Anton Steen

2016: 'Deciding Refugee Settlement in Norwegian Cities: Local Administration or Party Politics?' in Journal of Refugee Studies. Online version.

• Steen, Anton (2021). Refugee Settlement and Decision-Making Venue: Does Public Concern Instigate Preferences for Local Referendums? Experiences from Norwegian Cities. Journal of Refugee Studies. ISSN 0951-6328. 34(3), p. 3044–3064. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feaa110. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Refugee settlement in local communities is often controversial and raises questions of legitimate regulation of access and sustainable integration. This study takes the citizens’ perspective and asks who should determine refugee settlement—the people in a local referendum, political representatives in the local council, or elites in central government—as well as enquiring how immigration scepticism affects preferences for the decision-making venue. The issue speaks to the wealth of literature focusing on ‘the local dimension’ of immigration. The data are from opinion surveys in four Norwegian cities that have experienced extensive refugee settlement during the past few decades. Contrary to expectations, it appears that despite widespread concern about the consequences of newcomers, most trust the decisions made by their local representatives in the city council and prefer the state to enforce refugee settlement at the local level. As expected, those with negative images of refugees, those with a low level of education, and those with rightist party sympathies tend to support a referendum. More surprisingly, a high level of concern for ‘the others’ substantially reduces the general positive effects of social background and political orientation: the worried among the well-educated and left-wingers join forces with the right-wingers and politically alienated in supporting referendums as a channel for influencing the settlement issue. This article suggests that the refugee settlement issue is too controversial to be solved by direct democracy and is also a potential channel for those fearing ‘the others’ across social strata.

• Askim, Jostein & Steen, Anton (2020). Trading Refugees: The Governance of Refugee Settlement in a Decentralized Welfare State. Scandinavian Political Studies. ISSN 0080-6757. 43(1), p. 24–45. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12158. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In a decentralized welfare state, central and local governments need each other to settle refugees. Using the case of Norway, the article studies how these interdependencies have been governed over time, including through the 2015–2016 refugee crisis. Norway's refugee settlement programme is a conscious hybrid of market and network governance and it has remained essentially stable for more than 20 years, despite several changes in government, large fluctuations in the number of refugees, and long periods of poor performance vis‐à‐vis settlement targets. This surprising programme stability is explained by a combination of extraordinary political adherence to the democratic value of local government autonomy, the cupidity of local governments, and abundant state economic resources during the period under study.

• Steen, Anton & Røed, Maiken (2018). State Governance or Local Agency? Determining Refugee Settlement in Norwegian Municipalities. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration (SPJA). ISSN 2001-7405. 22(1), p. 27–52. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The commitment to make provisions for huge numbers of aylum-seekers challenges Norway's welfare state. Every year the central government requests most local governments to receive a certain number of refugees. Local governments are free to accept or decline - and many are hesitant. The ensuing implementation gap stems from this goal conflict and ineffective governance, but also reflects a decentralized decisinmaking system, embedded in an ideology of local autonomy where local authorities seek to accommodate state goals to feasable local solutions. The focus here is on the Chief Municipal Executive (rådmann) as the main manager of local government affairs. How does central governance influence local agency - and with what consequences for settlement decisions? We analyze this state-local controversy using insights from the principal-agent model

• Steen, Anton (2016). 'Deciding Refugee Settlement in Norwegian Cities: Local Administration or Party Politics?' in Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 29, Issue 4, 2016. Journal of Refugee Studies. ISSN 0951-6328. 29(4), p. 464–482. doi: 10.1093/jrs/few032. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2016). 'Deciding Refugee Settlement in Norwegian Cities: Local Administration or Party Politics? Journal of Refugee Studies. ISSN 0951-6328. 29(4), p. 464–482. doi: 10.1093/jrs/few032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Refugee settlement is regularly contested among local governments in Norway who have full autonomy to accept or reject the state’s request that they receive a certain number of refugees. Here the author studies how local administrative and political processes may account for the responses of 14 cities—seven receptive and seven restrictive—in multi-level governance settings. Are the decisions to accept or reject the state’s petition driven by the city administrations or by political parties in the city council? And how may local issue framing explain the outcomes? The data indicates that the administrative framing of refugee settlement is paramount for activating certain political patterns, and for instigating a majority in favour of the administrative motion. Generally, the majority of the parties adhere to the administration’s economic arguments; however, council debates are also prompting considerable symbolic politics in favour of receiving refugees.

