people with schizophrenia are concerned about their chances of recovery, the results must be shared with patients and their families. While the causal relationship between self-efficacy and recovery remains unclear, they likely influence each other.

• Torgalsbøen, Anne-Kari; Mohn, Hanne Christine; Larøi, Frank & Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi (2025). Longitudinal recovery and self-efficacy in first-episode schizophrenia: insights from a 10-year follow-up study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 16. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1588349. Full text in Research Archive
• Kowalski, Joachim; Dabkowska, Małgorzata; Aleksandrowicz, Adrianna; Jarkiewicz, Michał; Larøi, Frank & Gawȩda, Łukasz (2024). Associations of Cognitive Expectancies With Auditory Hallucinations and Hallucinatory-Like Experiences in Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 51(3), p. 780–791. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbae115. Full text in Research Archive
• Bell, Adrienne; Toh, Wei Lin; Allen, Paul; Cella, Matteo; Jardri, Renaud & Larøi, Frank [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Examining the relationships between cognition and auditory hallucinations: A systematic review. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print). ISSN 0004-8674. doi: 10.1177/00048674241235849. Full text in Research Archive
• Siddi, Sara; Ochoa, Susana; Larøi, Frank; Lincoln, Tania M.; Schlier, Björn & Zaytseva, Yuliya [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2024). A cross-national investigation of psychosis-like experiences in five European countries included in the E-CLECTIC study: Psychometric challenges in studying their measurement. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 339. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116072. Full text in Research Archive
• Teigset, Charlotte Margrethe; Mohn, Hanne Christine; Mohn-Haugen, Caroline Ranem; Larøi, Frank & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2024). Psychological and social difficulties in young non-help-seeking adolescents at risk for psychosis: insights from a large cohort study. Frontiers in Psychology. 15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1430805. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: This study used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), and explored the psychological and social challenges of 14-year-olds who report psychotic symptoms. Research on help-seeking youths indicates comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety, and social deterioration, but less is known about non-help-seeking individuals who may not use healthcare services, possibly skewing comorbidity profiles. Also, findings suggest that adolescents manifesting psychotic symptoms refrain from pursuing help. This gap underscores the necessity of studying non-help-seeking adolescents to better understand their needs and the risks they face without intervention. Methods: We analyzed responses from adolescents who completed the 14-year questionnaire in MoBa (N = 127), identifying those as at risk by their high scores on psychosis-risk items, within the top 0.4% (N = 58). Comparative analyses were conducted against matched controls to assess differences in psychological and social functioning (N = 69). Results: Results indicated that the at-risk adolescents experience significantly more depression and anxiety and have lower self-esteem and poorer social functioning than controls. Social functioning parameters, including leisure activities, social competence, quality of parental relationship, and sense of school belonging, were significantly worse than those observed in controls. The results indicate a pronounced vulnerability among non-help-seeking adolescents at-risk, similar to issues seen in help-seeking youths. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of early identification and intervention strategies that reach beyond traditional clinical settings, suggesting the efficacy of population or community-based screenings to prevent long-term adverse outcomes. The study proposes a broader understanding of psychosis risk, stressing the importance of inclusive approaches to support at-risk adolescents effectively.

• Haj, Mohamad El & Larøi, Frank (2024). On hallucinations and memory: the relationship between hallucinations and autobiographical overgenerality in Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. ISSN 0924-2708. doi: 10.1017/neu.2024.7. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El; Larøi, Frank & Chapelet, Guillaume (2024). Limited awareness of hallucinations in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2024.2357065. Full text in Research Archive
• Libera, Clara Della; Goosse, Manon; Larøi, Frank & Willems, Sylvie (2023). Examining the impact of experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations from a first-person perspective on the degree of empathy and stigmatization in a group of psychology students: A study using 360° immersive videos. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 123. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152379. Full text in Research Archive
• Libera, Clara Della; Simon, Jessica; Larøi, Frank; Quertemont, Etienne & Wagener, Aurélie (2023). Using 360-degree immersive videos to assess multiple transdiagnostic symptoms: A study focusing on fear of negative evaluation, paranoid thoughts, negative automatic thoughts, and craving. Virtual Reality. ISSN 1359-4338. doi: 10.1007/s10055-023-00779-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Torgalsbøen, Anne Kari; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank; Fu, Susie & Czajkowski, Nikolai Olavi (2023). A ten-year longitudinal repeated assessment study of cognitive improvement in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls: The Oslo Schizophrenia Recovery (OSR) study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 260, p. 92–98. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.08.008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The mapping of cognitive trajectories after a first episode of schizophrenia has been the aim in several studies, but the longitudinal course of cognitive impairments remains an important question. Due to methodological limitations, it has been challenging to pinpoint specific periods of improvement or stability in cognitive functioning over time. The objective of this study is to further clarify the longitudinal course of cognitive change after a first episode of schizophrenia through frequent repeated measurement. A total of 56 persons participated in the study (28 first episode patients and 28 healthy pairwise matched controls) with 79 % of patients retained at the 10-year follow-up. The Oslo Schizophrenia Recovery study has a repeated measurement design and includes data from nine cognitive assessments over 10 years. Cognition was assessed with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, which is well suited for repeated measurements. Data were analyzed with linear multilevel models. The results challenge some of the views about the course of cognitive impairment in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Using quadratic time effects in our analyses and balancing the patient group with regards to the most relevant confounding demographic variables such as age, gender, and education, we showed that cognitive deficits change and improve more than in healthy individuals until year 6, when both groups stabilize. The patient group improved on some of the most important cognitive domains associated with functional outcome with 63.5 % full recovery at 10-year follow-up.

• Mohn-Haugen, Caroline Ranem; Møller, Paul; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank; Teigset, Charlotte Margrethe & Øie, Merete Glenne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Anomalous self-experiences and neurocognitive functioning in adolescents at risk for psychosis: Still no significant associations found between these two vulnerability markers. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 125. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) and neurocognitive impairments are considered essential domains of vulnerability for developing psychotic disorders. However, little research exists of possible associations between ASEs and neurocognitive functions in individuals at-risk for psychosis. The interconnections between ASEs and neurocognitive impairments should therefore be clarified as much as possible, especially in young individuals at risk. No previous studies have investigated these two fundamental domains in non-help-seeking adolescents at risk for developing psychosis. Methods This study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Adolescents (N = 48, 94% females, mean age = 15.3) were invited to participate after completing a 14-year-old survey distributed by MoBA. At-risk adolescents were selected based on the 0.4% highest scores on 19 items assessing both psychotic-like experiences and ASEs. Five specifically selected and formulated items measuring ASEs were computed to an ASEs total score. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Results Regression analyses revealed no significant relationships between ASEs and any neurocognitive domain. Conclusions We did not find any significant associations between ASEs and neurocognitive functions in non-help-seeking adolescents at risk for psychotic disorders, which is in line with reports from other types of cohorts. Thus, ASEs and neurocognitive functions may be understood as two relatively separate domains that co-exist in at-risk states. These results underline the need for a wider scope when making predictions about future trajectories, e.g. the development of psychotic disorders. Including both ASEs and neurocognitive functioning in at-risk populations may increase the specificity of vulnerability criteria in this population and enhance our understanding of early psychosis psychopathology.

