Anders Ravik Jupskås

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2026). Holdninger på ytterste høyre fløy: nasjonalisme, populisme eller ekstremisme? In Jupskås, Anders Ravik (Eds.), Høyreekstremisme i Norge etter 22. juli: Meninger, mennesker, mobilisering og motstand. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISSN 9788294167326. p. 217–250. doi: 10.18261/9788294167333-26-08. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kapittelet undersøker nasjonalisme, populisme og høyreekstremisme i Norge som tre distinkte ideologiske orienteringer på ytterste høyre fløy. Med utgangspunkt i en nasjonal, representativ survey viser vi for det første at nasjonalistiske og populistiske holdninger er relativt utbredt, mens høyreekstreme holdninger er marginale. Rundt fire av ti har i noen grad nasjonalistiske eller populistiske tilbøyeligheter, mens kun et lite mindretall uttrykker støtte til eksplisitt ekstreme utsagn, og nesten ingen forsvarer vold eller raserenhet når strengere terskler legges til grunn. For det andre finner vi at de tre holdningstypene har delvis overlappende, men ulike sosiale og psykologiske profiler. Lav utdanning er en felles forklaringsfaktor, mens svak økonomi i seg selv ikke har systematiske effekter. Menn er mer tilbøyelige enn kvinner til å støtte nasjonalisme og særlig ekstremisme, mens populisme fremstår som mer kjønnsnøytral og knyttet til pressede livsfaser i yngre voksenliv. Ekstremisme er sterkest blant menn med lav utdanning i marginaliserte eller overgangspregede livssituasjoner. På personlighetsnivå er lav åpenhet spesifikt knyttet til nasjonalisme, nevrotisisme til ekstremisme, mens planmessighet ser ut til å beskytte mot ekstreme holdninger. Funnene viser at det er misvisende å behandle innvandringsmotstand, systemkritikk og voldssympatier som én samlet «ekstrem» pakke. Analytisk og politisk bør nasjonalisme, populisme og høyreekstremisme skilles tydelig, både for å unngå unødig stigmatisering og for å utvikle mer målrettede strategier mot radikalisering og politisk vold.

• Haanshuus, Birgitte P. & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2026). Høyreekstrem nettaktivisme. In Jupskås, Anders Ravik (Eds.), Høyreekstremisme i Norge etter 22. juli: Meninger, mennesker, mobilisering og motstand. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISSN 9788294167326. p. 307–328. doi: 10.18261/9788294167333-26-11. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Haanshuus, Birgitte P. (2026). Høyreekstreme protester. In Jupskås, Anders Ravik (Eds.), Høyreekstremisme i Norge etter 22. juli: Meninger, mennesker, mobilisering og motstand. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISSN 9788294167326. p. 277–306. doi: 10.18261/9788294167333-26-10. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2026). Fortellinger om terror, anerkjennelse av ofre og tiårsmarkeringen for 22. juli. In Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (Ed.), Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror. Cappelen Damm Forskning/NOASP. ISSN 9788202926151. p. 97–116. doi: 10.23865/cdf.289.ch5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This chapter examines how Norwegian society has interpreted and responded to the 22 July 2011 terrorist attacks, focusing on two key themes: the recognition of victims as active participants in interpreting their own trauma, and the role of commemorative practices in shaping collective memory. Drawing on perspectives from transitional justice and memory studies, the chapter argues that narratives which initially foster unity in the immediate aftermath of terror may later produce polarization if the experiences and emotions of those most directly affected are not adequately acknowledged. In the Norwegian case, the short-term strength of the “democracy narrative” – emphasizing resilience and unity – gradually turned into a weakness, as it risked closing the chapter on 22 July and marginalizing the Labour Party and its youth organization AUF, who were the primary targets. This narrative also tended to delegitimize the “diversity narrative” as an undue politicization of the attacks. The intensified public debate around the 10-year anniversary, and the partial replacement of the democracy narrative with the diversity narrative under pressure from AUF, marked an important step toward greater recognition of victims and a less polarized collective memory. The chapter shows that commemorations are not static rituals but dynamic processes in which dominant narratives are renegotiated and previously marginalized voices gain visibility. Proper acknowledgment and integration of victims’ perspectives into the national narrative, it concludes, are crucial for social cohesion, collective reconciliation, and a meaningful pursuit of justice and accountability after political violence and terrorism.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Segers, Iris Beau & Gagnon, Audrey (2025). Institutional Responses to Threats and Harassment of Academics: Evidence From a Survey Among Political Scientists in Norway. Scandinavian Political Studies. ISSN 0080-6757. 48(4). doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.70017. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Ravndal, Jacob Aasland (2025). Extremism and Counter-Extremism in Norway. In Kolltveit, Kristoffer; Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Braut-Hegghammer, Målfrid & Rasch, Bjørn Erik (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Norwegian Politics. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198888581. p. 298–318. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198888581.013.0016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this chapter, we first provide an overview of three primary forms of extremism in contemporary Norway: right-wing extremism, Islamist extremism, and left-wing extremism. Arguably, these three types, especially right-wing and Islamist extremism, have been most prominent in academic research, media coverage, and reports by the security services over the past two decades. The overview mainly draws upon existing research, though we have added some new data in the section on left-wing extremism, which is less covered by existing research. In the next section of the chapter, we offer a novel analysis of government responses to extremism in Norway by reviewing public policies and strategies aimed at countering extremism, with an emphasis on violent forms of extremism. Finally, we briefly discuss whether or not the government responses outlined in the chapter seem to match the extremist threats. We end by suggesting avenues for future research.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2023). The Evolution of the Extreme Right in Norway Since the 1990s. In Kondor, Katherine Ann & Littler, Mark (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Far-Right Extremism in Europe. Routledge. ISSN 9781032187976. p. 173–188. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg, Anne Espeland; Jungblut, Jens Patrick Wilhelm & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2023). We don’t need no education? Education policies of Western European populist radical right parties. West European Politics. ISSN 0140-2382. 46(7). doi: 10.1080/01402382.2023.2177010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Populist radical right parties (PRRPs) have become more mainstream, increasing their relevance in European politics. While a lot is already known about them, there are still gaps in our knowledge. This article addresses one such gap by studying Western European PRRPs’ positions on education policy. It focuses on the salience of education in election manifestos, substantive positions that parties hold, and in how far these positions reflect their core ideology. Constructing a novel framework based on core ideologies and three dimensions of education policies, including an often-neglected content dimension, the article presents results from a qualitative content analysis of 15 manifestos. The results show that education policy is relevant for PRRPs, albeit to varying degrees, and that their policies are informed by their core ideologies. The findings have important implications for understanding education policy dynamics in liberal democracies as PRRPs fundamentally challenge normative foundations of Western European education systems.

• Heidar, Knut & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2022). Deliberative democracy in contemporary political parties: Longitudinal evidence from Norway. Party Politics. ISSN 1354-0688. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1177/13540688221080538. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Fielitz, Maik (2022). Far-Right Violence in Greece in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Modern Greek Studies. ISSN 0738-1727. 40(1), p. 95–115. doi: 10.1353/mgs.2022.0012. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Patterns and Consequences of Threats Towards Politicians: Results from Surveys of National and Local Politicians in Norway. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 16(6), p. 100–119. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway has experienced vicious acts of anti-government terrorism in the form of a massive car bomb attack on the government district and a shooting massacre on members of the youth wing of the governing Labour Party in 2011. Still, such acts of violence towards politicians are rare and exceptional. However, violent threats and harassment are common and have a significant negative impact on the private and political lives of elected representatives. In this article, we study the extent to which democracy is being slowly undermined through every day forms of harassment of, and threats against, politicians. The research is based on a unique series of surveys with Norwegian national and local politicians, including the parties’ youth wings, exploring the extent to which they have been exposed to various forms of harassment, threats, and violent attacks, and the consequences. The surveys provide comparable data between different categories of politicians as well as longitudinal data on the experiences of members of parliament and cabinet ministers. The findings show that elected politicians are significantly exposed to hateful harassment, verbal threats, particularly through social media. A few politicians have also experienced actual violent attacks. Such exposure has a major impact on both the private and political lives of the politicians, in particular female politicians. As a result, threats of violence and other forms of hateful harassment towards elected politicians represents a considerable challenge to democratic processes and institutions. Given that Norway is a country characterized by a well-functioning liberal democracy, a low level of political polarization, and a generally high level of trust in authorities among the population, such threat to the democracy system is most likely even more severe in other countries.

• Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Consensus or Conflict? A Survey Analysis of how Norwegians Interpret the July 22, 2011 Attacks a Decade Later. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), p. 109–131. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The dominant narrative about the right-wing terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22, 2011, suggests that they were an attack on the Norwegian democracy, that the perpetrator was motivated by right-wing extremism and that Norway reacted by emphasizing tolerance, democratic values, and inclusion. Surveys carried out in the aftermath of the attacks show that this narrative received widespread support. In this article, we use a nationally representative survey to analyze how Norwegians interpret the July 22 attacks today – a decade later. We find significant levels of consensus, but also traces of conflict. While there are high levels of agreement regarding many of the interpretive frames, some of the frames are more contested. Moreover, some of these contested interpretations are associated with three conflicting narratives about the terrorist attack: the democracy narrative, the diversity narrative and the far-right narrative. These narratives are all characterized by a distinct understanding of why the attacks happened, who was targeted and how society reacted to the attacks. Given that the support for the different narratives varies according to ideological beliefs, partisanship, levels of trust and, to some extent, emotional reactions, we argue that discussions about July 22 today are likely to be politically polarizing – or even irreconcilable. The article shows how terrorist attacks that appear uniting in the short run may become more divisive in the long run, mirroring other existing political conflicts in society.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Sweden: The Difficult Adaptation of the Moderates to The Silent Counter-Revolution. In Bale, Tim & Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira (Ed.), Riding the Populist Wave: Europe's Mainstream Right in Crisis. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781316518762. p. 246–268. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørgo, Tore & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). The Long-Term Impacts of Attacks: The Case of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), p. 2–13. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This special issue explores the long-term impacts of the July 22 attacks in Norway in 2011, carried out by an extreme right terrorist lone actor. The Introduction article will first describe the car bomb attack on the Government District in Oslo and the subsequent mass shooting of young participants at the Labour Party’ youth organisation at the Utøya Island. Next, it will discuss dimensions of impact at three levels: the individual, the national/societal, and the global levels. Finally, the article asks why some terrorist attacks have stronger and more lasting impacts than others, comparing the July 22 attacks with some other large-scale terrorist atrocities (like the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks in the US and UK) but also some small-scale but nevertheless significant attacks. Three factors stand out: Severity (in terms of casualties and other harm), innovation (the terrorists did something different that became extra shocking and newsworthy), and responses (from governments, the public or potential supporters).

• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2020). Methods for mapping far right violence. In Ashe, Stephen D; Busher, Joel; Macklin, Graham David & Winter, Aaron (Ed.), Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practice. Routledge. ISSN 9781138219342. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (2019). Explaining Party Member Activism. In Demker, Marie; Heidar, Knut & Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (Ed.), Nordic Party Members Linkages in Troubled Times. Rowman & Littlefield International. ISSN 9781785523250. p. 175–198. Full text in Research Archive
• Blombäck, Sofie; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Hinnfors, Jonas (2019). United or Divided? Preferential Agreement Among Party Members in Scandinavia. In Demker, Marie; Heidar, Knut & Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina (Ed.), Nordic Party Members Linkages in Troubled Times. Rowman & Littlefield International. ISSN 9781785523250. p. 111–134. Full text in Research Archive
• Østerud, Øyvind & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2019). Reaksjoner på høyrepopulismen - og konsekvenser for partisystemet. In Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Saglie, Jo & Østerud, Øyvind (Ed.), Makt og opposisjon : De politiske partiene som demokratisk paradoks. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215034317. p. 101–116. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  "Makt og opposisjon" diskuterer partienes rolle i det norske demokratiet. Hva ved partiene fungerer relativt bra i Norge, og hva fungerer mindre godt? Boka tar for seg de norske partienes utforming og virke både i sivilsamfunnet og i storting og regjering, sett i et internasjonalt perspektiv. "Makt og opposisjon" inneholder både fagartikler og essays. I første del presenterer ledende forskere status og bidrar med ny forskning på hver sine felt, og de diskuterer partienes bidrag til å fremme ulike demokratiske verdier og demokratiaspekter. I andre del skriver et knippe tidligere og nåværende politikere samt én erfaren journalist og politisk kommentator om mange av de samme temaene, basert på egne erfaringer. Slik får leseren kjennskap til hvordan problemstillingene fortoner seg for dem som selv er en del av eller jobber tett på det politiske liv, og vi får gode eksempler på hvordan partienes utfordringer fortoner seg i den politiske hverdagen.

