Francesca Refsum Jensenius

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India. Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780190646615.  228 s. Show summary

  Across the world, governments design and implement policies with the explicit goal of promoting social justice. But can such institutions change entrenched social norms? And what effects should we expect from differently designed policies? Francesca R. Jensenius' Social Justice through Inclusion is an empirically rich study of one of the most extensive electoral quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former "untouchables") in India's legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969-2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, the book explores the long-term effects of electoral quotas for the political elite and the general population. It shows that the quota system has played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Interestingly, this is not because the system has led to more group representation - SC politicians working specifically for SC interests - but because it has made possible the creation and empowerment of a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. This is a study of India, but the findings and discussions have broader implications. Policies such as quotas are usually supported with arguments about various assumed positive long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how electoral quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, and indicate the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Verniers, Gilles (2017). Studying Indian Politics with Large-scale Data: Indian Election Data 1961–today. Studies in Indian Politics.  ISSN 2321-0230.  5(2), s 269- 275 . doi: 10.1177/2321023017727984 Show summary

  There has been a major shift in how Indian politics is studied, as large-scale data has become easier to access and analyze. In this research note, we describe some useful techniques and tools used for creating and merging large-scale datasets. We also introduce two datasets: constituency-level datasets of Indian State Elections and General Elections from 1961 until today. We describe the process of creating these datasets, the efforts involved in cleaning the data, and how the data can be utilized. In conclusion, we offer some reflections on the limitations of over-relying on quantitative data in research on Indian politics.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Competing inequalities? On the intersection of gender and ethnicity in candidate nominations in Indian elections. Government and Opposition.  ISSN 0017-257X.  51(3), s 440- 463 . doi: 10.1017/gov.2016.8 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Quotas for women and ethnic minorities are implemented to increase diversity in political institutions, but, as they usually target only one group at a time, they may end up increasing the inclusion of one under-represented group at the cost of another. Recent work has emphasized the institutional underpinnings of the variation in such outcomes. In this article I show how the intersectional effects of quotas may also vary within the same institutional context, as changes in the pressure to include excluded groups interact with the informal opportunity structures within political parties. Looking at the nomination of female candidates across India over time, I show that, as the efforts to include more women in politics intensified, much of the increase in female candidates occurred in constituencies reserved for ethnic minorities. This pattern may in part be the result of parties resisting changes to existing power hierarchies by nominating women at the cost of the least powerful male politicians, but can also be seen as evidence that minority quotas have created a political space that is more accessible to women.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Development from representation? A study of quotas for the scheduled castes in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.  ISSN 1945-7782.  7(3), s 196- 220 . doi: 10.1257/app.20140201 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper estimates the constituency-level development effects of quotas for the Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India, using a unique dataset of development indicators for more than 3,100 state assembly constituencies in 15 Indian states in 1971 and 2001. Matching constituencies on pretreatment variables from 1971, I find that 30 years of quotas had no detectable constituency-level effect on overall development or redistribution to SCs. Interviews with politicians and civil servants in 2010 and 2011 suggest that these findings can be explained by the power of political parties and the electoral incentives created by the quota system.

• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2014). The Fieldwork of Quantitative Data Collection. PS: Political Science and Politics.  ISSN 1049-0965.  47(2), s 402- 404 . doi: 10.1017/S1049096514000298 Full text in Research Archive.

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• Bhavnani, Rikhil & Jensenius, Francesca (2019). Voting for development? Ruling coalitions and literacy in India. Electoral Studies.  ISSN 0261-3794.  62, s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102069 Show summary

  Across the world, governments skew the distribution of state resources for political gain. But does such politicisation of resource allocation affect development trajectories in the long run? We focus on the long-term effects of voting for the ruling coalition on primary education in India. Using a close-election instrumental variable design and drawing on a new socio-economic dataset of India's state assembly constituencies in 1971 and 2001, we examine whether areas represented by members of ruling coalitions experienced greater increases in literacy over 30 years. We find no evidence of this being the case, in the overall data or in relevant sub-samples. The null results are precisely estimated, and are consistent across OLS and 2SLS specifications and several robustness checks. These findings suggest the politicised distribution of some funds in the short run does not affect long-term development trajectories.

• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Nelson-Nunez, Jami (2019). Gender-Discriminatory Laws and Women’s Economic Agency. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society.  ISSN 1072-4745.  26(2), s 193- 222 . doi: 10.1093/sp/jxy042 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Recent years have seen widespread advances in women’s legal rights in many countries. In other places, restrictions on women’s autonomy remain entrenched. This study explores cross-country patterns in the association between gender-discriminatory legislation and various indicators of women’s economic agency. We find that restrictions on legal capacity predict women’s asset ownership and labor force participation, while discrimination in wage work and parental leave are associated with the size and direction of wage gaps. These findings highlight the importance of conceptualizing and measuring legal rights and their potential effects as multidimensional.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). India: A Contradictory Record, In Susan Franceschet; Mona Lena Krook & Netina Tan (ed.),  The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 978-1-137-59073-2.  45.  s 673 - 688 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This chapter provides a review of the role of women in Indian politics, with a focus on female legislators. It begins with an account of the entry of women into politics in the early 20th century. Second, it looks at the gradual increase in the number of women MPs and the barriers they have faced. The third section presents the debate that resulted in quotas (‘reservations’) for women in local-level politics, but not in the more influential parliament and state assemblies. The final section is about some characteristics of women MPs. This review demonstrates some of the key barriers that keep women out of elected office in India, but also highlights the diversity of the women who have come to power despite these obstacles.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Kinship in Indian Politics: Dynasties, nepotism and imagined families, In Kristin M. Haugevik & Iver Neumann (ed.),  Kinship in International Relations.  Routledge.  ISBN 978-1-138-58055-8.  8.  s 138 - 153 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Kinship, whether by blood or by imagination, plays an important role in Indian politics. It is visible in the frequent use of family terms used to address political allies and leaders, as well as to describe relations between both communities and countries. It is also evident in the high numbers of dynastic leaders in elected office. Family ties can help people succeed professionally or get out of trouble. The prevalence of nepotism has also affected both political discourses and institutional choices. This chapter reflects on the role of kinship in Indian politics.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2019). Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms & Challenges Ahead. Daedalus.  ISSN 0011-5266.  249(1(2020)), s 144- 159 . doi: 10.1162/daed_a_01779 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In the 1990s and 2000s, pressure from feminist movements and allies succeeded in pushing scores of states to reform their laws to prevent and punish violence against women (VAW). Even in states with progressive legislation, however, activists face challenges to induce citizens to comply with the law, compel state authorities to enforce the law, and ensure the adequate allocation of resources for social support services. In this essay, we take stock of legislative developments related to VAW around the world, with a focus on the variation in approaches toward intimate partner violence and sexual harassment. We analyze efforts to align behavior with progressive legislation, and end with a discussion of the balance activists must strike between fighting VAW aggressively with the carceral and social support dimensions of state power, while exercising some restraint to avoid the potentially counterproductive effects of state action.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018). Comparative Analysis for Theory Development: Reflections on a Study of Women’s Empowerment. Qualitative & Multi-Method Research.  ISSN 2153-6767. . doi: https://zenodo.org/record/2562171 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Methodological texts about comparative work have focused overwhelmingly on controlled comparisons aimed at causal inference. To show the range of possible goals and approaches, this piece reflects on our own choices while studying the state and women’s empowerment in Norway, Japan, and the United States. We show how our research design evolved with our theoretical thinking, and explain that we did not select comparative “cases,” but rather diverse contexts with interesting variation in our main concept of interest. Finally, we discuss how we constructed multi-cultural research teams to take advantage of insider and outsider perspectives during fieldwork.

• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Htun, Mala; Samuels, David J.; Singer, David A.; Lawrence, Adria & Chwe, Micheal (2018). Benefits and Pitfalls of Google Scholar. PS: Political Science and Politics.  ISSN 1049-0965. . doi: 10.1017/S104909651800094X Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Google Scholar (GS) is an important tool that faculty, administrators, and external reviewers use to evaluate the scholarly impact of candidates for jobs, tenure, and promotion. This article highlights both the benefits of GS—including the reliability and consistency of its citation counts and its platform for disseminating scholarship and facilitating networking—and its pitfalls. GS has biases because citation is a social and political process that disadvantages certain groups, including women, younger scholars, scholars in smaller research communities, and scholars opting for risky and innovative work. GS counts also reflect practices of strategic citation that exacerbate existing hierarchies and inequalities. As a result, it is imperative that political scientists incorporate other data sources, especially independent scholarly judgment, when making decisions that are crucial for careers. External reviewers have a unique obligation to offer a reasoned, rigorous, and qualitative assessment of a scholar’s contributions and therefore should not use GS.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Verniers, Gilles (2017). Studying Indian Politics with Large-scale Data: Indian Election Data 1961–today. Studies in Indian Politics.  ISSN 2321-0230.  5(2), s 269- 275 . doi: 10.1177/2321023017727984 Show summary

  There has been a major shift in how Indian politics is studied, as large-scale data has become easier to access and analyze. In this research note, we describe some useful techniques and tools used for creating and merging large-scale datasets. We also introduce two datasets: constituency-level datasets of Indian State Elections and General Elections from 1961 until today. We describe the process of creating these datasets, the efforts involved in cleaning the data, and how the data can be utilized. In conclusion, we offer some reflections on the limitations of over-relying on quantitative data in research on Indian politics.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). A sign of backwardness? Where dynastic leaders are elected in India, In Kanchan Chandra (ed.),  Democratic Dynasties State, Party and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics.  Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 9781107123441.  3.  s 83 - 104
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Competing inequalities? On the intersection of gender and ethnicity in candidate nominations in Indian elections. Government and Opposition.  ISSN 0017-257X.  51(3), s 440- 463 . doi: 10.1017/gov.2016.8 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Quotas for women and ethnic minorities are implemented to increase diversity in political institutions, but, as they usually target only one group at a time, they may end up increasing the inclusion of one under-represented group at the cost of another. Recent work has emphasized the institutional underpinnings of the variation in such outcomes. In this article I show how the intersectional effects of quotas may also vary within the same institutional context, as changes in the pressure to include excluded groups interact with the informal opportunity structures within political parties. Looking at the nomination of female candidates across India over time, I show that, as the efforts to include more women in politics intensified, much of the increase in female candidates occurred in constituencies reserved for ethnic minorities. This pattern may in part be the result of parties resisting changes to existing power hierarchies by nominating women at the cost of the least powerful male politicians, but can also be seen as evidence that minority quotas have created a political space that is more accessible to women.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Wood, Abby (2016). Caught in the Act but not Punished: on Elite Rule of Law and Deterrence. Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs.  ISSN 2168-7951.  4(2), s 686- 717 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Most literature on criminal deterrence in law, economics, and criminology assumes that people who are caught for a crime will be punished. The literature focuses on how the size of sanctions and probability of being caught affect criminal behavior. However, in many countries entire groups of people are “above the law” in the sense that they are able to evade punishment even if caught violating the law. In this paper we argue that both the perceived probability of being punished if caught and the cultural acceptance of elites evading punishment are important parts of theorizing about deterrence, particularly about corruption among political elites. Looking at data on parking violations among diplomats in New York City 1997–2002, we explore how diplomats from different rule-of-law cultures respond to sudden legal immunity. The empirical observations provide clear evidence of both the stickiness and the gradual weakening of cultural constraints.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Development from representation? A study of quotas for the scheduled castes in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.  ISSN 1945-7782.  7(3), s 196- 220 . doi: 10.1257/app.20140201 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper estimates the constituency-level development effects of quotas for the Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India, using a unique dataset of development indicators for more than 3,100 state assembly constituencies in 15 Indian states in 1971 and 2001. Matching constituencies on pretreatment variables from 1971, I find that 30 years of quotas had no detectable constituency-level effect on overall development or redistribution to SCs. Interviews with politicians and civil servants in 2010 and 2011 suggest that these findings can be explained by the power of political parties and the electoral incentives created by the quota system.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Bhavnani, Rikhil (2015). Socioeconomic Profile of India’s Old Electoral Constituencies, 1971-2001, In K.C. Sivaramakrishnan & Mohd. Sanjeer Alam (ed.),  Fixing electoral boundaries in India : Laws, processes, outcomes, and implications for political representation.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-945844-8.  11.  s 217 - 229
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2015). Fragmentation and decline in India's state assemblies: A review, 1967-2007. Asian Survey.  ISSN 0004-4687.  55(5), s 862- 881 . doi: 10.1525/AS.2015.55.5.862 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Tracing activity in 15 Indian state assemblies from 1967 to 2007, we find that overall legislative activity declined but there was also considerable variation across states. States with large electoral constituencies and politically fragmented assemblies showed the worst performance, which suggests a link between political fragmentation and institutional performance.