• Latteur, Alizée; Larøi, Frank & Bortolon, Catherine (2022). Translation and Validation of the French Version of the Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) in Two Samples: Non-Clinical and Clinical Adults. Psychologica Belgica. ISSN 0033-2879. 62(1), p. 208–217. doi: 10.5334/pb.1134. Full text in Research Archive
• Mohn-Haugen, Caroline Ranem; Mohn, Christine; Larøi, Frank; Teigset, Charlotte; Øie, Merete Glenne & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2022). A systematic review of premorbid cognitive functioning and its timing of onset in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition. 28, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100246. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cognitive impairments are core features of established schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). However, it remains unclear whether specific cognitive functions are differentially impaired pre-onset and at what age these impairments can be detected. The purpose of this review was to elucidate these issues through a systematic summary of results from longitudinal studies investigating impairment in specific cognitive domains as antecedents of SSD. Relevant studies were identified by electronic and manual literature searches and included any original study of cognitive domains any time pre-onset of SSDs that included a control group. Effect sizes were calculated by domain for studies comparing high-risk participants who developed SSD with those who did not. The strongest evidence for impairment pre-onset was for mental processing speed, verbal learning and memory, executive function, and social cognition. Some verbal impairments, like language abilities at age 3 and verbal learning and memory at age 7, may develop as static deficits. Conversely, some non-verbal impairments, like mental processing speed, visuospatial abilities, and visual working memory manifest as developmental lag and become significant later in life. Most effect sizes were small to moderate, except for verbal fluency (d′ = 0,85), implying this impairment as central in high-risk participants who develop SSD. The present review documents extensive cognitive impairments pre-onset of SSD, and that these impairments start early in life, in line with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Increased knowledge about cognitive impairments preonset can provide a better basis for understanding the complex pathogenesis of SSD as well as informing cognitive remediation programs.

• Laloyaux, Julien; Hirnstein, Marco; Specht, Karsten; Giersch, Anne & Larøi, Frank (2022). Eliciting false auditory perceptions using speech frequencies and semantic priming: a signal detection approach. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 27(4), p. 255–272. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2031945. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations (AH) tend to perceive voices when exposed to random noise. However, the factors driving this tendency remain unclear. The present study examined the interaction of a top-down (expectations) and bottom-up (type of noise) process to better understand the mechanisms that underlie AH. Methods Fifty-two healthy individuals (29 with high proneness and 23 with low proneness to AH) completed a signal detection task, in which they listened to pre-recorded sentences. The last word was either masked by noise or only noise was presented without the word. Two types of noise existed (speech-related versus speech-unrelated frequencies) and words were characterised by either high or low levels of semantic expectation. Results Participants with high proneness to AH showed a more liberal decision bias (i.e., they were more likely to report having heard a word) and poorer discrimination ability as compared to participants with low proneness to AH – but only when the word was masked by speech-related noises and the level of expectation was high. Further, the more liberal decision bias correlated negatively with the tendency to experience AH. Conclusion This novel paradigm demonstrated an interaction between top-down (level of expectation) and bottom-up (type of noise) processes, supporting current theoretical models of AH.

• Kusztrits, Isabella; Toh, Wei Lin; Thomas, Neil; Larøi, Frank; Meyers, Denny & Hirnstein, Marco [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). From core schemas about the self and others to voice phenomenology: Anxiety and depression affect voice hearers differently. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. ISSN 1476-0835. 95(2), p. 493–507. doi: 10.1111/papt.12384. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) occur as a symptom in various mental disorders, and show different phenomenological aspects, depending on their underlying psychopathology. Anxiety and depression, which are known to be involved in the development of AVHs, are suggested to amplify a vicious cycle in which negative interpretations of daily experiences feed into the formation of negative core schemas about the self and others. However, the way in which these variables interrelate is still unknown. Therefore, our aim was to determine the specific roles of anxiety and depression in the relationship between core schemas and emotional aspects of AVHs for three groups (non-clinical voice hearers, affective voice hearers and non-affective voice hearers). Methods Positive and negative core schemas of the self and others were tested as predictors of emotional distress due to AVHs, examining anxiety and depression separately as potential mediators. Results Results showed full mediating effects of depression in non-affective voice hearers in the relationship between negative core schemas and AVH distress, but not in affective voice hearers. Anxiety was not a mediator in any of the groups. Conclusions These findings suggest different emotional mechanisms depending on the underlying psychopathology.

• Næss, Julie Øverbø; Hirnstein, Marco; Kusztrits, Isabella & Larøi, Frank (2022). An online survey on clinical and healthy individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations: Abuse did not lead to more negative voice content. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 265, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Despite the clinical and theoretical importance of the negative content in auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), little research has been conducted on the topic. A handful of studies suggest that trauma or adverse life events contribute to negative content. The findings are somewhat inconsistent, however, possibly due to methodological limitations. Moreover, only trauma occurring in childhood has been investigated so far. In the present study, we studied the effect of abuse, experienced in either child- or adulthood, and clinical status on negative content of AVHs in four groups of participants that were assessed as part of a large, previously published online survey: Individuals with a psychotic disorder and AVHs (total n = 33), who had experienced abuse (n = 21) or not (n = 12) as well as a group of healthy individuals with AVHs (total n = 53), who had experienced abuse (n = 31) or not (n = 22). We hypothesized that having experienced abuse was associated with a higher degree of negative content. The clinical group collectively reported significantly higher degrees of negative AVHs content compared to the healthy group, but there was no effect of abuse on the degree of negative AVHs content. The presence of AVHs was more common amongst individuals who reported a history of abuse compared to individuals with no history of abuse, both in clinical and healthy participants with AVHs. This implies that at group level, being subjected to traumatic events increases an individual's vulnerability to experiencing AVHs. However, it does not necessarily account for negative content in AVHs. Keywords Adverse life eventsTraumaSchizophreniaChildhoodPsychosisHealthy voice hearersPsychotic experiences

• Mohn-Haugen, Caroline Ranem; Mohn, Hanne Christine; Larøi, Frank; Teigset, Charlotte; Øie, Merete Glenne & Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (2022). Cognitive functioning in a group of adolescents at risk for psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1075222. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and impairments are present in groups at-risk for psychosis. Most at-risk studies include young adults and not younger age-groups, such as adolescents. Participants are usually help-seeking individuals, even though risk factors may also be present in non-help seeking adolescents. We aim to explore cognitive functions in a group of non-help-seeking 15-year-old adolescents at risk for psychosis compared to age- and gender matched controls, including particular focus on specific cognitive domains. Hundred participants (mean age = 15.3) were invited after completing the 14-year-old survey distributed by the Norwegian Mother-, Father- and Child Study. At-risk adolescents were selected based on high scores on 19 items assessing both psychotic experiences and anomalous self-experiences. Matched controls were selected from the same sample. Cognitive functioning was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and IQ using Wechsler’s Abbreviated Test of Intelligence. We found that the adolescents at-risk for psychosis had significantly poorer scores than controls on the composite score of the MCCB. IQ scores were also significantly lower in the at-risk group. The results highlight general cognitive deficits as central in a group of non-help-seeking adolescents at-risk for psychosis. Results indicate that the development of cognitive impairments starts early in life in at-risk groups. It is still unclear whether specific cognitive domains, such as verbal learning, are related to psychotic symptoms or may be specifically vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety.

