Marit Edland-Gryt

• Edland-Gryt, Marit (2021). Cocaine Rituals in Club Culture: Intensifying and Controlling Alcohol Intoxication. Journal of Drug Issues (JDI). ISSN 0022-0426. 51(2), p. 391–408. doi: 10.1177/0022042620986514. Full text in Research Archive
• Heradstveit, Ove; Skogen, Jens Christoffer; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Hesse, Morten; Vallentin-Holbech, Lotte & Lønning, Kari Jussi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Among Norwegian University and College students. Associations With Age, Gender, and Geography. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543507. Full text in Research Archive
• Edland-Gryt, Marit; Sandberg, Sveinung & Pedersen, Willy (2017). From ecstasy to MDMA: Recreational drug use, symbolic boundaries and drug trends. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 50. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.030. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordfjærn, Trond; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Edland-Gryt, Marit & Gripenberg, Johanna (2016). Risky substance use among young adults in the nightlife arena: An underused setting for risk-reducing interventions? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 44(7), p. 638–645. doi: 10.1177/1403494816665775. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordfjærn, Trond; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Buvik, Kristin & Gripenberg, Johanna (2016). Recreational drug use in the Oslo nightlife setting: study protocol for a cross-sectional time series using biological markers, self-reported and qualitative data. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 6(4). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009306.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Nordfjærn, Trond; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Furuhaugen, Håvard & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Comparison of drugs used by nightclub patrons and criminal offenders in Oslo, Norway. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 265, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.029. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate psychoactive drug use among nightclub patrons by analysing samples of oral fluid and compare with findings in blood samples from criminal suspects. We hypothesized that the profile of illicit drug use among nightclub patrons is different from what we observe in those forensic cases. Research stations were established outside nine popular nightclubs with different profiles and patron-characteristics in downtown Oslo. Data and sample collection was conducted on Fridays and Saturdays in March and May 2014. Individuals and groups who entered defined recruitment zones from 23:00 to 03:30 were invited to participate in this voluntary and anonymous study. Oral fluid was collected using the Intercept Oral Fluid Sampling Device. Methanol was added to increase the recovery of cannabinoids from the device. Sample preparation was performed using liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate/heptane (4:1) after adding internal standards, ammonium carbonate buffer pH 9.3 and Triton X100. The first 80 samples were analysed for 122 substances, which included psychoactive medicinal drugs, classical illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS). Based on the findings and discussions with police and customs authorities, the remaining oral fluid samples were analysed for 46 substances. Among the 500 samples collected during the study period, we found illicit drugs in 25.4% and medicinal drugs in 4.2% of the samples. The most prevalent substances were: cocaine 14.6%, THC 12.4%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 2.8%, diazepam 1.2% and clonazepam 1.0%. Various NPS were found in 1.4% of the samples. The prevalence of drugs in blood samples from criminal suspects were for cocaine 3.4%, THC 34.7%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 37.0%, diazepam 12.0%, and clonazepam 29.3%. Multi-drug use was more common among criminal suspects (41.3%) than among club patrons (6.8%). The results showed that the drug use pattern among nightclub patrons was substantially different from the drug use pattern manifested by individuals apprehended by the police suspected for criminal conduct.

• Edland-Gryt, Marit & Skatvedt, Astrid Helene (2013). Thresholds in a low-threshold setting: An empirical study of barriers in a centre for people with drug problems and mental health disorders. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 24(3), p. 257–264. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.08.002. Show summary

  Some services for drug users with mental health disorders can be characterised as low-threshold services. These aim at making help easily accessible for people who are not able to request help from services at higher levels. In this study we examine what kind of thresholds are experienced by clients at a low-threshold centre. Ethnographic field work, including participant observation, individual interviews and focus group interviews with clients and staff in a low-threshold centre for the most vulnerable drug users in Oslo were employed. Our analyses agree with other studies in showing that the following three thresholds are significant, also in services for drug users with mental health disorders: the registration threshold, the competence threshold and the threshold of effectiveness. In addition to these, we suggest that a fourth threshold is of importance for this group: the threshold of trust. In the low-threshold centre we studied, we observed that for the clients, crossing the threshold of trust seemed to be an essential precondition for subsequently being able to cross the other thresholds in order to receive the help they need. We suggest that focus on the four thresholds can improve our understanding of clients' access to services. We also suggest that processes of recovery may be improved if increased attention is given to the barriers that clients experience. The threshold of trust seems to be particularly important for people suffering from drug problems and mental health disorders. The results have implications both for practice and policy because if taken seriously into consideration, more clients could access the services they need. Services for this group may be improved by focusing on the fourth threshold: trust.