• Hsueh, Roselyn; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Newsome, Akasemi (2014). Fieldwork in Political Science: Encountering Challenges and Crafting Solutions. PS: Political Science and Politics.  ISSN 1049-0965.  47(2), s 391- 393 . doi: 10.1017/S1049096514000262 Full text in Research Archive.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2014). Mired in Reservations: The Path-Dependent History of Electoral Quotas in India. Journal of Asian Studies.  ISSN 0021-9118.  FirstView, s 1- 21 . doi: 10.1017/S0021911814002162 Full text in Research Archive.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2014). The Fieldwork of Quantitative Data Collection. PS: Political Science and Politics.  ISSN 1049-0965.  47(2), s 402- 404 . doi: 10.1017/S1049096514000298 Full text in Research Archive.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2013). Was the Delimitation Commission Unfair to Muslims?. Studies in Indian Politics.  ISSN 2321-0230.  1(2), s 213- 229 . doi: 10.1177/2321023013511625 Full text in Research Archive.
• Chhibber, Pradeep; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2012). Party Organization and Party Proliferation in India,. Party Politics.  ISSN 1354-0688. . doi: 10.1177/1354068811436059
• Jensenius, Francesca (2012). Quotas and perceptions of political representation – A look at India. Asian Survey.  ISSN 0004-4687.  52(2), s 373- 394 . doi: 10.1525/as.2012.52.2.373 Full text in Research Archive.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2011). Book Essay: Power and Influence in India. Forum for Development Studies.  ISSN 0803-9410.  38(3), s 391- 398 . doi: 10.1080/08039410.2011.619683
• Fish, Steven; Jensenius, Francesca & Michel, Katherine (2010). Islam and Large-Scale Political Violence: Is There a Connection?. Comparative Political Studies.  ISSN 0010-4140.  43(11), s 1327- 1362 . doi: 10.1177/0010414010376912

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• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India. Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780190646615.  228 s. Show summary

  Across the world, governments design and implement policies with the explicit goal of promoting social justice. But can such institutions change entrenched social norms? And what effects should we expect from differently designed policies? Francesca R. Jensenius' Social Justice through Inclusion is an empirically rich study of one of the most extensive electoral quota systems in the world: the reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes (SCs, the former "untouchables") in India's legislative assemblies. Combining evidence from quantitative datasets from the period 1969-2012, archival work, and in-depth interviews with politicians, civil servants, and voters across India, the book explores the long-term effects of electoral quotas for the political elite and the general population. It shows that the quota system has played an important role in reducing caste-based discrimination, particularly at the elite level. Interestingly, this is not because the system has led to more group representation - SC politicians working specifically for SC interests - but because it has made possible the creation and empowerment of a new SC elite who have gradually become integrated into mainstream politics. This is a study of India, but the findings and discussions have broader implications. Policies such as quotas are usually supported with arguments about various assumed positive long-term consequences. The nuanced discussions in this book shed light on how electoral quotas for SCs have shaped the incentives for politicians, parties, and voters, and indicate the trade-offs inherent in how such policies of group inclusion are designed.

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• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2020). Can the State Stop Violence against Women?.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2020). Party System Institutionalization and Economic Voting: Evidence from India.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Jensenius, Francesca R.; Frøystad, Hanne Kathinka & Ruud, Arild Engelsen (2019). Valgvake - valget i India.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus (2019). Modi er kommet for å bli. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Er valget i India slutten på dynastiet?. Avisa Vårt land.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Indisk spenning. Dagsavisen.  ISSN 1503-2892.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Hindunasjonalistisk parti går mot valgseier. Avisa Vårt land.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Implementing the Rights Revolution: Sexual Assault and Harassment Training on College Campuses.
• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Tønnessen, Liv (2019). Introduction to Special Issue of Social Politics: Legal Regimes, Women’s Work, and Women’s Empowerment. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society.  ISSN 1072-4745.  26(2), s 189- 192 . doi: 10.1093/sp/jxz026 Show summary