• Moseley, Peter; Aleman, André; Allen, Paul; Bell, Vaughan; Bless, Josef Johann & Bortolon, Catherine [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2021). Correlates of hallucinatory experiences in the general population: An international multisite replication study. Psychological Science. ISSN 0956-7976. 32(7). doi: 10.1177/0956797620985832. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hallucinatory experiences can occur in both clinical and nonclinical groups. However, in previous studies of the general population, investigations of the cognitive mechanisms underlying hallucinatory experiences have yielded inconsistent results. We ran a large-scale preregistered multisite study, in which general-population participants (N = 1,394 across 11 data-collection sites and online) completed assessments of hallucinatory experiences, a measure of adverse childhood experiences, and four tasks: source memory, dichotic listening, backward digit span, and auditory signal detection. We found that hallucinatory experiences were associated with a higher false-alarm rate on the signal detection task and a greater number of reported adverse childhood experiences but not with any of the other cognitive measures employed. These findings are an important step in improving reproducibility in hallucinations research and suggest that the replicability of some findings regarding cognition in clinical samples needs to be investigated.

• Montagnese, Marcella; Leptourgos, Pantelis; Fernyhough, Charles; Waters, Flavie; Larøi, Frank & Jardri, Renaud [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). A review of multimodal hallucinations: categorization, assessment, theoretical perspectives, and clinical tecommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 47(1), p. 237–248. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hallucinations can occur in different sensory modalities, both simultaneously and serially in time. They have typically been studied in clinical populations as phenomena occurring in a single sensory modality. Hallucinatory experiences occurring in multiple sensory systems—multimodal hallucinations (MMHs)—are more prevalent than previously thought and may have greater adverse impact than unimodal ones, but they remain relatively underresearched. Here, we review and discuss: (1) the definition and categorization of both serial and simultaneous MMHs, (2) available assessment tools and how they can be improved, and (3) the explanatory power that current hallucination theories have for MMHs. Overall, we suggest that current models need to be updated or developed to account for MMHs and to inform research into the underlying processes of such hallucinatory phenomena. We make recommendations for future research and for clinical practice, including the need for service user involvement and for better assessment tools that can reliably measure MMHs and distinguish them from other related phenomena.

• Wehling, Eike Ines; Bless, Josef J; Hirnstein, Marco; Kråkvik, Bodil; Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar & Hugdahl, Kenneth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Olfactory hallucinations in a population-based sample. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 304. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Olfactory hallucinations referring to olfactory perceptions in the absence of chemical stimuli, occur in non- clinical and clinical populations. Few studies have investigated their prevalence in the general population and little is known about factors triggering and maintaining them such as substance use, severe life events, and mood. We analyzed self-report data from 2500 community dwelling Norwegians, aged 18-96 years, for occurrence of olfactory hallucinations and co-occurring hallucinations in other modalities (auditory, visual, tactile). Analyses included age, sex, self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, mental health status, and experience of severe life-events. The results show that 4.2% (95% CI 3.5-5.1%) reported having experienced olfactory hallu-cinations, and 56% of individuals experiencing olfactory hallucinations also reported these in combination with hallucinations in other modalities. Prevalence varied significantly in terms of age and sex, in that olfactory hallucinations were most frequently reported by young individuals and females. Self-reported symptoms of anxiety and experience of stressful life events were significantly associated with olfactory hallucinations, sug-gesting that experiencing olfactory hallucinations may negatively affect functioning and may increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology. Findings underline the need to continue to examine olfactory hal-lucinations albeit with a more comprehensive assessment in order to increase knowledge on this experience.

• Noël, Tania; Larøi, Frank & Burnay, Jonathan (2021). The Impact of Sexualized Video Game Content and Cognitive Load on State Rape Myth Acceptance. Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614502. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The potential negative impact of sexualized video games on attitudes toward women is an important issue. Studies that have examined this issue are rare and contain a number of limitations. Therefore, it largely remains unclear whether sexualized video games can have an impact on attitudes toward women. This study examined the consequences of sexualized video game content and cognitive load (moderator) on rape victim blame and rape perpetrator blame (used as a proxy of rape myth acceptance), and whether the degree of humanness of the victim and of the perpetrator mediated these effects. Participants (N = 142) played a video game using sexualized or non-sexualized female characters. Cognitive load was manipulated by setting the difficulty level of the game to low or high. After gameplay, participants read a rape date story, and were then asked to judge the victim’s and the perpetrator’s degree of responsibility and humanness. Based on the General Aggression Model (GAM), it was hypothesized that playing the video game with a sexualized content would increase the responsibility assigned to the victim and diminish the responsibility assigned to the perpetrator. Further, degree of humanness of the victim and the perpetrator was expected to mediate this relation. The results were partially consistent with these predictions: Playing a video game containing sexualized female characters increased rape victim blame when cognitive load was high, but did not predict degree of humanness accorded to the victim. Concerning the perpetrator, video game sexualization did not influence responsibility, but partly influenced humanness. This study concludes that video games impact on attitudes toward women and this, in part, due to its interactive nature.

• Thonon, Bénédicte; Contreras, Alba & Larøi, Frank (2021). Motivation in schizophrenia: preliminary findings of a theory-driven approach using time-series network analysis. Current Psychology. ISSN 1046-1310. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01321-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Libera, Clara Della; Quertemont, Etienne; Laloyaux, Julien; Thonon, Bénédicte & Larøi, Frank (2021). Using 360° immersive videos to assess paranoia in a non-clinical population. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2021.1956885. Full text in Research Archive
• Knappik, Franz Ulrich; Bless, Josef J & Larøi, Frank (2021). Confusions about ‘Inner’ and ‘Outer’ Voices: Conceptual Problems in the Study of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Review of Philosophy and Psychology. ISSN 1878-5158. doi: 10.1007/s13164-021-00532-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Both in research on Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVHs) and in their clinical assessment, it is common to distinguish between voices that are experienced as ‘inner’ (or ‘internal’, ‘inside the head’, ‘inside the mind’, ...) and voices that are experienced as ‘outer’ (‘external’, ‘outside the head’, ‘outside the mind’, ...). This inner/outer-contrast is treated not only as an important phenomenological variable of AVHs, it is also often seen as having diagnostic value. In this article, we argue that the distinction between ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ voices is ambiguous between different readings, and that lack of disambiguation in this regard has led to flaws in assessment tools, diagnostic debates and empirical studies. Such flaws, we argue furthermore, are often linked to misreadings of inner/outer-terminology in relevant 19th and early twentieth century work on AVHs, in particular, in connection with Kandinsky’s and Jaspers’s distinction between hallucinations and pseudo-hallucinations.

