Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer

Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid "2020 is the year to worry about nuclear weapons" The Monkey Cage, Washington Post, 6 January 2020.

Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid "Proliferating Bias? American Political Science, Nuclear Weapons, and Global Security," Journal of Global Security Studies, https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz025 (published: 18 June 2019)

Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid "Det finnast ingen snarveg for å bli kvitt atomvåpen" Aftenposten, 5 mars 2019. 

Kristin Ven Bruusgaard og Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer "Farlig avtalekollaps" Dagens Næringsliv, 6 Februar 2019. 

Christoffer C. Eriksen og Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer "Hva kan vi lære av de norske Libya-operasjonene?" kronikk i Afternposten, 15 januar 2019.

Braut-Hegghammer, Malfrid. "Pakistan, Uranium and the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1970–1980." The International History Review (2018): 1-15.

Braut-Hegghammer, Malfrid. "Why North Korea succeeded at getting nuclear weapons — when Iraq and Libya failed," The Monkey Cage, Washington Post, 2 January 2018.

Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons, Cornell University Press, 2016.

Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, "Annleisland søker utenrikspolitikk. Anmeldelse av Torbjørn L. Knutsen, Halvard Leira & Iver B. Neumann: Norsk utenrikspolitisk idéhistorie, 1890-1940," Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, 4-2016 Årgang 57, s. 468-471.

Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, "Meir konflikt i vente," Morgenbladet, 11 November 2016 (https://morgenbladet.no/aktuelt/2016/11/meir-konflikt-i-vente)

Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, "Why some dictators are more likely to get nuclear weapons. 5 lessons from Iraq and Libya," Monkey Cage, Analysis, 10 October 2016 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/10/why-some-dictators-are-more-likely-to-get-nuclear-weapons-5-lessons-from-iraq-and-libya/)

Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, "Why Saddam and Gaddafi Failed to get The Bomb," War on the Rocks, 17 November 2016. (http://warontherocks.com/2016/11/why-saddam-and-gaddafi-failed-to-get-the-bomb/)

Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, Not helping: The International Atomic Energy Agency and Technical Cooperation, Essay in H-Diplo ISSF POLICY Roundtable 1-3 (2016) on the International Atomic Energy Agency Statute at Sixty. Published on 19 November 2016. Shortlink: tiny.cc/PR-1-3

• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Bowers, Ian (2026). Small States and the Third Nuclear Age: An Introduction. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. 9(1), s. 507–518. doi: 10.31374/sjms.508. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  What is the role of small states in extended nuclear deterrence? In this introductory article we examine how smaller states participate in extended nuclear deterrence arrangements in the Third Nuclear Age. We argue that the Third Nuclear Age, defined by profound and rapid political, strategic and technological change, presents an opportunity for smaller states to redefine their integration and participation in extended deterrence relationships. This article specifies key features of small states that inform their participation in extended deterrence including their relative bargaining power, their geographic features, and the strategic potential of their conventional capabilities. We also identify how smaller states seek to enhance their influence and participation in extended nuclear deterrence arrangements to overcome these constraints through several adaptive measures, including novel internal and external balancing strategies and clustering with other small states to increase their influence and bargaining power.

• Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid; Kolltveit, Kristoffer & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (2025). Introduction: Norway, A Stable Democracy in Flux. I Kolltveit, Kristoffer; Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (Red.), Oxford Handbook of Norwegian Politics. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198888581. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bruusgaard, Kristin Ven & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2021). Kap. 19 Rolfs strategiske forskningsgjerning: Fra Nordområdene til Net Assessment. I Pharo, Helge Øystein; Engh, Sunniva; Bjerga, Kjell Inge; Hatlehol, Gunnar D. & Offerdal, Kristine (Red.), Historiker, strateg og brobygger. Festskrift til Rolf Tamnes 70 år. Pax Forlag. ISSN 9788253042534. s. 424–432. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2021). Engaging North Korea: The Warming-up Phase. Survival (London. 1959). ISSN 0039-6338. 63(6), s. 119–125. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2021.2006448. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2020). Cheater's Dilemma: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Path to War. International Security. ISSN 0162-2889. 45(1), s. 51–89. doi: 10.1162/isec_a_00382. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Between the 1991 Gulf War and the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, the Iraqi regime faced a cheater's dilemma: how much should it reveal of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) capabilities when each additional revelation made it less likely that the country would be rewarded, while continued denial also prevented the lifting of sanctions. The Iraqi leadership struggled to resolve this dilemma, as elites pursued competing policies and subordinates did not consistently obey Saddam Hussein's orders. These difficulties reflected principal-agent problems that were aggravated by the leadership's initial attempts to deny and cover up Iraq's WMD capabilities. Together, the cheater's dilemma and principal-agent problems explain a range of puzzling Iraqi behaviors that came across as calculated ambiguity to the outside world. These findings offer insights into the incentives and constraints that shape how other authoritarian regimes respond to external pressures to eliminate their WMD, and the extent to which they are willing and able to disclose information about past programs and their past efforts to conceal this information from the outside world.

• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2019). Proliferating Bias? American Political Science, Nuclear Weapons, and Global Security. Journal of Global Security Studies (JoGGS). ISSN 2057-3170. 4(3), s. 384–392. doi: 10.1093/jogss/ogz025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article examines whether there is a US bias affecting how American political scientist study nuclear weapons and their effects. US dominance in the production and dissemination of political science literature on nuclear weapons is reflected in concepts and theories of their spread and use, as well as prominent datasets on nuclear proliferation. More broadly, is there a US bias in scholarship on nuclear weapons produced by American political scientist? In this article I examine whether there is a US bias that affects what is studied, what kinds of questions are asked and what cases are examined, and how the evidence is interpreted.

• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2018). Pakistan, uranium and the international atomic energy agency, 1970?1980. International History Review. ISSN 0707-5332. 40(5), s. 1034–1048. doi: 10.1080/07075332.2018.1430048. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article explores how the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) assisted Pakistan with exploring the front end of the fuel cycle. Drawing on new primary sources gathered from extensive fieldwork in Pakistan as well as the IAEA's archives, this article sheds new light on the changing direction and performance of the Pakistani nuclear program during the 1970s, focusing on the exploration of uranium. The analysis highlights the competing priorities faced by the IAEA at this time – specifically, how to handle the increasingly politicized balance between technology diffusion and non-proliferation – and how this affected the Agency's support for the nuclear program in Pakistan, as the program was secretly shifting away from nuclear energy toward a weapons project.

• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Rieker, Pernille (2015). Libya: The promise and pitfalls of diplomacy. I Rieker, Pernille & Thune, Finn Henrik (Red.), Dialogue and Conflict resolution - The potential and limits of dialogue as a tool for conflict resolution. Ashgate. ISSN 9781472438836. s. 125–142. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2011). Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear Proliferation Risks. International Security. ISSN 0162-2889. 36(1), s. 101–132. doi: 10.1162/isec_a_00046. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2008). Libya's Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives from Tripoli. The Middle East Journal. ISSN 0026-3141. 62(1), s. 55–72. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2006). Rebel Without a Cause? Explaining Iraq's Response to Resolution 1441. The Nonproliferation Review. ISSN 1073-6700. 13(1), s. 17–34. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Riste, Olav & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2005). Were WMDs the Real Issue? The International Community versus Iraq 1991-2003. Forsvarsstudier. ISSN 0333-3981. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In Resolution 687, after the Gulf War of 1991, the United Nations Security Council unanimously demanded that Iraq get rid of all weapons of mass destruction, and imposed economic sanctions as well as an intrusive inspection regime. The present study describes and analyses the developments that followed in Iraq, the evolving policy of the United States, the divisions that gradually emerged in the Security Council as to how to deal with Saddam Hussein’s regime, and the role of the western intelligence agencies.

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• Kolltveit, Kristoffer; Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (2025). The Oxford Handbook of Norwegian Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198888581. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198888581.001.0001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This handbook provides a comprehensive examination of Norway’s political institutions, electoral politics, public policymaking, and international relations. As the introductory chapter highlights, Norway is a highly consolidated, homogeneous, corporatist, and consensus-orientated democracy having faced rapid economic growth, significant government access to massive oil revenues, deindustrialization, public-sector expansion, increasing cultural pluralism, and economic inequality, as well as growing party system fragmentation and the decline of the once dominant Social Democratic Party. Each chapter offers foundational knowledge about the present Norwegian system while presenting state-of-the-art overviews of key issues and findings drawn from the most relevant research in their respective fields. Additionally, the chapters provide original analyses of more specialized topics or trace historical developments and overarching trends. The handbook is designed primarily for scholars and students specializing in the covered topics, but it is also intended to serve a secondary readership that includes politicians, journalists, and other individuals interested in gaining a deeper understanding of Norwegian politics. The authors, selected for their in-depth knowledge and expertise as well as their proven track record of publishing research in highly ranked international outlets, offer valuable insights into the different aspects of Norwegian politics. Although the primary focus is on research within political science, contributions from disciplines such as public law, history, and education science are also included. This diverse set of authors brings extensive expertise and presents the chapters in an accessible manner, making this handbook an indispensable resource for understanding Norwegian politics.

• Kolltveit, Kristoffer; Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (2025). Oxford Handbook of Norwegian Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198888581. 992 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2016). Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya failed to build nuclear weapons. Cornell University Press (CUP). ISBN 9781501706455. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2023). Birds of a Feather? Probing Cross-National Variation in Nuclear Inhibitions. Security Studies. ISSN 0963-6412. 32(1), s. 172–180. doi: 10.1080/09636412.2023.2178967. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2022). Book note: ​Wellerstein, Alex (2021) Restricted Data: The History of Nuclear Secrecy in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 528 pp. Journal of Peace Research. ISSN 0022-3433. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2022). Deterrence and arms control. Survival (London. 1959). ISSN 0039-6338. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2022.2103268. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bruusgaard, Kristin Ven & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2019). Farlig Avtalekollaps. Dagens næringsliv. ISSN 0803-9372. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holsten, Hilde Hartmann & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2018). Tror ikke Nord-Korea utvikler atomvåpen fordi de vil ha krig med USA. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  – Regimet ønsker å sikre sin egen politiske overlevelse og avskrekke USA og andre fra å angripe, sier forsker

• Hiim, Henrik Stålhane & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2012). Er diplomatiet dødfødt? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hegghammer, Thomas & Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid (2011). Sikkerhet og stabilitet i Midtøsten etter Jasminrevolusjonen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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