• Thorleifsson, Cathrine & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2019). Defending the Endangered Nation: Nordic Identitarian Christianism in the Age of Migration. In Bendixsen, Synnøve Kristine Nepstad & Wyller, Trygve (Ed.), Contested Hospitalities in a Time of Migration: Religious and Secular Counterspaces in the Nordic Region. Routledge. ISSN 9780367222109. doi: 10.4324/9780429273773-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Otjes, Simon; Ivaldi, Gilles; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Mazzoleni, Oscar (2018). It's not Economic Interventionism, Stupid! Reassessing the Political Economy of Radical Right‐wing Populist Parties. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft. ISSN 1424-7755. 24(3), p. 270–290. doi: 10.1111/spsr.12302. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper engages in a comparative analysis of the economic positions of radical right‐wing populist parties in Western Europe. Following Ennser‐Jedenastik (2016), we argue that those parties’ political economy is best captured in terms of the nativist, populist and authoritarian features of their core ideology, each of which produces a specific set of economic policies independent from the issue of government intervention in the economy. On basis of an analysis of the election manifestos of seven radical right‐wing populist parties in Western Europe in the period 2005‐2015, we argue that those parties share similarities in their economic nativism, authoritarianism and populism, whilst their positions on the traditional role of the state in the economy are more diverse. The findings indicate also a unified ‘nativist’ response to the global financial crisis both in terms of welfare chauvinism and economic protectionism. We discuss the role of internal and external factors in explaining the economic profile of radical right‐wing populist parties.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2018). Shaken, but not stirred: How right-wing populist parties have changed party systems in Scandinavia. In Wolinetz, Steven B. & Zaslove, Andrej (Ed.), Absorbing the Blow. Populist Parties and their Impact on Parties and Party Systems. ECPR Press. ISSN 9781785521492. p. 103–144. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth; Kalsnes, Bente & Aalberg, Toril (2017). Norway: Populism From Anti-Tax Movement to Government Party, Populist Political Communciation in Europe. Routledge. ISSN 9781138654808. p. 54–67. Full text in Research Archive
• Haanshuus, Birgitte & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2017). Høyreklikk! En analyse av ytre høyre på sosiale medier i Norge. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 58(2), p. 145–165. doi: 10.18261/ISSN.1504-291X-2017-02-01. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Til tross for at det ofte hevdes at ytre høyre har beveget seg fra «gata» til «data», finnes det få studier som undersøker denne påstanden. Denne artikkelen gir en systematisk kartlegging av norske grupperinger på ytterste høyre fløy på det mest populære sosiale mediet, Facebook. Først studerer vi omfang av og type aktivitet blant de gruppene som har etablert egne Facebook-sider, og diskuterer i hvilken grad sidene fungerer som henholdsvis en informasjons-, kommunikasjons- og/eller spredningskanal. Deretter undersøker vi hvorvidt det finnes en felles kollektiv handlingsramme – problemforståelse, løsningsforslag og motivasjonsgrunnlag – på tvers av gruppene. Dataene er samlet inn på to tidspunkter: mars 2015 og januar 2016. Dette reduserer usikkerheten knyttet til studiens generelle slutninger, samt muliggjør noen foreløpige betraktninger når det gjelder utviklingen av aktivitetsformer og den kollektive handlingsrammen i kjølvannet av «flyktningkrisen» og økt terrortrussel. Analysene viser at det har vært en betydelig økning i aktivitet samlet sett, men at det er stor variasjon mellom gruppene. Den kollektive handlingsrammen er generelt ganske mangelfull, men det er like fullt et tydelig skifte fra en islamofob til en ultra-nasjonalistisk problembeskrivelse. De observerte endringene er tett forbundet med den såkalte «flyktningkrisen».