  The second-wave feminist movement called attention to the endurance of discriminatory laws that deny women equal rights and opportunities. Since the 1970s, most countries around the world responded to feminist demands and reformed family law, labor law, reproductive rights, national constitutions, and the welfare state. Yet almost nowhere do women enjoy the same status, power, and opportunities as men, and differences among women along the lines of class, racial identity, and region are pronounced. Why does the gap between women’s de jure and de facto status persist? Is there any connection between egalitarian laws and women’s agency on the ground? Which groups of women have benefited the most from the expansion of formal rights? What cultural practices and norms are most resistant to change? Are there unexpected, subtle, or contradictory ways in which legal change has shaped women’s work and women’s empowerment? The five papers in this Special Issue look at these questions in contexts from Sudan to Norway.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 11. januar). EKKO. [Radio].  NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 11. april). Fem ukers kø ved valgurnene.  Klassekampen.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 08. januar). Her bryter to kvinner en eldgammel hindu-tradisjon. Det har kastet India ut i politisk kaos.  Aftenposten.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 11. april). India: Verdens største demokratiske valg. [Internett].  Universitetet i Oslo.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 10. januar). Krig og fred. [Radio].  NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 07. januar). NRK nyhetsmorgen. [Radio].  NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 20. mai). NRK, nyhetsmorgen. [Radio].  NRK.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Social Justice through Inclusion: Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019, 22. mai). Urix. [TV].  NRK.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Violence Against Women as a Violation of Human Rights: Legal Change and Social Norms in Mexico.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Women and minorities in the Lok Sabha: Intersectionality in the Indian elections. Asia Dialogue.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2019). Privileging One’s Own: Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). 3 charts challenge lazy thinking on voter turnout and its link to literacy & urbanisation. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Hvem dominerer Indias nasjonale valg?. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). It’s a myth that 2014 election was exceptional in the vote share of winning candidates. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Political parties dominate India’s national elections, not candidates. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). There are very few BJP strongholds or Congress bastions in India. Data shows why. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). This data shows why Indian MPs don’t truly represent their people. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Få bastioner og mange svingninger. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Legitimitet og ansvarlighet i kompetitive valg. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Lokale valg topper statistikken. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Utdanning, urbanisering og valgdeltakelse. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: en representasjonskrise?. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Why voters don’t turn up in larger numbers in Lok Sabha elections – all politics is local. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2019). Legal Regimes, Social Norms, and Gender Equality, in Myanmar. Show summary

  Myanmar’s return to competitive elections after decades of military rule raised expectations for progress in economic and social development, including in the area of women’s rights. But in fact, the most significant legislation passed has restricted, rather than expanded, women’s liberal rights. Meanwhile, public opinion surveys reveal that most Burmese continue to hold men in higher esteem than women, to prefer boy children, and to believe that men are more capable leaders. This paper analyzes women’s uneven legal rights and the endurance of traditional social norms in Myanmar, drawing on observations from fieldwork and two representative national surveys. We show that traditional and anti-democratic values are widespread, and that views on gender are closely connected to adherens to such values. People who believe in hierarchical author- ity are also more likely to value boys over girls and to believe men are better leaders than women. Myanmar’s experiences show that the emergence of electoral democracy does not necessarily generate gender equality. Since political freedom expands the space for civic mobilization, including for traditional and conservative groups, it can produce greater contestation about the meaning and significance of gender and of women’s roles in society.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2019). Study shows Indian politicians are spending less and less time in legislative assemblies. ThePrint.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus; Jensenius, Francesca & Flåten, Lars Tore (2019). Demokrati eller autokrati i India?. Morgenbladet.  ISSN 0805-3847.
• Contreras Vidal, Carlos Alberto; Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R.; Sonntag, Melanie sayuri & Tinkler, Justine (2018). Effects of Grey Area Training on Rape Myths and Gender Stereotypes at UNM.
• Contreras Vidal, Carlos Alberto; Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R.; Sonntag, Melanie & Tinkler, Justine (2018). Effects of Mandatory Universal Sexual Misconduct Training at UNM.
• Htun, Mala; Contreras, Carlos; Dominguez, Melanie Sayuri; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Tinkler, Justine (2018). Effects of Sexual Assault Training on University Campuses.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018). Comparison and Theory Development: Lessons from a Study of Women’s Empowerment.
• Jensenius, Alexander Refsum; Bjerkestrand, Kari Anne Vadstensvik; Johnson, Victoria; Gonzalez Sanchez, Victor Evaristo; Zelechowska, Agata & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018). Sverm-Pluck.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018, 19. mars). Ekko: kvoteringsforskeren. [Radio].  NRK.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018, 14. juni). Electoral quotas in India: what the data show.  The Indian Express. Show summary