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• Strømfors, Gus & Edland-Gryt, Marit (2013). Jeg visste ikke at jeg kunne så mye: praksisrefleksjon på arbeidsplassen. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-05-42739-6. 288 p. Show summary

  Dette er en bok om å utvikle faglig skjønn og faglig dyktighet gjennom refleksjon. Handlingskunnskap kan være uuttalt og vanskelig å få øye på. Hva slags kunnskap bruker vi i vårt daglige arbeid, enten det er i rusomsorgen, i klasserommet, i Riksrevisjonen eller i barnevernet? Hver dag bruker profesjonsutøvere praktisk kunnskap de ikke er bevisst at de innehar. Denne kunnskapen kalles gjerne taus kunnskap, handlingskunnskap, ferdighetskunnskap eller praksiskunnskap. Forfatterne av denne boka presenterer refleksjon over praksis som et verktøy for å tydeliggjøre og belyse denne kunnskapen. Hensikten er å stimulere og inspirere til faglig refleksjon som en integrert del av egen virksomhet for å øke både egen og kollegaers kompetanse.

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• Gripenberg, Johanna; Nordfjærn, Trond; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line & Edland-Gryt, Marit (2015). Prevalence of club drug use and correlates in the Oslo nightlife setting.
• Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Nordfjærn, Trond; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Hovda, Knut Erik & Persett, Per Sverre [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Use of oral fluid for analysis of new psychoactive substances.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Nordfjærn, Trond; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Edland-Gryt, Marit; Furuhaugen, Håvard & Karinen, Ritva Anneli [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Analysis of drugs in samples of oral fluid from nightclub patrons in Oslo – Comparison with drug findings in arrested criminal offenders.
• Edland-Gryt, Marit & Skatvedt, Astrid Helene (2014). Om tilgjengelighet og hindringer i lavterskelsetting. Rus & samfunn. ISSN 1500-8614. 8(6), p. 14–16.
• Edland-Gryt, Marit (2018). Prosessevaluering av Nasjonal overdosestrategi 2014-2017: Hvordan forebygge overdosedødsfall? Folkehelseinstituttet. ISSN 978-82-8082-931-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Skatvedt, Astrid Helene & Edland-Gryt, Marit (2012). Øyeblikksomsorg – et verktøy for bedring. Evaluering av 24SJU – et lavterskeltilbud til personer med dårlig psykisk helse og rusmiddelproblemer. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978–82–7171–384–3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  For several decades there has been great concern about the drug addicts in the streets in the centre of Oslo. Several measures have been introduced to deal with the situation for this group, without this seeming to have brought about any substantial changes. Many drug addicts still live in squalor and have great needs for different kinds of help. In 2009, the Church City Mission in Oslo was allocated funds to establish a 24- hour health and welfare service for the most vulnerable drug addicts in Oslo. The target group was defined as drug addicts with poor mental health and extensive drug-related problems, and who were not adequately contacted by the existing care services. The service was given the name 24SJU (24 hours/7 days a week). The main aim of the service is to establish measures to improve the physical and mental health of people in this group, and to improve their social integration and coping skills. 24SJU shall provide emergency care when needed. It shall also increase the level of knowledge about this group and develop appropriate ways of working with these people. The service shall be provided in close cooperation with the municipality of Oslo, the Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority and voluntary organizations. Part of the funding was allocated to the Church City Mission in Bergen to establish the Outreach Project for Drug Addicts (Optra). The Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS) was commissioned by the Norwegian Directorate of Health to carry out an evaluation of 24SJU, using a trailing research design. We were asked to assess to what extent 24SJU had been successful in reaching the target group with measures that improve the physical and mental health of these people, their social integration and their coping skills. In the letter of assignment from the Directorate, it was also specified that they wished us to assess whether it is of importance that the service is run by a NGO, and to assess the balance between direct work with clients and administrative tasks. The Directorate also wished to have a description of Optra.

• Edland-Gryt, Marit; Bryhni, Anders; Skretting, Astrid ; Lund, Marianne & Bye, Elin Kristin (2012). Rusmidler i Norge 2012. Alcohol and Drugs in Norway. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978-82-7171-387-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rusmidler i Norge inneholder oppdaterte tabeller om omsetning av alkohol, tobakk og avhengighetsskapende legemidler (kapittel 1), bevillinger for alkoholomsetning (kapittel 2), økonomiske aspekter ved alkohol og tobakk (kapittel 3), lovbrudd når det gjelder alkohol, tobakk og andre rusmidler (kapittel 4), dødsfall og sykdom knyttet til alkohol og andre rusmidler (kapittel 5) og tjenestetilbudet til personer med rusmiddelproblemer (kapittel 6). 24.utgave Dette er den 24. utgaven av Rusmidler i Norge, som SIRUS gir ut hvert år. Tallmaterialet er hentet fra offentlig statistikk og SIRUS´ egne undersøkelser. For å gjøre datamaterialet tilgjengelig i en internasjonal sammenheng, presenteres all tekst også på engelsk. RusStat- statistikk på nett Alle tabeller er lagt ut i SIRUS´ nettbaserte statistikkdatabase - RusStat. Basen blir oppdatert etter hvert som nytt tallmateriale kommer inn. Her finnes også lengre tidsserier på mange områder, bl.a. omsetning av alkohol i Norge fra 1800-tallet til i dag.