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2016). The Norwegian Progress Party: Between a Business Firm and a Mass Party. In Heinisch, Reinhard & Mazzoleni, Oscar (Ed.), Understanding Populist Party Organization. The Radical Right in Western Europe.. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9781137581969. p. 159–188. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-58197-6_7. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2016). The taming of the shrew: how the Progress Party (almost) became part of the mainstream. In Akkerman, Tjitske; Lange, Sarah de & Rooduijn, Matthijs (Ed.), Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe. Into to the mainstream?. Routledge. ISSN 9781138914834. p. 169–192. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2015). Institutionalised Right-Wing Populism in Times of Economic Crisis: A Comparative Study of the Norwegian Progress Party and the Danish People’s Party. In Kriesi, Hanspeter & Pappas, Takis S. (Ed.), European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession. ECPR Press. ISSN 9781785521249. p. 23–40. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Jungar, Ann-Cathrine (2014). Populist Radical Right Parties in the Nordic Region: A New and Distinct Party Family? Scandinavian Political Studies. ISSN 0080-6757. p. 1–24. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12024. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Mangfoldig mobilisering og velsmurt valgkampmaskineri: Fremskrittspartiet runder 40 år. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift (NNT). ISSN 0800-336X. p. 5–16. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Miljøpartiet de grønne og det «politiske rommet». Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift. ISSN 0801-1745. p. 131–141. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Gyrafásová, Olga (2012). The appeal of populism. In Baldersheim, Harald & Batora, Jozef (Ed.), The governance of small states in turbulent times. The exemplary cases of Norway and Slovakia. Verlag Barbara Budrich. ISSN 9783866493407. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2012). In numele poporului! Populismul contemporan in Scandinavia. In Ghergina, Sergiu; Miscoiu, Sergiu & Soare, Sorina (Ed.), Populismul contemporan. Un concept controversat si formele sale diverse. Institute European. ISSN 9789736118241. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2009). Høyrepopulisme på norsk. Historien om Anders Langes Parti og Fremskrittspartiet. In Kjøstvedt, Anders Granås; Simonsen, Tor Espen & Randin, Katrine (Ed.), Høyrepopulisme i Vest-Europa. Unipub forlag. ISSN 9788274774506. p. 27–79. Full text in Research Archive

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• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2026). Høyreekstremisme i Norge etter 22. juli: Meninger, mennesker, mobilisering og motstand. Scandinavian University Press (SCUP). ISBN 9788294167326. 454 p. doi: https:/www.scup.com/doi/book/10.18261/9788294167333-26. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Akademiske perspektiver på 22. juli. Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788232101313. 261 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2012). Ekstreme Europa. Ideologi, årsaker og konsekvenser. Cappelen Damm AS. ISBN 9788202376185. 254 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Snildal, Andreas; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Rådahl, Kirchhoff Karl Kristian (2009). Demokratiet før og nå. Essays fra Oslostudentenes demokratiuke. Unipub forlag. ISBN 9788274774513. 163 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2026). Høyreekstrem vold og terror som en sikkerhetstrussel. doi: https:/www.politihogskolen.no/arrangementer/forskningstimen-hoyreekstremisme-i-norge-etter-22..html. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Ravndal, Jacob Aasland (2026). Høyreekstremisme er blitt en farligere sikkerhetstrussel og samfunnsutfordring. doi: https:/www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/6qlPJ8/hoeyreekstremisme-er-blitt-en-farligere-sikkerhetstrussel-og-samfunnsutfordring. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Thorstensen, Madeleine & Tandberg, Charlotte (2025). The Murder of Tamima Nibras Juhar and Far-Right Violence in Norway. doi: https:/www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/news-and-events/right-now/2025/the-murder-of-tamima-nibras-juhar-and-far-right-vi.html. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thorstensen, Madeleine; Ravndal, Jacob Aasland & Tandberg, Charlotte (2025). Hva kjennetegner høyreekstrem vold i Norge? doi: https:/www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/bmEQBA/hoeyreekstrem-vold-er-et-vedvarende-og-sammensatt-samfunnsproblem-i-norge. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Toso, Amandine Elise Maria & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Fear, anger, and the Scandinavian far right. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Toso, Amandine Elise Maria & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Far-right mobilization on social media and the role of emotions: Evidence from Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Toso, Amandine Elise Maria & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2024). Fear, anger, and the Scandinavian far right. Full text in Research Archive