  The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India, by Francesca R Jensenius, a political scientist at the University of Oslo, looks at how electoral representation for Dalits through reservation has played out since 1952.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018, 27. oktober). Nils Klim samtalen. [TV].  NRK Kunnskapskanalen (vist på NRK 2).
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018). Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2018). The Politics of Inclusion: Electoral Quotas in India. Show summary

  Electoral quotas have played an important role in Indian politics for the past century. Many groups have demanded and still demand quotas, often on the basis of arguments that quotas are needed to bring “their” perspectives into politics – that a guaranteed political presence will result in better representation of their group’s interests. In the book Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India (OUP 2017), Francesca R. Jensenius provided evidence of the long-term effects of electoral quotas for one of India’s most marginalized communities, the Scheduled Castes (the former “untouchables”). Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative data she showed that the quotas to a limited extent have contributed to the mobilization around, and representation of, group interests for SCs, but that they have played in important role in breaking social boundaries by integrating SCs into the mainstream political elite. What are the implications of these findings for the discussion of other groups’ demands for quotas in India? In this seminar, Jensenius will present key findings in the book and discuss some of the implications these findings have for the debates about quotas for other communities in India – including the so-called Other Backward Classes, women and religious communities. Jensenius’ keynote will be followed by presentations by Pradeep Chhibber Pratap Bhanu Mehta and Anne Waldrop, as well as a panel discussion.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2018). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2018). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2018). Privileging one’s own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). Constructing a majority: A micro-level study of voting patterns in Indian elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). Constructing a majority: A micro-level study of voting patterns in Indian elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). Constructing a majority: A micro-level study of voting patterns in Indian elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). The Nils Klim symposium Constructing a majority: A micro-level study of voting patterns in Indian elections. Show summary

  Indian elections are known to be highly fractionalized and volatile, but also for having semi-authoritarian pockets where the same person or family controls the vote election after election. In their forthcoming book, Francesca R. Jensenius, Pradeep Chhibber, and Sanjeer Alam draw on polling-booth level data from across India to explore when and why we see such different voting patterns at the local level in India. They argue that the provision of public goods and the presence of the state tempers political fragmentation and semi-authoritarian local politics.

• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Contreras, Carlos; Htun, Mala; Dominguez, Melanie Sayuri & Tinkler, Justine (2018). Effects of Sexual Misconduct Training on University Campuses.
• Chhibber, Pradeep & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Aspirational Laws as Weak Institutions: Legislation to Combat Violence Against Women in Mexico.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Discovering the Right Questions by Comparing Extremes: Women’s Empowerment in the United States, Norway, and Japan.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). State Policy and Women’s Economic Agency in Japan, the U.S., and Norway.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Three Worlds of Women’s Rights.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Three Worlds of Women’s Rights.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Women's Rights in Theory and Practice: Status Politics and Violence against Women in Mexico.
• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Sonntag, Melanie (2017). Social Policy, Norms of Work and Family, and Masculinity in Japan.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Affirmative Action Policies in Government.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Can quotas lead to social justice?.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017, 07. mars). Likestillingsparadokset. [Internett].  http://www.nupi.no/.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Political Quotas for Disadvantaged Groups: Lessons from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Social Justice through Inclusion: Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Social Justice through Inclusion: Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2017). The Impact of Affirmative Action in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2017). Party-candidate Linkages and Anti-Incumbency Voting: Evidence from Indian States.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2017). Party-candidate linkages and Anti-Incumbency Voting: Evidence from the Indian States.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Verniers, Gilles (2017). The Indian National Election and Candidates Database 1962 - today. [html ]. Show summary