• Edland-Gryt, Marit; Bryhni, Anders; Skretting, Astrid ; Lund, Marianne & Bye, Elin Kristin (2011). Alcohol and Drugs in Norway 2011. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978-82-7171-364-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This publication presents a selection of statistics related to alcohol, tobacco and other substances. The National Institute for Drug and Alcohol Research (SIRUS) obtain the data from public statistics and from our own studies. This is twentythird edition of Alcohol and Drugs in Norway. New data this year - The Drug Injection Room in Oslo Alcohol and Drugs in Norway 2011 presents updated tables on consumption, accessibility, economy, criminality, harmful effects, and services related to the use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco and/or addictive medicinal drugs. New data in 2011 is among other from The Drug Injection Room in Oslo. RusStat - statistics online Most of the tables presented can be found in the institute's web-based statistics database, RusStat . The database contains further information, and, in many cases, longer time series than in the printed edition.

• Skretting, Astrid & Edland-Gryt, Marit (2010). Dental health care for problem alcohol and drug users. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978-82-7171-341-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background In 2005 the county councils were given responsibility for the provision of dental healthcare for drug-users living in institutions for periods of more than three months. This responsibility was widened in 2006 to include drug users in receipt of social welfare provisions pursuant to section 4?2, letters a?d, cf. section 4?3 of the Social Services Act, and in 2008 to patients undergoing drug substitution treatment (LAR ? legemiddelassistert rehabilitering). The Ministry of Health and Care Services (HOD) asked SIRUS to investigate and specify service delivery. The data on which the study is based include interviews with the directors of dental health in all nineteen county councils and relevant records submitted by the directors. Overall, the county councils found it difficult to respond in full to many of the questions the Ministry wanted answered. This should be seen in connection with the absence of special reporting routines beyond what generally applies for block grants. It might therefore make sense to inform the directors of dental health what exactly one would prefer them to include in their reports in future. Well under way The investigation shows that the county councils have followed through on the responsibilities given them despite certain variation in “how far one has got”. They speak of enthusiastic employees and a mostly problem-free introduction of the service. The directors of dental health also state that the target group overall has been easier to treat than anticipated beforehand. Does the service reach all? It is naturally difficult to say exactly how far the service has been able to reach the drug users in question. This is partly because the county councils lack the necessary information on the number of eligible drug users, partly because some county councils have not organised a reporting system which includes information on how many individuals in the patient group in question have received dental care. The directors of dental health do mention several groups who, they believe, fall outside the service’s eligibility criteria, as they are defined today. They include people subject to intervention under the Social Services Act, chapter 6 and people undergoing drug-free out-patient treatment of more than three months’ duration.

• Edland-Gryt, Marit; Bryhni, Anders; Skretting, Astrid ; Lund, Marianne; Bye, Elin Kristin & Horverak, Øyvind (2010). Rusmidler i Norge 2010. Alcohol and Drugs in Norway. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978-82-7171-353-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rusmidler i Norge inneholder oppdaterte tabeller om forbruk, økonomi, kriminalitet, skadevirkninger og behandling knyttet både til alkohol-, narkotika-, legemiddel- og tobakksbruk. For andre gang er også tobakkstall med i statistikkoversikten. Utgitt i over 20 år Det er over 20 år siden den første utgaven av Rusmidler i Norge kom ut, og SIRUS har hvert år siden gitt ut et hefte med fersk rusmiddelstatistikk. Tallmaterialet er hentet fra offentlig statistikk og SIRUS´ egne undersøkelser. For å gjøre statistikken tilgjengelig i en internasjonal sammenheng, presenteres all tekst også på engelsk. RusStat - statistikk på nett Alle tabeller er også lagt ut i SIRUS´ nettbaserte statistikkdatabase - RusStat. Basen blir oppdatert etter hvert som nytt tallmateriale kommer inn. Her finnes også lengre tidsserier på mange områder, bl.a. omsetning av alkohol i Norge fra 1800-tallet til i dag.

• Bryhni, Anders; Bye, Elin Kristin; Skretting, Astrid ; Horverak, Øyvind; Edland-Gryt, Marit & Lund, Marianne (2009). Rusmidler i Norge 2009. Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. ISSN 978-82-7171-333-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Rusmidler i Norge inneholder oppdaterte tabeller om forbruk, økonomi, kriminalitet, skadevirkninger og behandling knyttet både til alkohol-, narkotika-, legemiddel- og tobakksbruk. Årets utgave er første gang der også tobakkstall er med i statistikkoversikten.

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