Francesca Refsum Jensenius

• Chauchard, Simon & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2023). Do Scheduled Caste Reservations for Political Office Improve the Lives of Dalits? I Sudha, Pai; Babu, D. Shyam & Verma, Rahul (Red.), Dalits in the New Millennium. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009231220. s. 357–373. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Over the past 20 years, much empirical work has examined the impact – on a variety of outcomes – of political reservations for members of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India. In this chapter, we provide an overview of what we know about the effects of reservations in the Indian parliament, state legislatures, and local-level elected bodies, to date.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2022). Privileging One’s Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India. Comparative Political Studies. ISSN 0010-4140. doi: 10.1177/00104140221109430. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How do politicians allocate public resources? Despite the extensive literature on distributive politics, we have limited micro-level evidence for why and under what circumstances politicians choose various allocation strategies. India’s discretionary constituency development scheme (MPLADS) provides an excellent opportunity to study the spending choices of individual politicians. Drawing on an original dataset linking voting patterns across 227,507 villages in the 2009 general elections to MPLADS allocations 2009–2014, we find that politicians generally channel more projects and resources to villages that vote for them in higher numbers. We then leverage a natural experiment created by the delimitation (redistricting) of electoral boundaries in 2008 to provide causal evidence that spending choices are driven by short-term electoral incentives. Finally, we show that allocation patterns differ by the type of party that has brought a politician to power. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on heterogeneity in politicians’ distributional choices.

• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R.; Tinkler, Justine; Dominguez, Melanie Sayuri & Contreras, Carlos (2022). Effects of Mandatory Sexual Misconduct Training on University Campuses. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. ISSN 2378-0231. 8. doi: 10.1177/23780231221124574. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores whether mandatory, universal, in-person sexual misconduct training achieves its goals to build knowledge about sexual assault and harassment and increase intentions to report episodes of assault. We present results from three studies with quasi-experimental designs as well as interviews with students and staff at a diverse public university in the western United States. Our surprising finding is that participating in training makes women students less likely to say they will report experiences of sexual assault to university authorities. The training produces some small positive effects: students gain broader definitions of sexual misconduct, are less likely to endorse common rape myths, and women students express less sexist attitudes immediately after training. Our study raises questions about whether one-shot training helps to reduce sexual violence and increase reporting on college campuses and whether universities should invest in these types of training.

• Chaudhuri, Ananish; Iversen, Vegard; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Maitra, Pushkar (2022). Time in Office and the Changing Gender Gap in Dishonesty: Evidence from Local Politics in India. American Journal of Political Science (AJPS). ISSN 0092-5853. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12733. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Increasing the share of women in politics is often promoted as a means to reduce corruption. Recent studies indicate the importance of considering the gender gap in corruption as a dynamic, rather than static, phenomenon. Our study combines data from surveys and incentivized behavioral games among 400 inexperienced and experienced local politicians in West Bengal, India. We find no gender gap in attitudes toward corruption. However, in incentivized games, inexperienced female politicians are more honest than their male counterparts. No such gender gap exists among experienced politicians. Drawing on a theoretical discussion of four possible mechanisms, we find that the apparent increase in dishonest behavior among female politicians is associated with lower risk aversion and stronger political networks. Our findings indicate that women, like men, are socialized into their local political culture and that benefits from changing who is elected may be short-lived unless that culture is also changed.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2022). Party System Institutionalization and Economic Voting: Evidence from India. Journal of Politics. ISSN 0022-3816. 84(2), s. 814–830. doi: 10.1086/716297. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is well established that a country’s institutional features can weaken economic voting because voters find it hard to attribute performance to specific parties. We argue that local-level party system institutionalization similarly moderates the link between the economy and vote choice. We focus on one manifestation of party system institutionalization: the strength of party-candidate linkages in elections, operationalized by manually tracing the rerunning patterns of some 80,000 candidates in Indian state elections between 1986 and 2007. Using rerunning patterns to measure party-candidate linkages and rainfall data to measure the state of the economy, we show that voters were more likely to reward incumbent parties for economic performance when parties and candidates were aligned in consecutive elections. We address concerns of endogeneity in rerunning patterns, by showing that the results are robust to alternate measures of local-level party system institutionalization. They are also robust to alternative measures of the state of the economy and to using individual-level survey data.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2022). Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation: Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico. World Politics. ISSN 0043-8871. 74(1), s. 1–36. doi: 10.1017/S0043887121000186. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We know more about why laws on violence against women (VAW) were adopted than about how much and in what ways these laws affect society. The authors argue that even weakly enforced laws can contribute to positive social change. They theorize the expressive power of VAW legislation, and present evidence for a cautiously optimistic assessment of current trends on violence against women and the ways that VAW laws affect social norms. Focusing on a time of major legal change related to VAW in Mexico, this article explores trends in behavior and attitudes related to violence by analyzing four waves of the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (ENDIREH), which include detailed interviews with thousands of Mexican women. The authors find that over this period, the share of women experiencing intimate-partner abuse declined, attitudes condoning violence shifted, reporting rates rose, and most women learned about legislation to protect their rights. These changes are consistent with the authors’ expectations about the expressive power of anti-violence legislation.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Comparative Analysis for Theory Development. I Simmons, Erica S. & Smith, Nicholas Rush (Red.), Rethinking Comparison : Innovative Methods for Qualitative Political Inquiry. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108966009. s. 190–207. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Methodological texts about comparative work have focused overwhelmingly on controlled comparisons aimed at causal inference. To show the range of possible goals and approaches, this piece reflects on our own choices while studying the state and women's empowerment in Norway, Japan, and the United States. We show how our research design evolved with our theoretical thinking, and explain that we did not select comparative "cases," but rather diverse contexts with interesting variation in our main concept of interest. Finally, we discuss how we constructed multi-cultural research teams to take advantage of insider and outsider perspectives during fieldwork.