• Haj, Mohamad El; Larøi, Frank & Gallouj, Karim (2021). Hallucinations and Covid-19: Increased Occurrence of Hallucinations in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease During Lockdown. Psychiatric quarterly. ISSN 0033-2720. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11126-021-09927-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Bless, Josef J; Hugdahl, Kenneth Jan; Kråkvik, Bodil; Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar; Kalhovde, Anne Martha & Grønli, Janne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). In the twilight zone: An epidemiological study of sleep-related hallucinations. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 108:152247, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152247. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Few studies have investigated hallucinations that occur at the onset/offset of sleep (called hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations; HHHs), despite the fact that their prevalence in the general population is reported to be higher than the prevalence of daytime hallucinations. We utilized data from an epidemiological study to explore the prevalence of HHHs in various modalities. We also investigated phenomenological differences between sleep-related (HHHs) and daytime hallucinations in the auditory modality. We hypothesized that individuals with only HHHs would not differ from controls on a range of mental health and wellbeing measures, but that if they occur together with daytime hallucinations will pose a greater burden on the individual experiencing them. We also hypothesize that HHHs are qualitatively different (i.e. less severe) from daytime hallucinations. Methods This study utilized data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study on the prevalence of hallucinations in the Norwegian general population. The sample (n = 2533) was divided into a control group without hallucinations (n = 2303), a group only experiencing sleep-related hallucinations (n = 62), a group only experiencing daytime hallucinations (n = 57), and a group experiencing both sleep-related as well as daytime hallucinations (n = 111). Prevalence rates were calculated and groups were compared using analyses of variance and chi-square tests where applicable. Results The prevalence for HHHs in the auditory domain was found to be 6.8%, whereas 12.3% reported multimodal HHHs, and 32.2% indicated out-of-body experiences at the onset/offset of sleep. Group comparisons of hallucinations in the auditory modality showed that individuals that experienced only auditory HHHs scored significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those who also experienced daytime auditory hallucinations on a range of variables including mental health, anxiety, childhood happiness, and wellbeing. In addition, individuals with only auditory HHHs reported significantly (p < 0.05) less frequent hallucinations, less disturbing hallucinations, more neutral (in terms of content) hallucinations, hallucinations with less influence over their behavior, and less hallucination-related interference with social life compared to those individuals that experience daytime hallucinations. We also found that purely auditory HHHs had a significantly higher age of first onset of hallucinations than the purely daytime and the combined daytime and auditory HHHs groups (28.2 years>20.9 > 19.1). Conclusions Sleep-related hallucinations are common experiences in the general population, with the auditory modality being the least common. They occur mostly in combination with daytime hallucinations. However, some individuals (2.4%) experience only (auditory) sleep-related hallucinations and this group can be seen as more closely related, on a range of health-related factors, to non-hallucinating individuals than individuals who experience daytime hallucinations. Finally, there is a clear need for more research in this field, and ideas for future studies are presented.

• Chinchani, Abhijit M.; Menon, Mahesh; Roes, Meighen; Hwang, Heungsun; Allen, Paul & Bell, Vaughan [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2021). Item-specific overlap between hallucinatory experiences and cognition in the general population: A three-step multivariate analysis of international multi-site data. Cortex. ISSN 0010-9452. 145, p. 131–144. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.014. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hallucinatory experiences (HEs) can be pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underpin HEs include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, and impaired attentional processes. Using data from an international multisite study on non-clinical participants (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items. We used a three-step method to extract and examine item-specific signal, which is typically obscured when summary scores are analyzed using traditional methodologies. The three-step method involved: (1) constraining variance in cognition variables to that which is predictable from HE variables, followed by dimension reduction, (2) determining reliable HE items using split-halves and permutation tests, and (3) selecting cognition items for interpretation using a leave-one-out procedure followed by repetition of Steps 1 and 2. The results showed that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as bi-dimensional, with two distinct mechanisms emerging as candidates for separate pathways to the development of HEs: HEs involving perceptual distortions on one hand (including voices), underpinned by a low threshold for signal detection in cognition, and HEs involving sensory overload on the other hand, underpinned by reduced laterality in cognition. We propose that these two dimensions of HEs involving distortions/liberal signal detection, and sensation overload/reduced laterality may map onto psychosis-spectrum and dissociation-spectrum anomalous experiences, respectively.

• Haj, Mohamad El & Larøi, Frank (2020). Confabulations on time: Relationship between confabulations and timing deviations in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. ISSN 0887-6177. 35(4), p. 377–384. doi: 10.1093/ARCLIN/ACAA001. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosse, Roar & Larøi, Frank (2020). Quantifying auditory impressions in dreams in order to assess the relevance of dreaming as a model for psychosis. PLOS ONE. 15(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230212. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A long noted hypothesis is that mechanisms of dreaming play a role in psychotic hallucinations. One challenge for this hypothesis is that while psychotic hallucinations primarily are auditory, dreaming most characteristically is visual. At the same time, previous studies have not explicitly examined auditory impressions in dreaming. Here, we mapped the prevalence and characteristics of auditory impressions in 130 dreams reported after spontaneous awakenings from sleep in 13 normal, healthy people. We instructed participants to report any dream they could recall and to pay particular attention to possible auditory impressions. The participants reported auditory impressions in 93.9% of their dreams on average. The most prevalent auditory type was other people speaking (83.9% of participants’ dreams), followed by the dreamer speaking (60.0%), and other types of sounds (e.g. music, 33.1%). Of altogether 407 instances of auditory impressions in the 130 dreams, auditory quality was judged comparable to waking in 46.4%, indeterminate in 50.6%, and absent or only thought-like in 2.9%. The results suggest that also internally generated auditory (verbal) sensations are a central component of dreaming, typically occurring several times every night in normal, healthy people.

• Kamp, Karina Stengaard; Steffen, Edith Maria; Alderson-Day, Ben; Allen, Paul; Austad, Anne & Hayes, Jacqueline [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Sensory and Quasi-Sensory Experiences of the Deceased in Bereavement: An Interdisciplinary and Integrative Review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa113. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bereaved people often report having sensory and quasi-sensory experiences of the deceased (SED), and there is an ongoing debate over whether SED are associated with pathology, such as grief complications. Research into these experiences has been conducted in various disciplines, including psychiatry, psychology, and anthropology, without much crossover. This review brings these areas of research together, drawing on the expertise of an interdisciplinary working group formed as part of the International Consortium for Hallucination Research (ICHR). It examines existing evidence on the phenomenology, associated factors, and impact of SED, including the role of culture, and discusses the main theories on SED and how these phenomena compare with unusual experiences in other contexts. The review concludes that the vast majority of these experiences are benign and that they should be considered in light of their biographical, relational, and sociocultural contexts.

• Kusztrits, Isabella; Larøi, Frank; Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Marquardt, Lynn Anne; Sinkeviciute, Igne & Kjelby, Eirik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Mapping psychotic-like experiences: Results from an online survey. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 62(2), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12683. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Suggestions have been made that psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs), such as hallucinatory and delusional experiences, exist on a continuum from healthy individuals to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We used the screening questions of the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences (QPE), an interview that captures the presence and phenomenology of various psychotic experiences separately, to assess PLEs in Norway. Based on data from an online survey in a sample of more than 1,400 participants, we demonstrated that the QPE screening questions show satisfactory psychometric properties. Participants with mental disorders reported more frequent lifetime and current hallucinatory experiences than participants without mental disorders. Childhood experiences were rather low and ranged from 0.7% to 5.2%. We further replicated findings that young age, illegal drug use, lower level of education, and having parents with a mental disorder are associated with higher endorsement rates of PLEs. Finally, a binomial regression revealed that the mere presence of PLEs does not discriminate between individuals with and without a mental disorder. Taken together, the findings of the present study support existing models that both hallucinations and delusions exist on a structural and phenomenological continuum. Moreover, we demonstrated that the QPE screening questions can be used by themselves as a complementary tool to the full QPE interview.