  Database covering all national election in India

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Verniers, Gilles (2017). The Indian State Assembly Election and Candidates Database 1961- today. [html ]. Show summary

  Database covering Indian state elections

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Can Electoral Quotas Advance Social Justice – and How Do We Know?.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Caste quotas in politics and development outcomes. Ideas for India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Electoral Quotas as a Tool for Fighting Exclusion and Discrimination. India in Transition.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). Social Justice through Inclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). The inclusive effects of electoral quotas. The Hindu Business Line.  ISSN 0971-7528.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2016). When Women Run: New Perspectives on Gender and Political Recruitment.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2016). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2016). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2016). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2016). Institutionalizing Gender Equality: Anti-discrimination Laws and Social Norms in Mexico.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2016). Violence Against Women as a Violation of Human Rights? Legal Power and the Resilience of Social Norms in Mexico.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2016). Violence Against Women as an Aspirational Right: Legal Power and the Resilience of Social Norms in Mexico.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2016). Voting Behavior in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Kinship in Indian Politics: Dynasties, nepotism and fictive families.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Party Organizations and Party-Candidate Linkages: Theory and Evidence from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Party-candidate linkages and Party Institutionalization in the Indian States.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2015). Party-candidate linkages and Party Institutionalization in the Indian States.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Bajoghli, Sæba (2015, 12. oktober). To menn pågrepet etter voldtekt av jente (4) i India. [Internett].
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2015). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2015). Privileging One's Own: Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2015). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2015). Privileging one's own? Voting patterns and politicized spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Heierstad, Geir & Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (2015). Luften som dreper. Bergens Tidende.  ISSN 0804-8983.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2015). Party-Candidate Linkages and Electoral Instability.
• Mitra, Anirban; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Kotsadam, Andreas (2015). Do Parties Matter at the Sub-district Level of Politics? Evidence from Tehsils in Andhra Pradesh.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Delimited out of sight? Electoral incentives and public goods in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Development from Representation? A Study of Quotas for Scheduled Castes in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). India: Growth and redistribution in the world's largest democracy.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Valg 2014: et nytt India?. Hvor hender det?.  ISSN 0801-9509.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Women, Power and Politics: Barriers to Female Candidates in Indian Elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Women, Power and Politics: Barriers to Female Candidates in Indian Elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2014). Consequences of Representation: Electoral Quotas for India's Ex-untouchables.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2014). Hvor går verdens største demokrati nå?. Den norske Atlanterhavskomité - internett-tekster.  ISSN 1502-5373.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Aarstad Aase, Kari (2014, 16. mai). Fattiggutten som blir Indias nye statsminister.  VG.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Framstad, Anders Park (2014, 16. mai). Regjeringsskifte i India: - Klart positivt på sikt. [Internett].  e24.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Samuelsen, Reidun J. (2014, 06. november). Et eksplosivt kjærlighetskyss.  Aftenposten.
• Jensenius, Francesca; Chhibber, Pradeep & Verma, Anil Kumar (2014). Representing the underdogs: A survey experiment about representation in India.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). En splittende valgkandidat. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Hvem kan danne regjering i India?. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). India-Norges framtid. Ytring : NRK.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). India's tredje front. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  62(15)
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Masken av. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  62(13)
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Partiet uten leder. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  62(11)
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir & Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2014). Nye valgvinder i India. Ny tid.  ISSN 0803-3498.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Flåten, Lars Tore; Heierstad, Geir; Jensenius, Francesca & Jakobsen, Jostein (2014). Truende Maoister. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  62(17)
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Heierstad, Geir; Flåten, Lars Tore & Jensenius, Francesca (2014). Kraftig omveltning. Ny Tid.  ISSN 0809-9049.  62(19)
• Jensenius, Francesca (2013). Virker politisk kvotering?. Aftenposten Vitenskap.  ISSN 2464-3033.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2013). Power, Performance and Bias: Evaluating the Electoral Quotas for Scheduled Castes in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca (2011). Intricacies of Empowerment. The Book Review.  35(3), s 59- 60

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