• Steen, Anton (2015). Small states and national elites in a neoliberal era. In Baldersheim, Harald & Keating, Michael (Ed.), Small States in the Modern World. Vulnerabilities and Opportunities. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781784711436. p. 183–201. doi: 10.4337/9781784711443.00023. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2012). 'Elite and Mass Confidence in New Democracies - Towards Congruence? The Baltic States 1992-2007'. In Special issue:Elite Foundations of Social Theory and Politics. Historical Social Research. ISSN 0172-6404. 37(1), p. 127–147. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2011). A Latvian Political Elite in Concord? In Ikstens, Janis & Runcis, Andris (Ed.), Founding Elections in Latvia, 1993-1995: analyses, documents and data. Edition Sigma. ISSN 9783894042554. p. 123–142. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2010). 'Crossing the Local Community Border: Immigrant Settlement in Norway'. In Bengtsson, Bo; Strømblad, Per & Bay, Ann-Helén (Ed.), Diversity, Inclusion and Citizenship in Scandinavia. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISSN 9781443825740. p. 187–213. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The chapter analyses how municipal leaders in Norway deal with settlement of refugees by balancing between state requests and local opposition.

• Steen, Anton (2010). National Elites and the Russian Minority Issue. Does EU-NATO Integration Matter? Journal of European Integration. ISSN 0703-6337. 32(2), p. 193–212. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Kuklys, Mindaugas (2010). Democracy by Elite Co-optation: Democratic Elitism in Multi-Ethnic States. In Best, Heinrich & Higley, John (Ed.), Democratic Elitism: New Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives (International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology). De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004179394. p. 195–213. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2009). Hvorfor tar kommunene imot "de fremmede"? Eliter og lokal skepsis. In Saglie, Jo (Eds.), Det nære demokratiet : lokalvalg og lokal deltakelse. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279352761. p. 323–350. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Det er i lokalpolitikken at folk flest gjør erfaringer med demokratiet. Og det er bare lokalt at flere enn en liten elite får muligheten til selv å drive med politikk. Det kommunale landskapet er likevel mangfoldig, fra Oslo med over en halv million innbyggere til øysamfunn, fjorder og fjellbygder med noen få hundre. "Det nære demokratiet" sammenligner lokaldemokratiets virkemåte i store og små kommuner, og kontrasterer dessuten det lokale demokratiet med det nasjonale. Utgangspunktet er Lokaldemokratiundersøkelsen som ble gjennomført ved kommune- og fylkestingsvalget i 2007. Første halvdel av boka handler om selve lokalvalget. Disse bidragene handler om lokalvalgkampens stridsspørsmål, om valgdebatten i lokalmediene og velgernes mediebruk, og om valgets utfall – velgervandringer og valgdeltakelse. Vi tar først og fremst for oss valget i 2007, men de tidligere undersøkelsene gjør det mulig å sette 2007-valget i perspektiv. Et sentralt spørsmål er om det er genuint lokale saker som står på dagsordenen, eller om lokalvalgene er dominert av rikspolitikken. Dessuten ser vi spesielt på de såkalte ikke-vestlige innvandrerne, som er blitt en betydelig velgergruppe i en del kommuner. Det er ved valg at innbyggerne gir politikken retning de neste fire årene. Men like viktig er det som skjer mellom valgene, både blant folkevalgte og innbyggere. Bokas andre halvdel tar for seg lokal deltakelse og representasjon. Et viktig spørsmål er hvem som engasjerer seg i lokalpolitikken, og hvorfor de deltar – eller ikke deltar. Et annet emne dreier seg om legitimitet. Hvem har størst tillit i befolkningen: rikspolitikere eller kommunepolitikere? Et siste hovedtema er politisk representasjon: Hvilke roller skal lokalpolitikerne innta? Og hvordan fungerer representasjonen i konkrete saker, som f.eks. integreringspolitikk? "Det nære demokratiet" belyser aktuelle lokaldemokratiske problemstillinger, som felles valgdag for lokal- og riksvalg, kommunesammenslåing og oppgavedeling mellom stat, fylke og kommune. Et grunnleggende dilemma preger debatten om lokaldemokratiet. Et demokrati må gi innbyggerne reelle muligheter for innflytelse. Dette oppnås lettest i små enheter. På den annen side må et demokrati ha evne til å løse oppgaver. Dette oppnås best i store enheter. Dagens debatt om kommunestruktur ser ut til å kretse om det sistnevnte. Flere av bidragene til denne boka kan likevel minne oss om at hensynet til folks muligheter til å engasjere seg og gjøre en forskjell, også fortjener en plass i debatten om lokaldemokratiets organisering.

