TRANSFER Access, egress and transfer practices

• Uteng, Tanu Priya & Uteng, Andre (2021). Accessibility Mapping through Linking Land-Use Development Potentials and Planning for Cycling. Built Environment. ISSN 0263-7960. 47(4), p. 515–540. doi: 10.2148/benv.47.4.515. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The transport sector aims to address climate change by reducing emissions, and a key to achieving this goal is to increase uptake of sustainable modes such as walking, cycling, and public transport. Therefore, it is important to determine ways to achieve this goal and to build a portfolio of feasible reduction strategies. This study is based in Norway where the government has a clear policy objective to reduce growth in urban car traffic and assimilate future sustainable transport modes. Cycling has therefore gained importance in both policy discussions and programme implementation through providing dedicated infrastructure to increase its modal share. Ways to increase cycling can be plotted at both macro- and microlevels. At the micro-level, road design and improved conditions for cyclists can lead to an increase in cycling. At the macro-level, land-use planning can be one of the tools to promote cycling. We analyse the issue at a macro-level based on an Integrated Methodology for Land Use prognosis within Transportation Models (INMAP) which estimates the mutual eff ects of land-use plans and increased accessibility by e-bike. We assess the extent to which future growth areas, as earmarked by the strategic master plans of the cities of Oslo and Trondheim, coincide with the areas that have a high job accessibility by bicycle and e-bike. Analyses reveal that on the introduction of e-bikes in Oslo, accessibility to jobs in the city centre increases from 20,000–24,000 to over 28,000 jobs. For Trondheim, in terms of spatial expansion of accessibility for jobs, there is an extension of the catchment area from 6 km2 to 18 km2. Based on the findings, this study strongly recommends integrating the impact of e-bikes with land-use planning processes and decisions. Through active land-use management, municipalities and regional development authorities can take informed decisions to steer urban mobility in a more sustainable direction.

• Böcker, Lars & Anderson, Ellinor Ragnhild (2020). Interest-adoption discrepancies, mechanisms of mediation and socio-spatial inclusiveness in bike-sharing: The case of nine urban regions in Norway. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. ISSN 0965-8564. 140(October), p. 266–277. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2020.08.020. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bike sharing systems are increasingly promoted as a quick, accessible, affordable, and healthy transport alternative in a less car-dependent urban mobility system. The objective of this article is to elucidate the social and spatial inclusiveness of bike sharing, by exploring its intersectionality with user backgrounds and residential contexts, and its mechanisms of mediation by attitudes, mobility resources and daily mobility patterns. Hereto, the paper examines and cross-compares the discrepancies between stated bike sharing interest and reported bike sharing membership, amongst a sample of 3672 residents of urban regions in Norway in structural equation models (SEM). Our results indicate that interest is positively influenced by early adopter characteristics, such as young age, full-time work, environmental consciousness, urban outlook, urban residential locations, and the current adoption of combined bicycle and public transport use. In contrast, reported bike sharing membership is explained more typically as a travel behaviour: with reduced effects of attitudes; enhanced effects of residential urban form and bicycle-public transport use; and additional negative effects of car and bike ownership. The paper concludes by discussing these and other interest-adoption discrepancies across social and spatial categories, to derive policy and research directions for inclusive bike sharing.

• Tønnesen, Anders; Knapskog, Marianne; Uteng, Tanu Priya & Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes (2020). The integration of active travel and public transport in Norwegian policy packages: A study on ‘access, egress and transfer’ and their positioning in two multilevel contractual agreements. Research in Transportation Business and Management (RTBM). ISSN 2210-5395. 40(September 2021). doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100546. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multi-modality has become a key mantra of transport planning and yet, how people access, egress and transfer (hereafter AET) remains under-investigated. We argue that integrating active travel and public transport is an absolute essential. Multilevelpolicy packages for land-use and transport-system development in the larger Norwegian urban regions, called Urban growth agreements (hereafter UGA), provides the bouncing pad for this study. We highlight the extent to which AET can be strengthened through the UGAs. Methodologically, we apply document studies and qualitative interviews with key actors and our analysis is framed to address the following three rationales identified for policy packages: to facilitate implementation, to create synergies and to improve cooperation. While the UGAs provide opportunities to finance new, large-scale public-transport projects, being partly toll-road financed results in cuts reducing AET-qualities. Even though the UGAs provide several synergies between walking, bicycling and public transport, we identified missed opportunities related to shared mobility. Finally, AET may benefit from horizontal and vertical integration of policy actors, specially concerning multilevel cooperation on designing public transport hubs. To conclude, though there are elements in the UGAs benefiting AET, the overall lack of integration between public transport and active travel needs immediate attention to achieve multi-modality.