• Clara, Della Libera; Larøi, Frank; Stéphane, Raffard; Etienne, Quertemont & Laloyaux, Julien Freddy (2020). Exploration of the paranoia hierarchy in the general population: evidence of an age effect mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 25(5), p. 387–403. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1824868. Full text in Research Archive
• Thonon, Bénédicte; Levaux, Marie-Noëlle; Libera, Clara Della & Larøi, Frank (2020). Switch, a new intervention that targets motivational negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia: An uncontrolled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychology. ISSN 0021-9762. 76(10), p. 1797–1806. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22963. Full text in Research Archive
• Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Collazzoni, Alberto; Hirnstein, Marco; Kusztrits, Isabella & Larøi, Frank (2020). Personal resilience factors protect against distressing auditory hallucinations: A study comparing psychotic patients with auditory hallucinations, non-patients with auditory hallucinations, and healthy controls. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 290, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113058. Full text in Research Archive
• Thonon, Bénédicte; Aubel, Evelyne Van; Lafit, Ginette; Libera, Clara Della & Larøi, Frank (2020). Idiographic analyses of motivation and related processes in participants with schizophrenia following a therapeutic intervention for negative symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 20:464, p. 1–22. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02824-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Motivational negative symptoms hinder quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A recently developed intervention, Switch, has shown promising effects on negative symptoms and functional outcomes. Switch targets multiple cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes associated with motivation and goal directed behaviours. We aimed to investigate its effects on motivation and associated processes in a naturalistic setting, and to explore the dynamics between the processes. Methods We used a single case approach (n = 3), with a pre-post and follow-up assessment design, which also included ambulatory assessments (experience sampling method, ESM; and step count). We computed autoregressive lag 1 models to evaluate the effects of the intervention on daily motivation levels and related processes, descriptive pie-charts, and vector autoregressive modelling to reveal the dynamics of the processes over time. Results The intervention was beneficial for each participant according to traditional evaluations of motivational negative symptoms, apathy, daily functioning and quality of life. The effects on the ESM variables revealed distinct outcomes for each individual. The dynamics between the various processes differed between participants, and fluctuated within participants (when comparing baseline, intervention phase, and follow-up). Conclusions This study used an innovative approach to look at the effectiveness of an intervention. The intervention seems to lead to meaningful improvements in motivational negative symptoms and functional outcomes. The mechanisms of change need to be further investigated.

• Badcock, Johanna C.; Larøi, Frank; Kamp, Karina; Kelsall-Foreman, India; Bucks, Romola S. & Weinborn, Michael [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Hallucinations in older adults: A practical review. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 46(6), p. 1382–1395. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa073. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  By 2050, it is estimated that 16% of people will be aged above 65 years, compared with 9% in 2019.1 Population aging is driving increased attention to the physical and mental health needs of older adults. Here, our focus is on hallucinations—given the wide range of health and aged-care service providers who encounter people with these experiences in their workplace. Hallucinations can be defined as “a perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ” 2 (cf. 3–5), though this belies the difficulty in discerning the boundaries between normal and abnormal perception.6 Hallucinations need to be distinguished from illusions, which are perceptual experiences in which an external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted.2 In practice, hallucinations vary in content (eg, perception of people, animals, or objects), character (eg, frequency, emotional valence, location), duration (from seconds to chronically present), complexity (eg, perception of simple stimuli vs organized scenes or objects), and quality (eg, perceived reality, intrusiveness) and occur in all sensory modalities. The terms used to refer to hallucinations are equally diverse

• Leptourgos, Pantelis; Fortier-Davy, Martin; Carhart-Harris, Robin; Corlett, Philip; Dupuis, David & Halberstadt, Adam L. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2020). Hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia spectrum: An interdisciplinary and multiscale comparison. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 46(6), p. 1396–1408. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa117. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The recent renaissance of psychedelic science has reignited interest in the similarity of drug-induced experiences to those more commonly observed in psychiatric contexts such as the schizophrenia-spectrum. This report from a multidisciplinary working group of the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research (ICHR) addresses this issue, putting special emphasis on hallucinatory experiences. We review evidence collected at different scales of understanding, from pharmacology to brain-imaging, phenomenology and anthropology, highlighting similarities and differences between hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Finally, we attempt to integrate these findings using computational approaches and conclude with recommendations for future research.

• Haj, Mohamad El; Badcock, Johanna C. & Larøi, Frank (2020). Hallucinations and source monitoring in Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2020.1832457. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El; Larøi, Frank & Gallouj, Karim (2020). Hallucinations in a Patient with Alzheimer's Disease during the COVID-19 Crisis: A Case Study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports. 4(1), p. 455–458. doi: 10.3233/ADR-200241. Full text in Research Archive
• Golay, Philippe; Laloyaux, Julien; Moga, Mihaela; Libera, Clara Della; Larøi, Frank & Bonsack, Charles (2020). Psychometric investigation of the French version of the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI): Differentiating patients with psychosis, patients with other psychiatric diagnoses and non-clinical participants. Annals of General Psychiatry. 19:58, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12991-020-00308-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  During the prodromal phase of psychosis, individuals may experience an aberrant attribution of salience to irrelevant stimuli. The concept of aberrant salience has been hypothesized to be a central mechanism in the emergence and maintenance of psychosis. The 29-item Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI) was designed to measure five aspects of aberrant salience. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the French version of the ASI comparing patients with psychosis, patients with other diagnosis and healthy, non-clinical participants. The French-language ASI was adapted using the back-translation procedure. Two hundred and eighty-two participants issued from the general population and 150 psychiatric patients were evaluated. Internal validity was assessed using a two-parameter logistic item response model. Reliability was estimated using a test–retest procedure. Convergent validity was estimated using correlations between the ASI scores and several other scales. Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing the scores of participants with a diagnosis of psychosis, patients with other diagnoses and the general population. The best model distinguished three factors: Enhanced Interpretation and Emotionality, Sharpening of Senses and Heightened Cognition. Reliability and convergent validity estimates were good in both groups. The Sharpening of Senses factor was able to discriminate between patients and the general population. Only the Heightened Cognition factor was able to discriminate patients with psychosis from the other psychiatric patients. The ASI is a valid and reliable tool to study not only the aberrant salience phenomenon in patients with psychosis, but also with other diagnoses and within the general population.

• Haj, Mohamad El & Larøi, Frank (2020). Olfactory hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. ISSN 0924-2708. p. 1–6. doi: 10.1017/neu.2020.33. Full text in Research Archive
• Siddi, Sara; Ochoa, Susana; Larøi, Frank; Cella, Matteo; Raballo, Andrea & Saldivia, Sandra [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). A cross-national investigation of hallucination-like experiences in 10 countries: The E-CLECTIC Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 45, p. S43–S55. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby156. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Hallucination-like experiences (HLEs) are typically defined as sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. Multidimensional tools, able to assess different facets of HLEs, are helpful for a better characterization of hallucination proneness and to investigate the cross-national variation in the frequencies of HLEs. The current study set out to establish the validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-Extended (LSHS-E), a tool to assess HLEs. A total of 4419 respondents from 10 countries were enrolled. Network analyses between the LSHS-E and the 3 dimensions of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) were performed to assess convergent and divergent validity of the LSHS-E. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test its measurement invariance. The best fit was a 4-factor model, which proved invariant by country and clinical status, indicating cross-national stability of the hallucination-proneness construct. Among the different components of hallucination-proneness, auditory-visual HLEs had the strongest association with the positive dimension of the CAPE, compared with the depression and negative dimensions. Participants who reported a diagnosis of a mental disorder scored higher on the 4 LSHS-E factors. Small effect size differences by country were found in the scores of the 4 LSHS-E factors even after taking into account the role of socio-demographic and clinical variables. Due to its good psychometric properties, the LSHS-E is a strong candidate tool for large investigations of HLEs. Keywords: hallucination proneness, cross-national, measurement invariance Issue Section: supplement articles