• Steen, Anton (2007). Do Elite Beliefs Matter? Elites and Economic Reforms in the Baltic States and Russia. Comparative Social Research. ISSN 0195-6310. 23, p. 79–102. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Østerud, Øyvind (2007). Eliter og nyliberal stat - postsosialdemokratiske og postkommunistiske eliter. In Mydske, Per Kristen; Claes, Dag Harald & Lie, Amund (Ed.), Nyliberalisme - ideer og politisk virkelighet. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215011622. p. 185–206. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). "Accessioning Liberal Compliance? Baltic Elites and Ethnic Politics under new International Conditions". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. ISSN 1385-4879. 13, p. 187–207. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). How Elites View Corruption and Trust in post-Soviet States. In Transparency, International (Eds.), Global Corruption Report, 2004. Special focus: political corruption. Transparency International. ISSN 9780745322308. p. 323–325. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). The Welfare State - Still Viable? In Heidar, Knut Martin (Eds.), Nordic politics : comparative perspectives. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215006284. p. 207–227. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). Internasjonalisering og etnisk integrasjon i de baltiske land. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 18(1), p. 25–42. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Timofeev, Vsevolod (2003). Between centre and regions: the State Duma deputies and Russian federalism. In Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (Ed.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Routledge. ISSN 9780415306980. p. 92–109. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2003). The elite basis of Yeltsin's and Putin's regimes. In Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (Ed.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Routledge. ISSN 9780415306980. p. 51–71. Full text in Research Archive
• Gel'man, Vladimir & Steen, Anton (2003). Elites and democratic development in Russia: an introduction. In Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (Ed.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Routledge. ISSN 9780415306980. p. 1–11. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2002). The Post-Communist Transformation: Elite Orientations and the Emerging Russian State. Perspectives on European Politics and Society. ISSN 1570-5854. 3(1), p. 93–126. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Ruus, Jüri (2002). Change of Regime - Continuity of Elites? The Case of Estonia. East European Politics and Societies. ISSN 0888-3254. 16(1), p. 223–248. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). The Question of Legitimacy: Elites and Political Support in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 53(5), p. 697–718. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Timofeev, Vsevolod (2001). Between Centre and Region: The State Duma Deputies and Russian Federalism. In Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (Ed.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Research Report No.1/2001. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. p. 94–106. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Timofeev, Vsevolod (2001). Between Centre and Regions: the State Duma Deputies and Rudssian Federalism. In Steen, Anton (Eds.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. p. 92–108. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). The Elite Basis of Yeltsin's and Putin's Regimes. In Steen, Anton (Eds.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. p. 51–70. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). Elites and Political Support under Yeltsin and Putin. In Steen, Anton (Eds.), Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. p. 44–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). Bastardøkonomi og konkurranseoligarki. Eliter som problem og mulighet i dagens Russland. In Baldersheim, Harald; Hagtvet, Bernt & Heidar, Knut Martin (Ed.), Statsvitenskapelige utsyn : politiske tema og tenkemåter i en oppbruddstid. Cappelen Damm Høyskoleforlaget. ISSN 9788276343335. p. 180–192. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). Ethnic Relations, Elites and Democracy in the Baltic States. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. ISSN 1352-3279. 16(4), p. 68–87. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). What kind of Light in the End of the Tunnel? Democratic Norms, Market Orientations and Political Socialisation. A Comparison of Elites in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. In Frentzel-Zagorska, Janina & Wasilexski, Jacek (Ed.), The Second Generation of Democratic Elites in Central and Eastern Europe. Institute of Political Studies. Polish Academy of Sciences.. ISSN 9788388490064. p. 125–158. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1998). Eliter og nye demokratier i Baltikum. Mennesker og Rettigheter. ISSN 0800-0735. 16(3), p. 239–249. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). The New Elites in the Baltic States: Recirculation and Change. Scandinavian Political Studies. ISSN 0080-6757. 20(1), p. 91–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.1997.tb00186.x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Regime change is closely connected to elite change. although classical theories of elite rule would predict considerable elite continuity. The basic question is how the downfall of communist regimes and introduction of democracy have affected elite patterns in the three Baltic states. The data indicate a combination of continuity and change: circulation of indigenous elites has taken place, while Russians are excluded from power in important state institutions. Elite continuity is explained by lack of “alternative elites” and a need for competent leaders in the state building process. Elite change is explained by ethnic cleavages which raise the issue of indigenous control over power positions.