• Auerbach, Adam Michael; Bussell, Jennifer; Chauchard, Simon; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum; Nellis, Gareth & Schneider, Mark [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Rethinking the Study of Electoral Politics in the Developing World: Reflections on the Indian Case. Perspectives on Politics. ISSN 1537-5927. 20(1), s. 250–264. doi: 10.1017/S1537592721000062. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Carpena, Fenella & Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2021). Age of marriage and women’s political engagement: Evidence from india. Journal of Politics. ISSN 0022-3816. 83(4), s. 1–52. doi: 10.1086/712141. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although decades have passed since most women in the democratic world gained the right to vote and run for election, a large gender gap in political participation persists, particularly in developing countries. This short paper considers an important—and previously overlooked—factor limiting the political engagement of many women in the developing world: marriage age. Drawing on nationally representative data from India and instrumenting marriage age with menarche age, we find delaying marriage has substantial positive effects on women’s everyday political participation. A standard deviation increase in marriage age makes a woman 25 percent more likely to attend local council meetings, and 8 percent more likely to discuss politics with her husband. Exploring mechanisms, we show that education and time—rather than employment, mobility, and household decision-making power—appear to be the main channels. These findings underscore the critical role of early marriage in impeding women’s participation in the political sphere.

• Chhibber, Pradeep; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Ostermann, Susan (2021). Missing Girls: Women’s Education and Declining Child Sex Ratios in India. Economic and Political Weekly. ISSN 0012-9976. 56(6), s. 52–60. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sex ratios in India have been declining for decades, and “missing girls” are a serious social and political problem. Drawing on subdistrict-level data from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses and detailed data on women’s education and fertility, we show that more-educated mothers have fewer girl children than less-educated mothers, but that these girls are also more likely to survive. The policy implication of these findings is that among uneducated mothers, the focus should be on child treatment and survival; among educated mothers, attitudinal campaigns that emphasise the value of having girl children are likely to be more successful.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Aspirational Laws as Weak Institutions Legislation to Combat Violence against Women in Mexico. I Brinks, Daniel M.; Levitsky, Stephen & Murillo, Maria V. (Red.), The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108776608. s. 141–160. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1017/9781108776608.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the past four decades, governments around the world have embraced principles of gender equality. Democratic transitions, feminist movements, international norms, lobbying by politicians, partisan competition, technocratic decision-making, regional and global diffusion, and varying combinations of these and other factors have pushed countries to grant women and other marginalized groups equal rights and greater recognition. Governments have reformed laws and adopted policies in many areas, including violence against women, maternity and parental leave, presence in political decision-making, egalitarian family law, abortion, reproductive health, and workplace equality. Still, there is significant cross-national variation in the timing and extent of change (see Htun and Weldon 2018).

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Political Change, Women’s Rights, and Public Opinion on Gender Equality in Myanmar. European Journal of Development Research. ISSN 0957-8811. 32, s. 457–481. doi: 10.1057/s41287-020-00266-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Myanmar’s introduction of competitive elections after decades of military rule raised expectations for progress in economic and social development, including in the area of women’s rights. In this paper, we draw on data from two national surveys, interviews, and existing qualitative studies to explore public opinion on women’s rights and gender equality. Do Burmese people support gender equality? How are their views on gender related to other aspects of political culture, such as traditional values and views toward authoritarianism and democracy? Our objective is to gain better understanding of the opportunities and obstacles to egalitarian social change and democratic consolidation. Our analysis of survey data reveals that attitudes toward gender roles are conservative, traditional and anti-democratic beliefs are widespread, and these views are strongly associated. Our findings imply that tendencies in public opinion provide a resource for Burmese nationalist groups and politicians and an obstacle to activists seeking greater alignment with global norms on gender equality.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2019). Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms & Challenges Ahead. Daedalus. ISSN 0011-5266. 249(1(2020)), s. 144–159. doi: 10.1162/daed_a_01779. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In the 1990s and 2000s, pressure from feminist movements and allies succeeded in pushing scores of states to reform their laws to prevent and punish violence against women (VAW). Even in states with progressive legislation, however, activists face challenges to induce citizens to comply with the law, compel state authorities to enforce the law, and ensure the adequate allocation of resources for social support services. In this essay, we take stock of legislative developments related to VAW around the world, with a focus on the variation in approaches toward intimate partner violence and sexual harassment. We analyze efforts to align behavior with progressive legislation, and end with a discussion of the balance activists must strike between fighting VAW aggressively with the carceral and social support dimensions of state power, while exercising some restraint to avoid the potentially counterproductive effects of state action.

• Bhavnani, Rikhil & Jensenius, Francesca (2019). Voting for development? Ruling coalitions and literacy in India. Electoral Studies: an international journal on voting and electoral systems and strategy. ISSN 0261-3794. 62, s. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2019.102069. Vis sammendrag

  Across the world, governments skew the distribution of state resources for political gain. But does such politicisation of resource allocation affect development trajectories in the long run? We focus on the long-term effects of voting for the ruling coalition on primary education in India. Using a close-election instrumental variable design and drawing on a new socio-economic dataset of India's state assembly constituencies in 1971 and 2001, we examine whether areas represented by members of ruling coalitions experienced greater increases in literacy over 30 years. We find no evidence of this being the case, in the overall data or in relevant sub-samples. The null results are precisely estimated, and are consistent across OLS and 2SLS specifications and several robustness checks. These findings suggest the politicised distribution of some funds in the short run does not affect long-term development trajectories.

• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Nelson-Nunez, Jami (2019). Gender-Discriminatory Laws and Women’s Economic Agency. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. ISSN 1072-4745. 26(2), s. 193–222. doi: 10.1093/sp/jxy042. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recent years have seen widespread advances in women’s legal rights in many countries. In other places, restrictions on women’s autonomy remain entrenched. This study explores cross-country patterns in the association between gender-discriminatory legislation and various indicators of women’s economic agency. We find that restrictions on legal capacity predict women’s asset ownership and labor force participation, while discrimination in wage work and parental leave are associated with the size and direction of wage gaps. These findings highlight the importance of conceptualizing and measuring legal rights and their potential effects as multidimensional.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). India: A Contradictory Record. I Franceschet, Susan; Krook, Mona Lena & Tan, Netina (Red.), The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 978-1-137-59073-2. s. 673–688. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter provides a review of the role of women in Indian politics, with a focus on female legislators. It begins with an account of the entry of women into politics in the early 20th century. Second, it looks at the gradual increase in the number of women MPs and the barriers they have faced. The third section presents the debate that resulted in quotas (‘reservations’) for women in local-level politics, but not in the more influential parliament and state assemblies. The final section is about some characteristics of women MPs. This review demonstrates some of the key barriers that keep women out of elected office in India, but also highlights the diversity of the women who have come to power despite these obstacles.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Kinship in Indian Politics: Dynasties, nepotism and imagined families. I Haugevik, Kristin M. & Neumann, Iver (Red.), Kinship in International Relations. Routledge. ISSN 978-1-138-58055-8. s. 138–153. doi: 10.4324/9780429507267-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kinship, whether by blood or by imagination, plays an important role in Indian politics. It is visible in the frequent use of family terms used to address political allies and leaders, as well as to describe relations between both communities and countries. It is also evident in the high numbers of dynastic leaders in elected office. Family ties can help people succeed professionally or get out of trouble. The prevalence of nepotism has also affected both political discourses and institutional choices. This chapter reflects on the role of kinship in Indian politics.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Ruud, Arild Engelsen & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2024). Hvor ble det av opposisjonen? Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839.
• Barthwal, Ankita & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2024). Partisanship’s Striking Resilience in India. India Elects 2024. Vis sammendrag