• Moritz, Steffen; Klein, Jan Philipp; Berger, Thomas; Larøi, Frank & Meyer, Björn (2019). The voice of depression: Prevalence and stability across time of perception-laden intrusive thoughts in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research. ISSN 0147-5916. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s10608-019-10030-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Intrusive depressive thoughts are typically defined in terms of their content, frequency, and pervasiveness. The extent to which they carry sensory properties is largely unexplored. In a pilot study, 56.5% of individuals with mild to moderate depressive symptoms experienced depressive thoughts with sensory features. The present study explored the prevalence of sensory thoughts in patients with severe depression and examined the stability of the sensory phenomena across time. A total of 163 participants with severe depression completed an online assessment at baseline and 3 months later. Diagnostic status was established at baseline over the telephone. The primary outcome was the Sensory Properties of Depressive Thoughts Questionnaire (SPD). The frequency of sensory properties of negative thoughts was similar (60.7% reported at least one sensory irritation; thus, 39.3% of the sample reported not a single, even mild sensory irritation) to the pilot study. The highest prevalence was observed for bodily sensations (41.1%; pilot: 39.6%) followed by auditory (37.4%; pilot: 30.6%) and visual (31.3%; pilot: 27.2%) perceptions. Prevalence remained essentially unchanged over time, but test–retest reliability was weak to moderate (r = .56). Unlike in the pilot study, no association emerged with quality of life and suicidality. Yet, those reporting sensory phenomena were prescribed more medication, had a similar number of prior hospitalizations despite their younger age, were more frequently in psychotherapy (statistical trend), and had more pain symptoms, which tentatively suggests a more complicated course of illness. Replication in independent samples is needed. Our findings support the notion that depressive thoughts are not “silent” but are commonly accompanied by sensory experiences. Keywords Depression Hallucinations Intrusions Sensory irritations

• Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Keyser, Freya De; Pinchard, Antoine; Libera, Clara Della & Larøi, Frank (2019). Testing a model of auditory hallucinations: the role of negative emotions and cognitive resources. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 24(4), p. 256–274. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1629895. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El; Badcock, Johanna C.; Jardri, Renaud; Larøi, Frank; Roche, Jean & Sommer, Iris Else Clara [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). A look into hallucinations: the relationship between visual imagery and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 24(4), p. 275–283. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1632180. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: We investigated the relationship between visual hallucinations and vividness of visual imagery in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method: We recruited 28 patients with AD and 30 healthy control participants, matched for age and education. We evaluated proneness towards hallucinations with the Launay–Slade Hallucinations Scale, which includes items assessing visual and auditory hallucinations. We also evaluated vividness of visual imagery with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire on which participants had to imagine four images (i.e., imagining the face of a friend, the rising sun, a familiar shop-front, and a country scene) and report the vividness of the images they generated. Results: Analysis demonstrated significant positive correlations between visual hallucinations and vividness of visual imagery in AD patients, however, no significant correlations were observed between auditory hallucinations and vividness of visual imagery in these participants. No significant correlations were observed between hallucinations and vividness of visual imagery in healthy control participants, probably due to the lack of hallucinations in these participants. Discussion: These results demonstrate a selective relationship between the occurrence of visual (but not auditory) hallucinations and the ability to generate vivid visual images in AD.

• Bless, Josef J; Hjelmervik, Helene; Torsheim, Torbjørn; Gudmundsen, Magne; Larøi, Frank & Holma, Irina [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Temporal Signatures of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: An App-Based Experience Sampling Study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 215. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The assessment of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) has traditionally been conducted through (semi-)structured interviews, such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (Haddock et al., 1999) in patients and the Launay Slade Hallucination Scale (Launay and Slade, 1981; Larøi and Van der Linden, 2005) in the general population. However, since standard assessments rely on retrospective and summative reports and thus on the person's accurate memory and capability to estimate the average experience of past hallucination episodes (usually a summary of the last week), the extent to which AVHs are stable or vary across the course of hours or days is currently unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, the current study used an in-house developed mobile application (app) to capture AVHs as experienced in the moment in which they occur. This approach has recently been termed “digital phenotyping” (Insel, 2017; Torous and Keshavan, 2018). The aim of the present study was to explore the relationships between five key AVH-dimensions (cognitive control, emotional content, spatial localization, intensity, and severity) and for the first time, the temporal patterns of these dimensions.

• Burnay, Jonathan; Bushman, Brad J & Larøi, Frank (2019). Effects of sexualized video games on online sexual harassment. Aggressive Behavior. ISSN 0096-140X. 45(2), p. 214–223. doi: 10.1002/ab.21811. Full text in Research Archive
• Thomas, Neil; Bless, Josef J; Alderson-Day, Ben; Bell, Imogen H.; Cella, Matteo & Craig, Tom [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2019). Potential applications of digital technology in assessment, treatment, and self-help for hallucinations. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 45, p. S24–S31. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The field of digital mental health is rapidly expanding with digital tools being used in assessment, intervention, and supporting self-help. The application of digital mental health to hallucinations is, however, at a very early stage. This report from a working group of the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research considers particular synergies between the phenomenon of hallucinations and digital tools that are being developed. Highlighted uses include monitoring and managing intermittently occurring hallucinations in daily life; therapeutic applications of audio and video media including virtual and augmented reality; targeting verbal aspects of hallucinations; and using avatars to represent hallucinatory voices. Although there is a well-established Internet-based peer support network, digital resources for hallucinations have yet to be implemented in routine practice. Implementation may benefit from identifying how to market resources to the broad range of populations who experience hallucinations and identifying sustainable funding models. It is envisaged that digital tools will contribute to improved self-management and service provision for people experiencing hallucinations. Keywords: digital mental health, mHealth, Internet, smartphones, hearing voices, schizophrenia

• Luhrmann, Tanya Marie; Alderson-Day, Ben; Bell, Vaughan; Bless, Josef J; Corlett, Philip & Hugdahl, Kenneth [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2019). Beyond trauma: A multiple pathways approach to auditory hallucinations in clinical and nonclinical populations. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 45, p. S24–S31. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby110. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  That trauma can play a significant role in the onset and maintenance of voice-hearing is one of the most striking and important developments in the recent study of psychosis. Yet the finding that trauma increases the risk for hallucination and for psychosis is quite different from the claim that trauma is necessary for either to occur. Trauma is often but not always associated with voice-hearing in populations with psychosis; voice-hearing is sometimes associated with willful training and cultivation in nonclinical populations. This article uses ethnographic data among other data to explore the possibility of multiple pathways to voice-hearing for clinical and nonclinical individuals whose voices are not due to known etiological factors such as drugs, sensory deprivation, epilepsy, and so forth. We suggest that trauma sometimes plays a major role in hallucinations, sometimes a minor role, and sometimes no role at all. Our work also finds seemingly distinct phenomenological patterns for voice-hearing, which may reflect the different salience of trauma for those who hear voices.