• Böcker, Lars; Uteng, Tanu Priya; Throndsen, Torstein S. & Anderson, Ellinor Ragnhild (2020). Bike sharing use in conjunction to public transport: Exploring spatiotemporal, age and gender dimensions in Oslo, Norway. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. ISSN 0965-8564. 138(August 2020), p. 389–401. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2020.06.009. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bike sharing could provide a key role in a transition towards a less car dependent and more sustainable, healthy and socially inclusive urban transport future. This paper investigates two important prerequisites for bike sharing to fulfil these premises: Does it synergise rather than compete with current alternatives to car-based urban mobility; and is it inclusively accessible across population and spatial segments? Drawing on complete 2016–2017 trip records of the Oslo (Norway) bike sharing system, this paper analyses the potential use of bike sharing for accessing, egressing and interchanging public transport and explores its age and gender dimensions. Bike sharing ridership is substantially higher on routes that either start or end with metro/rail connectivity, whilst controlling for other factors, such as route distance, elevation, urban form, time of day and bike dock capacities. However, our results also reveal that bike sharing – both as a stand-alone system and in conjunction with public transport – is less accessible to, suited to, and used by women and older age groups. Especially gender biases appear profound, multifaceted, and intersected by spatial inequalities favouring central male-dominated employment areas. These findings are discussed to derive policy and design directions regarding multimodal integration, dock expansion, rental limitations, and the introduction of e-bikes, to improve the performance, multimodal integration, gender equality and overall socio-spatial inclusiveness of bike sharing.

• Uteng, Tanu Priya; Espegren, Hans Martin; Throndsen, Torstein S. & Böcker, Lars (2020). The gendered dimension of multimodality: Exploring the bike-sharing scheme of Oslo. In Uteng, Tanu Priya; Christensen, Hilda Rømer & Levin, Lena (Ed.), Gendering Smart Mobilities. Routledge. ISSN 9781138608276. p. 162–187. doi: 10.4324/9780429466601-10. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Investigating the effects of existing transport solutions and practices holds the potential for designing targeted interventions to give a push in the right ‘multimodal’ direction. This chapter builds on the case of a bike sharing-scheme in Oslo, Norway to understand how the gendered variations of the following factors lead to active (or passive) sustainable travel behaviour: (1) key transport decisions; (2) adoption and retention challenges; (3) usage patterns; and (4) infrastructural needs. Social practice theory, shared ‘smart’ mobilities, and gendered patterns of cycling have been used to develop a conceptual model to highlight how transport decisions and schemes may trigger new sets of mobility practices, and how these can be steered in the future for sustainable mobility practices.

• Uteng, Tanu Priya; Singh, Yamini Jain & Hagen, Oddrun Helen (2019). Social Sustainability and Transport: Making ‘Smart Mobility’ Socially Sustainable, Urban Social Sustainability; Theory, Policy and Practice. Routledge. ISSN 9781138069381. p. 59–77. doi: 10.4324/9781315115740. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This ground breaking volume raises radical critiques and proposes innovative solutions for social sustainability in the built environment. Urban Social Sustainability provides an in-depth insight into the discourse and argues that every urban intervention has a social sustainability dimension that needs to be taken into consideration, and incorporated into a comprehensive and cohesive ‘urban agenda’ that is built on three principles of recognition, integration, and monitoring. This should be achieved through a dialogical and reflexive process of decision-making. To achieve sustainable communities, social sustainability should form the basis of a constructive dialogue and be interlinked with other areas of sustainable development. This book underlines the urgency of approaching social sustainability as an urban agenda and goes on to make suggestions about its formulation. Urban Social Sustainability consists of original contributions from academics and experts within the field and explores the significance of social sustainability from different perspectives. Areas covered include urban policy, transportation and mobility, urban space and architectural form, housing, urban heritage, neighbourhood development, and urban governance. Drawing on case studies from a number of countries and world regions the book presents a multifaceted and interdisciplinary understanding from social sustainability in urban settings, and provides practitioners and policy makers with innovative recommendations to achieve more socially sustainable urban environment.

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• Letnes, Morten (2019). Trodde du Osloregionen har et godt kollektivtilbud? Bilen gir tre ganger bedre jobbmuligheter i 92 prosent av området. [Journal]. Teknisk Ukeblad. Full text in Research Archive
• Throndsen, Torstein S.; Böcker, Lars & Wikstrøm, Ragnhild Dahl (2019). Utstilling med diverse plakater om bl.a. kollektivtransport, elsykkel insentiver, sykkeldeling og bildeling. Full text in Research Archive
• Böcker, Lars (2019). Access, egress and transfers in multimodal public transport: Implications for subjective wellbeing and en-route place valuation. Full text in Research Archive
• Böcker, Lars & Uteng, Tanu Priya (2019). Bike sharing use in Oslo and its potential for public transport access, egress and transfers. Full text in Research Archive

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