  Despite wide vote swings and party switching from election to election, India’s 2024 contest may well be decided by the substantial segment of partisan loyalists who offer unwavering support to their parties.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2024). Still the world’s largest democracy? India votes, 2024.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2024). India: et Modi(g) valg?
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2024). Valg i India: klasse, kjønn, og identitetspolitikk.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Haabeth, Nina (2024). Statsminister Narendra Modi fester trolig grepet om makten i India. [Internett]. TV2.no. Vis sammendrag

  India, verdens største demokrati, går til valg. Eksperter frykter at valgresultatet kan føre til at demokratiet svekkes.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Garbo, Gro Lien (2024). Valg i India: Hvorfor ligger populisten Narendra Modi an til å vinne for tredje gang? [Radio]. Universitetsplassen. Vis sammendrag

  Det er valg i India, som med sine over 1,3 milliarder innbyggere nå er verdens mest folkerike land. Alt tyder på at sittende statsminister Modi – også kalt Indias Trump – blir gjenvalgt. Hvorfor det? Hvilke konsekvenser kan det få om han fortsetter å ta India i en hindunasjonalistisk retning? Og hvorfor skal vi i Norge bry oss?

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Garbo, Gro Lien (2024). Valg i India: Populisten Modi ser ut til å vinne for tredje gang. [Internett]. Universitetsplassen. Vis sammendrag

  Det er valg i India, som med sine over 1,3 milliarder innbyggere nå er verdens mest folkerike land. Mye tyder på at sittende statsminister Modi – også kalt Indias Trump – blir gjenvalgt. Hvorfor det? Og hva står på spill?

• Baltzersen, Eli Sofie; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Skorge, Øyvind Søraas (2023). State Action and Moral Attitudes on Sexual Consent (Registered Report).
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2023). Kvinne-kvote i den indiske nasjonalforsamlinga. [Radio]. Studio 2.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2023). Who becomes a local-level politician in India?
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2023). Politician Quality in the Developing World: Evidence from Indian Village Councils.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Barthwal, Ankita (2023). Partisanship, contingency, and ideology in the developing world.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2023). Electoral Importance and the News Market: Novel Data and Quasi-Experimental Evidence from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2023). Partisanship in Developing Democracies: Experimental Evidence from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2022). Coordination failures and the challenge of constructing a majority in Indian elections .
• chaudhuri, ananish; Iversen, Vegard; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Maitra, Pushkar (2022). Time in office and gender gap in dishonesty: Evidence from local politics . Ideas for India. Vis sammendrag

  Existing literature associates a higher share of women in politics with lower corruption; honesty is viewed as an inherent or static character trait. However, using information collected from 400 elected gram panchayat members in West Bengal, this study finds that spending time in office changes this – inexperienced women politicians are less likely to be dishonest than men, but this ‘gender gap’ disappears among experienced politicians. The study attributes this to reduced risk aversion and stronger political networks with experience.

• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Cage, Julia & Cassan, Guilhem (2022). Electoral Importance and Media Consumption: Quasi-experimental Evidence and New Data from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Cage, Julia & Cassan, Guilhem (2022). Electoral Importance and Media Consumption: Quasi-experimental Evidence and New Data from India. Vis sammendrag

  How important are political determinants for the news media market in developing democracies? In this paper, we investigate the effect of electoral incentives on the supply and consumption of news media in India. To do so, we build an original panel dataset of newspapers at the administrative district level between 2002 and 2017, covering $48,456$ newspaper-district observations. We exploit the 2008 Delimitation -- an exogenous change to the boundaries of electoral constituencies across the country -- to causally identify the relationship between the electoral importance of districts and the number and circulation of newspapers in those districts. Using a staggered difference-in-differences approach, we show that districts had similar media trends prior to the announcement of the new delimitation whether or not they became more electorally important as a result of the Delimitation, but that constituencies that became more electorally important experienced a significant rise in their total newspaper circulation per capita after the delimitation was implemented. We demonstrate that the observed changes seem to be driven by altered supply rather than demand, show heterogeneous patterns in the results, and discuss implications for voting behavior and democratic accountability.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2022). Panel debate on experiences studying South Asia.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2022). Gender and corruption in South Asia.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2022). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2022). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Caste, Occupation and Electoral Stability In India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Time in Office and the Changing Gender Gap in Dishonesty: Evidence from Local Politics in India .
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Time in Office and the Changing Gender Gap in Dishonesty: Evidence from Local Politics in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Effects of quotas in Indian politics. Vis sammendrag

  One doesn't get far in Indian politics before one hears the term "reservations," which refers to the reserved positions in politics, educational institutions, and jobs. India is interesting because it is the country with the largest and longest-standing political quota system in the world. What have been the effects after decades of political inclusion?

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Comparative Analysis for Theory Development. Vis sammendrag

  What does it mean to advance women's status and well-being? And how should we think about the role of the state in bringing about that advancement? Our work analyzes the approach and role of the state in promoting women's empowerment, drawing on large-N country-level data and in-depth case studies of state action in United States, Norway, and Japan. Our three country cases vary greatly in terms of the state's approach to women's rights; we picked them because we believe them to be extreme examples of how state action is driven by different visions of what women's empowerment is about. Conducting fieldwork in these different contexts allowsus to study some of the variation in people's views of both state action and empowerment. It sharpens our awareness of important assumptions that underlie studies of empowerment. It also helps us determine the right questions to ask. To the extent that we study causal relationships, we do so based on large-N data within cases, not across them. And rather than assume that the same causal patterns apply across cases, we draw on our fieldwork to better understand why the same policies produce vastly different effects in different contexts. This paper is a reflection on some of the goals of comparative studies that are unrelated to drawing causal inferences, and how to think about research design and case selection to achieve these goals.

• Chhibber, Pradeep; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Ostermann, Susan (2021). India’s ‘missing girls’: Women’s education and declining child sex-ratios. Ideas for India. Vis sammendrag

  Although women’s education has been proposed as a solution to the persistent issue of ‘missing girls’ in India, studies have reached contradictory conclusions on the impact of female education on child sex ratios. Drawing on sub-district-level Census data from 2001 and 2011, this article shows that mothers with more education have fewer daughters – but these girls are also more likely to survive.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Violence Against Women Legislation and Changes in Social Norms in Mexico. Vis sammendrag

  While a significant amount of research has examined the conditions giving rise to legal and policy reform on violence against women (VAW), there is less understanding of how much and in what ways VAW laws have affected society. Many observers lament the weak enforcement of VAW legislation, while others are skeptical that new laws on violence---and other rights enacted by consolidating democracies---are changing social relations in intended ways. In this paper, we argue that even weakly enforced laws can contribute to positive social change. We theorize the expressive power of VAW legislation, and present evidence for a cautiously optimistic assessment of current trends on violence against women and the ways that VAW laws affect social norms. Focusing on a major legal change in Mexico in 2007, we explore over-time changes in behavior and attitudes related to violence by analyzing four waves of the national survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (ENDIREH, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2016), which includes detailed interviews with hundreds of thousands of Mexican women. We find that over this period, the share of women experiencing intimate partner abuse declined, attitudes condoning violence shifted, reporting rates rose, and more women know about legislation to protect their rights. These changes indicate the emergence of new social norms and are consistent with our expectations about the expressive power of anti-violence legislation.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Time in Office and the Changing Gender Gap in Dishonesty: Evidence from Local Politics in India. Vis sammendrag