• Larøi, Frank; Thomas, Neil; Aleman, André; Fernyhough, Charles; Wilkinson, Sam & Deamer, Felicity [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). The ice in voices: Understanding negative content in auditory-verbal hallucinations. Clinical Psychology Review. ISSN 0272-7358. 67, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.11.001. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Negative voice-content is the best sole predictor of whether the hearer of an auditory-verbal hallucination will experience distress/impairment necessitating contact with mental health services. Yet, what causes negative voice-content and how interventions may reduce it remains poorly understood. This paper offers definitions of negative voice content and considers what may cause negative voice-content. We propose a framework in which adverse life-events may underpin much negative voice-content, a relation which may be mediated by mechanisms including hypervigilance, reduced social rank, shame and self-blame, dissociation, and altered emotional processing. At a neurological level, we note how the involvement of the amygdala and right Broca's area could drive negative voice-content. We observe that negative interactions between hearers and their voices may further drive negative voice-content. Finally, we consider the role of culture in shaping negative voice-content. This framework is intended to deepen and extend cognitive models of voice-hearing and spur further development of psychological interventions for those distressed by such voices. We note that much of the relevant research in this area remains to be performed or replicated. We conclude that more attention needs to be paid to methods for reducing negative voice-content, and urge further research in this important area.

• Larøi, Frank; Bless, Josef J; Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Kråkvik, Bodil; Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar & Kalhovde, Anne Martha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). An epidemiological study on the prevalence of hallucinations in a general-population sample: Effects of age and sensory modality. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 272, p. 707–714. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown that a significant minority of the general population have experienced hallucinations, however, a potential effect of age on the prevalence of hallucinations in the general population has never been previously examined in a specific study. The aim of the present study was thus to examine the effects of age and sensory modality on hallucination prevalence in a general population sample. A large, randomly selected and representative sample of the Norwegian population completed measures assessing different hallucination modalities (auditory, visual, olfactory, and tactile) and types (sensed presence and hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations). Three age groups were identified and compared: young (19–30 years), middle (31–60) and old (61–96). There was a significant main-effect of age for all hallucination modalities and types, whereby hallucination prevalence significantly decreased with age. We also found that anxiety partially mediated the effect of age on hallucinations whilst depression was a partial suppressor. Concerning the co-occurrence of hallucination modalities, there was very little co-occurrence of auditory and visual hallucinations in all three age groups. In summary, a main-effect of age for hallucination prevalence was observed. Furthermore, individuals reported a more diverse variety of hallucination modalities compared to what is commonly reported in clinical populations.

• Connell, Melissa; Scott, James G; McGrath, John J; Waters, Flavie; Larøi, Frank & Alati, Rosa [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). A comparison of hallucinatory experiences and their appraisals in those with and without mental illness. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 274, p. 294–300. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.079. Full text in Research Archive
• Noel, Myriam; Larøi, Frank; Gallouj, Karim & Haj, Mohamad El (2018). Relationships between confabulations and mental time travel in Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. ISSN 0895-0172. 30(4), p. 302–309. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17110266. Full text in Research Archive
• Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Linden, Martial Van der; Nuechterlein, Keith H.; Thonon, Bénédicte & Larøi, Frank (2018). A direct examination of the cognitive underpinnings of multitasking abilities: A first study examining schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 268, p. 288–296. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.060. Full text in Research Archive
• Pallesen, Ståle; Olsen, Olav Kjellevold; Eide, Elisabeth Mong; Nortvedt, Benedicte; Grønli, Janne & Larøi, Frank [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Sleep deprivation and hallucinations. A qualitative study of military personnel. Military Psychology. ISSN 0899-5605. 30(5), p. 430–436. doi: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1478561. Full text in Research Archive
• Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo; Ortuño, Javier; Debbané, Martin ; Chan, Raymond C.K.; Cicero, David & Zhang, Lisa C. [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2018). The network structure of schizotypal personality traits. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 44(2), p. S468–S479. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby044. Full text in Research Archive
• Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo; Chan, Raymond C.K.; Debbané, Martin ; Cicero, David; Zhang, Lisa C. & Brenner, Colleen [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2018). Comparisons of schizotypal traits across 12 countries: Results from the International Consortium for Schizotypy Research. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. In Press, Corrected Proof, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.021. Full text in Research Archive
• Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Larøi, Frank; Nuyens, Filip & Billileux, Joël (2018). Subtyping attenuated psychotic symptoms: A cluster analytic approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology. ISSN 0021-9762. 74(12), p. 2117–2133. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22658. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El; Gallouj, Karim; Dehon, Hedwige; Roche, Jean & Larøi, Frank (2018). Hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: failure to suppress irrelevant memories. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 23(3), p. 142–153. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1443062. Full text in Research Archive
• Siddi, Sara; Ochoa, Susana; Farreny, Aida; Brébion, Gildas; Larøi, Frank & Cuevas-Esteban, Jorge [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Measurement invariance of the Spanish Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-Extended version between putatively healthy controls and people diagnosed with a mental disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. ISSN 1049-8931. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1741. Full text in Research Archive
• Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo; Debbané, Martin ; Ortuño-Sierra, Javier; Chan, Raymond Chor Kiu; Cicero, David Colin & Zhang, Lisa C. [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2018). The structure of schizotypal personality traits: A cross-national study. Psychological Medicine. ISSN 0033-2917. 48(3), p. 451–462. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001829. Full text in Research Archive
• Rinaldi, Romina; Lefebvre, Laurent; Blekic, Wivine; Larøi, Frank & Laloyaux, Julien Freddy (2018). Attribution of intentions and context processing in psychometric schizotypy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 23(6), p. 364–376. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1528972. Full text in Research Archive
• Hirnstein, Marco; Larøi, Frank & Laloyaux, Julien Freddy (2018). No sex difference in an everyday multitasking paradigm. Psychological Research. ISSN 0340-0727. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s00426-018-1045-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  According to popular beliefs and anecdotes, females best males when handling multiple tasks at the same time. However, there is relatively little empirical evidence as to whether there truly is a sex difference in multitasking and the few available studies yield inconsistent findings. We present data from a paradigm that was specifically designed to test multitasking abilities in an everyday scenario, the computerized meeting preparation task (CMPT), which requires participants to prepare a room for a meeting and handling various tasks and distractors in the process. Eighty-two males and 66 females with a wide age range (18–60 years) and a wide educational background completed the CMPT. Results revealed that none of the multitasking measures (accuracy, total time, total distance covered by the avatar, a prospective memory score, and a distractor management score) showed any sex differences. All effect sizes were d ≤ 0.18 and thus not even considered “small” by conventional standards. The findings are in line with other studies that found no or only small gender differences in everyday multitasking abilities. However, there is still too little data available to conclude if, and in which multitasking paradigms, gender differences arise.

• Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Libera, Clara Della & Larøi, Frank (2018). Source flexibility in schizophrenia: specificity and role in auditory hallucinations. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1530648. Full text in Research Archive
• Fonseca-Pedrero, Eduardo; Ortuno-Sierra, Javier; Lucas-Molina, Beatriz; Debbané, Martin ; Chan, Raymond C.K. & Cicero, David C. [Show all 34 contributors for this article] (2018). Brief assessment of schizotypal traits: A multinational study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 197, p. 182–191. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.043. Full text in Research Archive
• Thonon, Bénédicte & Larøi, Frank (2017). What predicts stigmatisation about schizophrenia? Results from a general population survey examining its underlying cognitive, affective and behavioural factors. Psychosis. ISSN 1752-2439. 9(2), p. 99–109. doi: 10.1080/17522439.2016.1229361. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El & Larøi, Frank (2017). Provoked and spontaneous confabulations in Alzheimer's disease: An examination of their prevalence and relation with general cognitive and executive functioning. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. ISSN 1323-1316. 71(1), p. 61–69. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12468. Full text in Research Archive
• Bless, Josef J; Larøi, Frank; Laloyaux, Julien Freddy; Kompus, Kristiina; Kråkvik, Bodil & Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Do adverse life events at first onset of auditory verbal hallucinations influence subsequent voice characteristics? Results from an epidemiological study. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 261, p. 232–236. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.060. Full text in Research Archive
• Badcock, Johanna C.; Dehon, Hedwige & Larøi, Frank (2017). Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research. Frontiers in Psychology. 8:1134, p. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01134. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studies suggest a substantial minority of healthy older adults have hallucinatory experiences, in line with existing evidence on hallucinations in other age groups, though it is still unclear if hallucination prevalence increases or declines with age in older cohorts. Stigma attached to both hallucinations and ageing leads to considerable under-reporting of these experiences in healthy older adults and may negatively bias how professionals, family members, and the public respond. Why and when hallucinations in healthy older adults remit, persist, or progress to other clinical disorders remains poorly understood. Current evidence points to a range of factors associated with hallucinations in older adults including decline in sensory or cognitive functioning, poor sleep, and psychosocial stressors (e.g., social isolation, loneliness, and bereavement), highlighting the need for accurate assessment and tailored interventions. Hallucinations, though common in youth and younger adults, are not the preserve of these age groups. Accumulating evidence shows that hallucinatory experiences are also present at surprisingly high rates in healthy older adults in the general community. Furthermore, stigma and misunderstanding of hallucinations, together with ageism, may lead to under-reporting of these experiences by older adults, and misdiagnosis or mismanagement by health and mental health practitioners. Consequently, improved public and professional knowledge is needed about the nature and significance of hallucinations with advancing age. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview, and critical analysis, of research on the prevalence, psychosocial, and neurobiological factors associated with hallucinations in people aged 60 years and over. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of its kind in the literature. The evidence supports a dynamic conceptualization of hallucinations, in which the emergence of hallucinations is viewed as a balance between the sensory, cognitive, or social impairments accompanying advancing age and the degree to which compensatory processes elicited by these impairments are successful. We briefly summarize the implications of the literature for aged care services and interventions, and stress that far more studies are needed in this important field of research.

• Collazzoni, Alberto; Laloyaux, Julien Freddy & Larøi, Frank (2017). Examination of humiliation and past maladaptive family context in persecutory ideation: An exploratory study. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 78, p. 19–24. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated that early interpersonal trauma is involved in the development of persecutory ideation. However, the specific influence of past and current social and familial variables has never been previously explored. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the potential role of current and past interpersonal humiliation events (e.g. to be cruelly criticized, submitted, bullied, insulted, scorned) and a negative family context on the development of persecutory ideation. Methods Current and past interpersonal humiliation events (Humiliation Inventory), a negative family context (Risky Family Questionnaire) and degree of persecutory ideation (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory) were assessed in a sample of 175 non-clinical participants (range = 18–62 years, 81% women and 19% men) with the help of an online survey. Results A pattern of significant correlations emerged, in particular, between persecutory ideation, the past and present interpersonal humiliation, and negative primary family context. Moreover, hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that, among the various variables, past interpersonal humiliation events and a negative family context significantly predicted higher levels of persecutory ideation. Conclusions For the first time in the literature, this study provides preliminary evidence that past interpersonal humiliation events and a negative family context are related to the development of persecutory ideation. In addition, we showed that past interpersonal humiliation events, but not the fear of current events, have an impact on the development of persecutory ideation. These results suggest that the amelioration of early familial and social contexts may help to prevent the development of persecutory ideation.

• Laloyaux, Julien; Dessart, Gregory; Linden, Martial Van der; Lemaire, Morgan & Larøi, Frank (2016). Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and stress sensitivity mediate the relation between adverse life events and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 21(2), p. 116–129. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1137213. Full text in Research Archive
• Handest, Peter; Klimpke, Christoph; Raballo, Andrea & Larøi, Frank (2016). From Thoughts to Voices: Understanding the Development of Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Review of Philosophy and Psychology. ISSN 1878-5158. 7(3), p. 595–610. doi: 10.1007/s13164-015-0286-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Haj, Mohamad El; Jardri, Renaud; Larøi, Frank & Antoine, Pascal (2016). Hallucinations, loneliness, and social isolation in Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 21(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1121139. Full text in Research Archive
• Kråkvik, Bodil; Larøi, Frank; Kalhovde, Anne Martha; Hugdahl, Kenneth; Kompus, Kristiina & Salvesen, Øyvind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations in a general population: A group comparison study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 56(5), p. 508–515. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12236. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study was specifically designed to investigate the prevalence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in the general population, and sought to compare similarities and differences regarding socio-demographics, mental health and severe life events between individuals who have never experienced AVH with those who had. The study also aimed to compare those who sought professional help for their experience of AVH with those who had not sought help. Through a postal questionnaire, 2,533 participants ages 18 and over from a national survey completed the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale and other measures examining AVH characteristics and other areas related to AVH. In total, 7.3% of the sample reported a life-time prevalence of AVH. Those with AVH were more likely to be single and unemployed, reported higher levels of depression and anxiety, and experienced a higher number of severe life events compared with those without AVH. Only 16% of those who experienced AVH in the general population sought professional help for these experiences. Compared to those who did not seek professional help, participants that had were more likely to experience AVH with a negative content, experience them on a daily basis, undergo negative reactions when experiencing AVH, and resist AVH. In conclusion, the prevalence of AVH was found to be relatively high. The results also revealed higher levels of reduced mental health for individuals who sought professional help, followed by those who did not, compared with those who had never experienced AVH.

• Iasevoli, Felice; Larøi, Frank; Buonaguro, Elisabetta Filomena; Gebhardt, Eva & Raballo, Andrea (2015). Can the "connectomic way" provide a link between molecular neurobiology and phenomenological psychopathology? the case of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychopathology. ISSN 2284-0249. 21(4), p. 323–331. Full text in Research Archive

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• Knappik, Franz Ulrich; Bless, Josef J & Larøi, Frank (2021). Correction to: Confusions about ‘Inner’ and ‘Outer’ Voices: Conceptual Problems in the Study of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (Review of Philosophy and Psychology, (2021), 10.1007/s13164-021-00532-x). Review of Philosophy and Psychology. ISSN 1878-5158. doi: 10.1007/s13164-021-00536-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Jardri, Renaud; Larøi, Frank; Waters, Flavie; Woodward, Todd; Aleman, André & Allen, Paul [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Hallucination Research: Into the Future, and beyond. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 45, p. S1–S4. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby170. Full text in Research Archive
• Laloyaux, Julien; Bless, Josef J; Hugdahl, Kenneth; Kråkvik, Bodil; Vedul-Kjelsås, Einar & Kalhovde, Anne Martha [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Multimodal hallucinations are associated with poor mental health and negatively impact auditory hallucinations in the general population: Results from an epidemiological study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 210, p. 319–322. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Sundet, Kjetil Søren; Grüner, Renate; Larøi, Frank & Rönnberg, Jerker (2018). Brain, mind and behavior: a tribute to Kenneth Hugdahl. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 59(1), p. 1–2. doi: 10.1111/SJOP.12423. Full text in Research Archive
• Riccardi, Mattia & Larøi, Frank (2016). Editorial introduction. Journal of Consciousness Studies. ISSN 1355-8250. 23(7-8), p. 9–22. Full text in Research Archive

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