• Steen, Anton (1997). Baltikum i internasjonal politikk: forbilder og samarbeid. Internasjonal Politikk. ISSN 0020-577X. 55(1), p. 79–92. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). Cleavage Structures, Elite Configurations and Democracy in Post Communist Countries - the Case of the Baltic States. In Steen, Anton (Eds.), Ethnicity and Politics in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Universitetet i Oslo. p. 1–22. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). The Baltic elites after change of regime. In Best, Heinrich & Becker, Ulrike (Ed.), Elites in Transition. Informations-Zentrum Sozialwissengeschaften. Leske und Budrich. Opladen.. ISSN 9783810018441. p. 149–170. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1996). Consolidation and competence: Research on the politics of recruiting political elites in the Baltic states. Journal of Baltic Studies. ISSN 0162-9778. XXVII(2), p. 143–156. doi: 10.1080/01629779600000031. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1996). Confidence in Institutions in Post-Communist Countries: The Case of the Baltic States. Scandinavian Political Studies. ISSN 0080-6757. 19(3), p. 205–225. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transition from totalitarian to democratic rule in the Baltic states raises the question of conditions for regime legitimacy and stability. The article focuses on the level of confidence people have in institutions after change of regime. The confidence in political and social institutions is at a surprisingly low level. The data suggest that people have more confidence in institutions producing symbols than they have in policy-making and implementing institutions. There is also evidence to show that leaders are more trusted than institutions as such. A survey of the potential background variables shows that people with higher education have lower confidence in institutions than the less well educated. But low confidence in institutions does not necessarily spell gloomy prospects for procedural democratic development, as long as the elites do have some popular support and the capacity for consensual integration.

View all works in NVA

• Steen, Anton (2026). Fra innvandring til integrering. Styring og politikk i et liberalt demokrati. Fakta. Analyse. Normer. Pax Forlag. ISBN 9788253043548. 415 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I denne boken viser professor em. i statsvitenskap Anton Steen hvordan innvandrings- og integreringspolitikken utformes i spenningsfeltet mellom nasjonal kontroll, globalisering og liberale verdier. Hovedvekten er på norske erfaringer. Boken analyserer global migrasjon og innvandringskontroll, dessuten virkemidler og resultater i integrerings-prosessen. Den gir innsikt i sentrale normative teorier, med vekt på hvordan menneskerettigheter og liberalt demokrati er kommet under press. Boken viser hvordan opinion, elitediskurs, medier og partipolitikk samspiller, og avsluttes med noen refleksjoner om sammenhengen mellom innvandring, samfunnsendring og konfliktløsning. (415 sider).

• Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (2003). Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415306980. 219 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transformation from Communist rule towards democratic development in Russia cannot be fully understood without taking the elites into full consideration. Elites and Democratic Development in Russia examines how elites support and challenge democracy and why they are crucial to Russian democracy in particular. In this innovative volume, twelve respected scholars investigate how elites have affected the transition from Communist rule towards democratic development in Russia. They discuss how the elites' degree of integration on national and regional levels may constitute the main condition for the consolidation of the emerging political regime and interpret the complex post-communist elite patterns of behaviour and attitudes into a theoretical framework of elitist democracy. This book will appeal to those interested in democratization, elites, post-Soviet Russia and post-communist studies.

• Steen, Anton (2003). Political Elites and the New Russia. The power basis of Yeltsin's and Putin's regimes. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 9780415309035. 212 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Political Elite and the New Russia convincingly argues that although reforms in Russia have been initiated by those close to the President, in fact local and national elites have been the crucial strategic actors in reshaping Russia's economy, democratising its political system and decentralising its administration. This book analyses the role of elites under Yeltsin and Putin, discussing the extent to which they form a coherent political culture, and how far this culture has been in step with, or at odds with, the reform policies of the Kremlin leadership. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203180488/political-elites-new-russia-anton-steen

• Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (2003). Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415306980. 219 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). Between Past and Future: Elites, Democracy and the State in Post-Communist Countries. A Comparison of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Ashgate. ISBN 9781859724729. 389 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This text presents a specific interest in analyzing the role of the elites as a key factor for democratic rule and policy changes. In order to put the elites in perspective the author has also conducted opinion surveys asking some of the same questions among representative samples of the populations in the three countries. Comparing these three rather similar states gives possibilities for singling out conditions for specific national developments in elite structure and policies. CONTENTS. Tables. Figures. Preface. 1. From totalitarianism to democracy: The role of the elites. 2. Data and Methods. Part One: Continuity and change. 3. Recirculation or renewal of elites? 4. The social biography of the new elites. 5. Elite personality and the democratic mind. 6. The problem of the past: Punish or forget? Part Two: Elite networks. 7. Contacts between institutions. 8. Core elite persons. 9. Kinship relations. Conclusions to Part Two. 10. The elites and the political parties. Part Three: Elite and mass cleavages. 11. Trust between elites. 12. Opening the ‘steam boiler’: Social and ethnic cleavages. Conclusions to Part Three: Social cleavages and elite integration. Part Four: The elites and the people: The problem of legitimacy. 13. Political support. 14. The problem of representation. Conclusions to Part Four. Part Five: Values and policy priorities. 15. Basic Values: Equality and state interference. 16. Ideological polarization or unification? 17. Policy priorities and policy instruments. Conclusions to Part Five. 18. Policy outcomes: Is the state withering away. 19. The elite network state. Appendix Tables. References.

• Steen, Anton (1997). Ethnicity and Politics in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Universitetet i Oslo. -1 p. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Steen, Anton & Askim, Jostein (2018). 'Refugee-Settlement in a Decentralized Welfare State - from Soft Multi-Level Governance to Municipal Lobbying?' Paper to the ECPR General Conference, Section: Evaluating Policies of Immigrant Integration and their Outcomes. Panel:Great Expectations, Ambigious Goals and Multi Level Governance - The Outcome Gap Re-visited. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2018). 'Risks, Public Fear and Decision-venue. How to Decide Refugee Settlement - Local Referendum, the City Council or the State?' Paper to the ECPR General Conference, Hamburg 22.-25. August 2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Røed, Maiken (2016). 'What determines refugee-settlement in Norwegian Municipalities? State policy or local agency - the role of the Central Executive Officer'. Paper presentert på Nordic Municipal Conference (NORKOM), University of Oslo 24. - 25. November 2016. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Røed, Maiken (2015). 'What determines refugee-settlement in Norwegian municipalities? State policy and local agency – the role of the Central Executive Officer (rådmann)'. Conference paper. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2015). Deciding Refugee Settlement in Norwegian Cities: Party Politics or at the Discretion of the CEO? Paper, 25 s. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2015). The New Neighbor: Refugees, Legitimacy and the Local Opinion in Norway. Paper. 19 s. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Askim, Jostein (2013). Paper: 'Multi-level governance of refugee settlement: Lessons from Norways failure'. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Askim, Jostein (2013). Paper: 'Policy-learning under multi-level governance and discrepant issue framing: Reflections based on the case of refugee-settlement in Norway'. Full text in Research Archive
• Askim, Jostein & Steen, Anton (2013). Policy learning under multi-level governance and discrepant issue framing: Reflections based on the case of refugee re-settlement in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2011). The local politics of immigrant settlement in Norway. (Paper 18s.). Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2011). Hvor velkomne? Lokalt innvandringsregime, trusseloppfatning og holdninger til å bosette flyktninger. En sammenligning av fire norske kommuner.(Paper 24s.). Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2009). Kommet for å bli. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2009). Eliter mot folkelig skepsis. Den norske kommunen som innvandringsarena. Paper til den XVIII Nordiske Kommuneforskerkonferansen, Åbo 26.11 - 28.11. 2009. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2008). Politisering i begge ender? Sentrale virkemidler og lokal iverksetting av flyktning-integrering i Norge. (34 s.). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Paperet viser en avtakende politisering blant partiene på Stortinget om tilskudd til bosetting av flyktninger, men sterk politisering i kommunestyrene om bosettingsvedtak.