  Increasing the share of women in politics is often touted as a means of reducing corruption. In this study, we focus on dishonesty among elected male and female representatives, and how this changes with time in office. We combine survey data on attitudes towards corruption with data from incentivized experiments. Our sample consists of 400 inexperienced and experienced local politicians in West Bengal, India. While we find little evidence of a gender gap in the attitudes of inexperienced politicians, experienced female politicians exhibit a stronger distaste for corruption. However, this apparent hardening in attitudes among female politicians also coincides with more dishonest behavior in our experiments. Exploring mechanisms that can explain this difference, we find it to be strongly associated with higher risk aversion and weaker political networks at the start of their career. Our study indicates that gender gaps in politics should be theorized as dynamic and changing, rather than static.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Time in Office and the Changing Gender Gap in Dishonesty: Evidence from Local Politics in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). The role of reservations in Indian politics. Vis sammendrag

  One doesn't get far in Indian politics before one hears the term "reservations," which refers to the reserved positions in politics, educational institutions, and jobs. In this seminar we will discuss the historical background, institutional structure, and effect of the different types of reservation policies in India.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2021). Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation: Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico. Vis sammendrag

  While a significant amount of research has examined the conditions giving rise to legal and policy reform on violence against women (VAW), there is less understanding of whether or not new VAW laws have been accompanied by changes in behavior and attitudes. Has the adoption of VAW legislation—a huge priority of feminist movements since the 1970s—produced social change? This seminar will present evidence for a cautiously optimistic assessment of the power of VAW laws to alter social norms, based on analysis of four waves of survey data from Mexico.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Comparative Perspectives on the Caregiving Crisis, Welfare States, and Men’s Roles . Comparative Politics Newsletter. 30(2).
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Family Law and Women’s Economic Empowerment.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2020). Party System Institutionalization and Economic Voting: Evidence from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum (2020). Can the State Stop Sex Discrimination?
• Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2020). Ethnic Inequality, Strong Parties, and Electoral Stability.
• Sollund, Sigrid & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Dagsnytt 18. [Radio]. NRK.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Can the State Stop Sex Discrimination?
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Violence Against Women Legislation and Changes in Social Norms in Mexico.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). Competing trends in women’s rights in Myanmar. PK Forum. Vis sammendrag

  In the 2010s, the Myanmar government made moves to comply with international obligations on women’s rights. The government launched a strategic plan for women’s advancement, reformed some laws, and collaborated with civil society organizations to draft legislation to combat gender and sexual violence. What are the prospects for gender equality in Myanmar? Our research explores public attitudes toward women’s roles in order to shed light on this question. Our analysis shows that Burmese people tend to hold conservative views about women’s roles.

• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2020). The news media’s reporting on a pandemic spike in violence against women. It might actually be declining. Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Vis sammendrag

  Violence against women grows from a larger cultural context, not just temporary circumstances like the covid-19 pandemic. In most places, feminist activists have succeeded in changing laws and social norms to reduce violence.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2020). Can the State Stop Violence against Women?
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2020). Party System Institutionalization and Economic Voting: Evidence from India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Violence Against Women as a Violation of Human Rights: Legal Change and Social Norms in Mexico.
• Htun, Mala & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Implementing the Rights Revolution: Sexual Assault and Harassment Training on College Campuses.
• Htun, Mala; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Tønnessen, Liv (2019). Introduction to Special Issue of Social Politics: Legal Regimes, Women’s Work, and Women’s Empowerment. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. ISSN 1072-4745. 26(2), s. 189–192. doi: 10.1093/sp/jxz026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The second-wave feminist movement called attention to the endurance of discriminatory laws that deny women equal rights and opportunities. Since the 1970s, most countries around the world responded to feminist demands and reformed family law, labor law, reproductive rights, national constitutions, and the welfare state. Yet almost nowhere do women enjoy the same status, power, and opportunities as men, and differences among women along the lines of class, racial identity, and region are pronounced. Why does the gap between women’s de jure and de facto status persist? Is there any connection between egalitarian laws and women’s agency on the ground? Which groups of women have benefited the most from the expansion of formal rights? What cultural practices and norms are most resistant to change? Are there unexpected, subtle, or contradictory ways in which legal change has shaped women’s work and women’s empowerment? The five papers in this Special Issue look at these questions in contexts from Sudan to Norway.

• Flåten, Lars Tore; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Jensenius, Francesca R.; Frøystad, Hanne Kathinka & Ruud, Arild Engelsen (2019). Valgvake - valget i India.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Indisk spenning. Dagsavisen. ISSN 1503-2892.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Er valget i India slutten på dynastiet? Avisa Vårt land.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Jensenius, Francesca R. & Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus (2019). Modi er kommet for å bli. Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839.
• Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus; Jensenius, Francesca & Flåten, Lars Tore (2019). Demokrati eller autokrati i India? Morgenbladet. ISSN 0805-3847.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Få bastioner og mange svingninger. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Legitimitet og ansvarlighet i kompetitive valg. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Hvem dominerer Indias nasjonale valg? . Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Utdanning, urbanisering og valgdeltakelse. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: Lokale valg topper statistikken. Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Valg i India: en representasjonskrise? . Asiapunkt.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Fem ukers kø ved valgurnene. [Avis]. Klassekampen.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Suryanarayan, Pavithra (2019). Study shows Indian politicians are spending less and less time in legislative assemblies. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Women and minorities in the Lok Sabha: Intersectionality in the Indian elections. Asia Dialogue.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Urix. [TV]. NRK.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). NRK, nyhetsmorgen. [Radio]. NRK.
• Flåten, Lars Tore; Samuelsen, Guro Warhuus; Ruud, Arild Engelsen; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo & Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Hindunasjonalistisk parti går mot valgseier. Avisa Vårt land.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). There are very few BJP strongholds or Congress bastions in India. Data shows why. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). It’s a myth that 2014 election was exceptional in the vote share of winning candidates. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Political parties dominate India’s national elections, not candidates. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). 3 charts challenge lazy thinking on voter turnout and its link to literacy & urbanisation. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). Why voters don’t turn up in larger numbers in Lok Sabha elections – all politics is local. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Shah, Harsh (2019). This data shows why Indian MPs don’t truly represent their people. ThePrint.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). India: Verdens største demokratiske valg. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Htun, Mala (2019). Legal Regimes, Social Norms, and Gender Equality, in Myanmar. Vis sammendrag

  Myanmar’s return to competitive elections after decades of military rule raised expectations for progress in economic and social development, including in the area of women’s rights. But in fact, the most significant legislation passed has restricted, rather than expanded, women’s liberal rights. Meanwhile, public opinion surveys reveal that most Burmese continue to hold men in higher esteem than women, to prefer boy children, and to believe that men are more capable leaders. This paper analyzes women’s uneven legal rights and the endurance of traditional social norms in Myanmar, drawing on observations from fieldwork and two representative national surveys. We show that traditional and anti-democratic values are widespread, and that views on gender are closely connected to adherens to such values. People who believe in hierarchical author- ity are also more likely to value boys over girls and to believe men are better leaders than women. Myanmar’s experiences show that the emergence of electoral democracy does not necessarily generate gender equality. Since political freedom expands the space for civic mobilization, including for traditional and conservative groups, it can produce greater contestation about the meaning and significance of gender and of women’s roles in society.

• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2019). Privileging One’s Own: Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Social Justice through Inclusion: Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). EKKO. [Radio]. NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Her bryter to kvinner en eldgammel hindu-tradisjon. Det har kastet India ut i politisk kaos. [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). Krig og fred. [Radio]. NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. (2019). NRK nyhetsmorgen. [Radio]. NRK radio.
• Jensenius, Francesca R.; Chhibber, Pradeep & Alam, Sanjeer (2018). Constructing a majority: A micro-level study of voting patterns in Indian elections.
• Jensenius, Francesca R. & Chhibber, Pradeep (2018). Privileging One's Own? Voting Patterns and Politicized Spending in India.
• Binningsbø, Helga Malmin; Krause, Jana; Jensenius, Francesca Refsum & Strand, Håvard (2023). Colombia’s relentless pursuit of justice: Wartime abuses, dynamics of violence, and justice outcomes. Universitetet i Oslo.

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