• Haanshuus, Birgitte P. & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2024). Far-right protest mobilization: The case of Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Patterns and Consequences of Threats towards Politicians. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Threats and harassment against politicians in Norway. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Anti-government extremism refers to groups and actors rejecting the legitimacy of state power, and sometimes threatening or using violence to make their case. Some of these movements are issue-driven (like opposition to pandemic restrictions) whereas others reject the legitimacy of state power as a matter of ideological principle. These movements bring together participants from very diverse ideological camps: from the far right, libertarians, conspiracy theorists, anarchists, anti-vax… Most are peaceful but some are violent, some are well-known extremists, others have never before been politically engaged. However, the far right take advantage of these issues. They often take the lead, promoting narratives and conspiracy theories that bring new people into their fold, and try to escalate demonstrations into violence. This panel will present four papers that address different aspects of anti-government extremism: the QAnon conspiracy theory and its impact on violence; the Reichsbürger movement in Germany; the impact of Anti-Measures and Anti-Vaxx movements on anti-state extremism in German-speaking countries; and Patterns and Consequences of Threats against Politicians in Norway.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2022). Dekningen av 22. juli: hva kan vi lære om ekstremismen? Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Solheim, Øyvind Bugge & Toso, Amadine (2022). Fear, anger and loathing in Scandinavia: How emotions mobilize the far-right online. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2022). Medienes dekning av ekstremisme og terrorisme. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Solheim, Øyvind Bugge (2021). Hvordan forstår nordmenn 22. juli-terroren i dag? Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Dette er det nye ytre høyre: Høyt utdannet, godt voksen og med god inntekt. [Journal]. Frifagbevegelse. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Norske narrativer om 22. juli – en kamp om rettferdighet? Full text in Research Archive
• Tranøy, Hans Peter & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2020). Hvem er medlemmene i Sian? Vi spurte dem. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). 22. juli-angrepet: Fra avvik til vendepunkt for utviklingen av høyreekstrem terror. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2017). Feilslått kritikk av populismebegrepet. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift (NNT). ISSN 0800-336X. 34(4), p. 402–418. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2016). Populistiske partier i Vest-Europa. In Malnes, Raino Sverre (Eds.), Velkommen til statsvitenskap. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205494718. p. 187–203. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Book Review: ANDREA MAMMONE, EMMANUEL GODIN and BRIAN JENKINS (eds.), Mapping Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational, London, Routledge, 2011, 344 pp. Polis (Bologna). ISSN 1120-9488. p. 177–180. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Et forsøk på å begripe det ubegripelige: tolv perspektiver på 22.7. In Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (Ed.), Akademiske perspektiver på 22. juli. Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788232101313. p. 11–31. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2013). Reaksjoner, bearbeidelse og forebygging: om veien videre etter 22.7. In Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (Ed.), Akademiske perspektiver på 22. juli. Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788232101313. p. 245–255. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2010). The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe. Playing the Nationalist Card. Internasjonal Politikk. ISSN 0020-577X. 68(4), p. 651–654. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Rådahl, Kirchhoff Karl Kristian & Snildal, Andreas (2009). Noen utfordringer for demokratiet – og om behovet for en inkluderende offentlig samtale. In Snildal, Andreas; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Rådahl, Kirchhoff Karl Kristian (Ed.), Demokratiet før og nå. Essays fra Oslostudentenes demokratiuke. Unipub forlag. ISSN 9788274774513. p. 5–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Narud, Hanne Marthe & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2009). ”Forteller landsmøtene noe om partienes sjel?”. In Helljesen, Geir (Eds.), Geir Helljesens valgskole. NRK Aktivum. ISSN 9788281783317. p. 55–75. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Tandberg, Charlotte & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2025). RTV Trend Report 2024: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2023. Universitetet i Oslo. doi: https:/www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/resources/rtv-dataset/rtv-trend-report-2024_final.pdf. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Tandberg, Charlotte; Sessolo, Simone; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2023). RTV Trend Report 2023: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2022. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Karcher, Nicola Kristin; Kotonen, Tommi; Christensen, Claus Bundård; Silvennoinen, Oula; Lööw, Helene & Malmros, Robin Andersson [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). “WHEN NEO-NAZIS MARCH ON NORWEGIAN STREETS, YOU HEAR A LOT OF SWEDISH”: Pan-Nordic and transnational dimensions of right-wing extremism. Nordic Council of Ministers. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This report constitutes the first comprehensive review of right-wing extremism (RWE) in the Nordics (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden). In it, a team of 13 leading researchers have compiled and reviewed books, dissertations, journal articles, reports, master theses and other forms of academic texts written about the topic. The result is a descriptive and analytical report of how the Nordic RWE milieu has developed from 1918 until today, with a specific focus on the pan-Nordic and transnational dimensions of the milieu. In the report, we also compile the practices used to prevent RWE in the Nordics and analyze how well they are situated to handle the threat RWE poses to society. The report demonstrates how the transnational connections of the Nordic RWE groups have been a constant feature throughout history, both in ideas and practices. The ideas regarding pan-Nordic cooperation were put into practice in the 1930s. These connections became increasingly important during the Cold War period because internationalization provided an opening for domestically marginalized and stigmatized movements after the second World War. The Nordic Resistance Movement (NMR), the 21st century’s dominant neo-Nazi organization with a lot of cross-border activities, sets rather seamlessly into this historical continuum. History matters greatly for the contemporary RWE milieu as historical imagination is a key reference point, stirring memories from a period when the Nordic countries were not multicultural and radical nationalism was an accepted ideal. The RWE milieu has been much affected by the digitalization of society, not least in terms of how it is organized. RWE groups and movements have traditionally followed the Führerprinzip and have been built upon an authoritarian top-down hierarchical model. Although some current groups, for example the NRM, are still organized hierarchically and managed top-down, the milieu has become more diverse. Today, we more often see loose networks and individual activists, occasionally with broad social media presence or franchise-type organizations like Soldiers of Odin. This is not to say that organizations do not matter anymore—they are still important in accumulating ideas and propagating them—but greater focus should be in the ideas they represent. It is the ideas, unlike the forms, that has travelled into the mainstream discourse. In terms of prevention, we have identified many initiatives aiming at preventing extremism, but very few practices have a specific focus on RWE. Even though there is an obvious presence and aspirations among RWE movements to expand pan-Nordic cooperation, there are few practices focusing on preventing this tendency. In practices that are described as preventing different forms of extremism, examples, aims, and actions are predominantly focusing on militant Islamism. We have also noticed a lack of practices for preventing adults’ engagement in extremist activities, which is unfortunate since research indicate that most RWE activists are around their 30’s when entering the milieu. Prevention initiatives focusing on online extremism are under development in the Nordics. There are good reasons for the Nordic countries to cooperate on this matter, especially because online extremism communication and propaganda are not restricted by national borders and physical mobility.

• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Tandberg, Charlotte; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Thorstensen, Madeleine (2022). RTV Trend Report 2022 - Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2021. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergmann, Werner; Døving, Cora Alexa; Haanshuus, Birgitte P.; Hellevik, Ottar; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Lenz, Claudia [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Holdninger til jøder og muslimer i Norge 2022. Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). Noen utviklingstrekk ved ytre høyre i Norge, 2000-2020. C-REX, Senter for ekstremismeforskning. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Thorstensen, Madeleine Marie Tønnesen; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Macklin, Graham David (2021). RTV Trend Report 2021: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2020. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Leidig, Eviane (2020). Knowing what’s (far) right. A compendium. 7Letras. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Lygren, Sofia; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). RTV Trend Report 2020: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2019. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Lygren, Sofia; Hagen, Lars Wibe & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2019). RTV Trend Report 2019: Right Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2018. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2015). The Persistence of Populism. The Norwegian Progress Party 1973 – 2009. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the literature on right-wing populist parties it is widely held that supply-side factors are crucial in order to explain these parties' electoral persistence. Yet, beyond stating truisms such as the importance of having a good organization and a great leader, we know very little about what kind of supply-side factors that are likely to facilitate electoral persistence. Based on an intensive, single-case study of the Norwegian Progress Party (FrP), this thesis argues that right-wing populist parties are more likely to persist if they (1) broaden the programmatic appeal, (2) maintain political legitimacy, (3) build an authoritarian mass party structure and (4) are led by mobilizing and, even more importantly, organizationally skillful leaders.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Jungar, Ann-Cathrine (2011). Pohjolan populistinen puolueperhe. Magma. Full text in Research Archive

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