• Steen, Anton (2007). Democratic Consolidation through Elite-Internationalization? Paper. 18 pages. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2007). Democratic Elitism and Minority Political Rights. The Baltic States from Schumpeter to Dahl? Paper. 20 pages. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). Muhammed og Kristian. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). Review of Aidukate, Jolouta 2004: The emergence of post-socialist welfare-states - the case of the Baltic States. Stockholm: Södertörns Skolan. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 58(4), p. 644–645. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). Bokanmeldelse av Aidukaite, Jolouta: The emergence of the post-socialist welfare state - the case of the Baltic States. Stockholm: Sodertorns Skolan. Europe-Asia Studies. ISSN 0966-8136. 58(4), p. 644–645. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). 'Muhammed og Kristian'. Kronikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2006). "Do Elite Beliefs Matter? Elites and Economic Reforms in the Baltic States and Russia".(Paper). Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). En bedre invandringspolitikk? Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). Dobbelt statsborgerskap: svekket loyalitet eller økt integrasjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). Review of: Baltic Democracy at the Crossroads. An Elite Perspective. Berglund, S. adn Duvold, K. (eds.) Kristiansand: Hoyskoleforlaget. 2003. Journal of Baltic Studies. ISSN 0162-9778. 36(3), p. 373–377. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). 'Dobbelt statsborgerskap: svekket loyalitet eller økt integrasjon?'. Kronikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). 'En bedre innvandringspolitikk?'. Kronikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Østerud, Øyvind & Steen, Anton (2005). Elites and neo-liberalism in East and West. The Baltic States, Russia and Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). Review of Troxel, T.A. 2003: Parliamentary Power in Russia, 1994-2001. President vs. Parliament. New York: Palgrave. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 63(3), p. 669–670. doi: 10.2307/1520390. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). Omtale av Berglund, S. & Duvold, K. (eds.) 2003. Baltic Democracy at the Crossroads. An Elite Perspective. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 18(2), p. 256–260. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). National Elites Under Pressure. International Integration and the Citizenship Issue in the Baltic States. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). Anmeldelse av Berglund, S. & Duvold, K. (eds.)'Baltic Democracy at the Crossroads. An Elite Perspective. Høyskoleforlaget. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 18(2), p. 256–260. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2004). Book-review of: Troxel, T.A. 2003 'Parliamentary Power in Russia, 1994-2001'. New York: Palgrave. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 63(3), p. 669–670. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2003). Review of Berglund, S. & Duvold, K. (eds.)2003: Baltic Democracy at the Crossroads. An elite perspective. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget. Journal of Baltic Studies. ISSN 0162-9778. 36(3), p. 373–377. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Zepa, Brigita (2003). Latvijas elite parmainu laika. (The Latvian elite under change). Diena. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2002). Review of Clemens, Walter C. jr. 2001. The Baltic States Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 61(4), p. 845–846. doi: 10.2307/3090418. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2002). Review of: 'The Baltic States Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security'. By Walter C. Clemens. Slavic Review: Interdisciplinary Quarterly of Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies. ISSN 0037-6779. 61(4), p. 845–846. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). Elites and Reforms in Russia - Why Half Way is the Only Possible Way. A Political Culture Approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). 'Competitive Paternalism': the answer to market meeting collectivism? Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). Decision-making in Russia: From Hierarchy to Networks? Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). 'Legitimacy, democracy and economic reforms in Russia. An elite perspective'. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2000). 'Some Notes on Russian Elites and the Central Government Connection'. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1999). Report on Elite Research - Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1999). Trust, Democracy and the Market. Elite-orientations in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. Paper to the workshop: 'The Second Generation of Democratic Elites'. Jagiellonian University/Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1999). Eliter og styringssystem i Russland. fra hierarki til nettverk? Paper til den 7. nasjonale fagkonferanse i statsvitenskap, Røros. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1999). Elites, Governance and Economic Reforms in Russia. Paper to the seminar 'Political Development and Governance in Post-communist countries'. Department of Political Science. University of Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1998). De baltiske land: Demokratier i utvikling. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). Cleavage Structures, Elite Configurations and Democracy in Post Communist Countries: The Case of the Baltic States. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2005). National Elites in the Post-national Era: Ethno-politics and Internationalization the Baltic States. Arena. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Department of Political Science. ISSN 9788257046675. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Gel'man, Vladimir (2001). Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Research Report No.1/2001. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (2001). Elites and Democratic Development in Russia. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788257046675. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1999). Elites in Russia. Attitudes, Behaviour and Social Biography of Central and Regional Elites 1998. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1998). Culture and Institutions: Consequences for Post-Communist Elites. A Comparison of the Baltic States. Paper presentert på Nasjonal fagkonferanse i statsvitenskap, Geilo,Jan. 1998. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1998). Regime Legitimacy in Post-Communist Countries. A Comparative Analysis of Mass Attitudes in the Baltic States 1992-1997. Institutt for statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton & Selliaas, Andreas (1998). De baltiske land - et 'nytt' norsk nærområde? Rapport fra seminar 19.8.98 arrangert av Institutt for statsvitenskap/UiO, og Utenriksdepartementet. Full text in Research Archive
• Steen, Anton (1997). Ethnicity and Politics in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Research Report. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA