Liisa Raud

• Raud, Liisa; Smits, Martijn Johannes Bernardus; Sneve, Markus Handal; Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Folvik, Line & Rasch, Björn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Differential expression of spatiotemporal sleep spindle clusters in aging. SLEEP Advances. 6(4). doi: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf084. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grydeland, Håkon; Sneve, Markus Handal; Roe, James Michael; Raud, Liisa; Ness, Hedda Tvedten & Folvik, Line [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Network segregation during episodic memory shows age-invariant relations with memory performance from 7 to 82 years. Neurobiology of Aging. ISSN 0197-4580. 148, s. 1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.01.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Lower episodic memory capability, as seen in development and aging compared with younger adulthood, may partly depend on lower brain network segregation. Here, our objective was twofold: (1) test this hypothesis using within- and between-network functional connectivity (FC) during episodic memory encoding and retrieval, in two independent samples (n = 734, age 7–82 years). (2) Assess associations with age and the ability to predict memory comparing task-general FC and memory-modulated FC. In a multiverse-inspired approach, we performed tests across multiple analytic choices. Results showed that relationships differed based on these analytic choices and were mainly present in the largest dataset,. Significant relationships indicated that (i) memory-modulated FC predicted memory performance and associated with memory in an age-invariant manner. (ii) In line with the so-called neural dedifferentiation view, task-general FC showed lower segregation with higher age in adults which was associated with worse memory performance. In development, although there were only weak signs of a neural differentiation, that is, gradually higher segregation with higher age, we observed similar lower segregation-worse memory relationships. This age-invariant relationships between FC and episodic memory suggest that network segregation is pivotal for memory across the healthy lifespan.

• Bundt, Carsten; Raud, Liisa; Thunberg, Christina & Huster, Rene Jürgen (2025). Conflict resolution and response inhibition: A simultaneous EEG-EMG-pupillometry study. Neuropsychologia. ISSN 0028-3932. 216. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109192. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Folvik, Line; Sneve, Markus Handal; Grydeland, Håkon; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac & Raud, Liisa [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Recalled through this day but forgotten next week?-retrieval activity predicts durability of partly consolidated memories. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 34(6), s. 1–15. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhae233. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Folvik, Line; Sneve, Markus Handal; Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Raud, Liisa & Geier, Oliver [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Sustained upregulation of widespread hippocampal-neocortical coupling following memory encoding. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(8), s. 4844–4858. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac384. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa; Sneve, Markus Handal; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; Folvik, Line & Ness, Hedda Tvedten [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity during memory encoding and retrieval. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 279. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120309. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bøen, Rune; Raud, Liisa & Huster, Rene Jürgen (2022). Inhibitory Control and the Structural Parcelation of the Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 16, s. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.787079. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) has most strongly, although not exclusively, been associated with response inhibition, not least based on covariations of behavioral performance measures and local gray matter characteristics. However, the white matter microstructure of the rIFG as well as its connectivity has been less in focus, especially when it comes to the consideration of potential subdivisions within this area. The present study reconstructed the structural connections of the three main subregions of the rIFG (i.e., pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis) using diffusion tensor imaging, and further assessed their associations with behavioral measures of inhibitory control. The results revealed a marked heterogeneity of the three subregions with respect to the pattern and extent of their connections, with the pars orbitalis showing the most widespread inter-regional connectivity, while the pars opercularis showed the lowest number of interconnected regions. When relating behavioral performance measures of a stop signal task to brain structure, the data indicated an association between the dorsal opercular connectivity and the go reaction time and the stopping accuracy.

• Capogna, Elettra; Sneve, Markus Handal; Raud, Liisa; Folvik, Line; Ness, Hedda Tvedten & Walhovd, Kristine B [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Whole-brain connectivity during encoding: age-related differences and associations with cognitive and brain structural decline. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 33(1), s. 68–82. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhac053. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa; Thunberg, Christina & Huster, Rene Jürgen (2022). Partial response electromyography as a marker of action stopping. eLIFE. 11, s. 1–34. doi: 10.7554/eLife.70332. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Messel, Mari Sælid; Raud, Liisa; Hoff, Per Kristian; Stubberud, Jan & Huster, Rene Jürgen (2021). Frontal-midline theta reflects different mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control of inhibition. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 241, s. 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118400. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Reactive control of response inhibition is associated with a right-lateralised cortical network, as well as frontal-midline theta (FM-theta) activity measured at the scalp. However, response inhibition is also governed by proactive control processes, and how such proactive control is reflected in FM-theta activity and associated neural source activity remains unclear. To investigate this, simultaneous recordings of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was performed while participants performed a cued stop-signal task. The cues (0%, 25% or 66%) indicated the likelihood of an upcoming stop-signal in the following trial. Results indicated that participants adjusted their behaviour proactively, with increasing go-trial reaction times following increasing stop-signal probability, as well as modulations of both go-trial and stop-trial accuracies. Target-locked theta activity was higher in stop-trials than go-trials and modulated by probability. At the single-trial level, cue-locked theta was associated with shorter reaction-times, while target-locked theta was associated with both faster reaction times and higher probability of an unsuccessful stop-trial. This dissociation was also evident at the neural source level, where a joint ICA revealed independent components related to going, stopping and proactive preparation. Overall, the results indicate that FM-theta activity can be dissociated into several mechanisms associated with proactive control, response initiation and response inhibition processes. We propose that FM-theta activity reflects both heightened preparation of the motor control network, as well as stopping-related processes associated with a right lateralized cortical network.

• Ness, Hedda Tvedten; Folvik, Line; Sneve, Markus Handal; Pineiro, Didac Vidal; Raud, Liisa & Geier, Oliver [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Reduced Hippocampal-Striatal Interactions during Formation of Durable Episodic Memories in Aging. Cerebral Cortex. ISSN 1047-3211. 32(11), s. 2358–2372. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhab331. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Huster, Rene; Messel, Mari Sælid; Thunberg, Christina & Raud, Liisa (2020). The P300 as marker of inhibitory control – Fact or fiction? Cortex. ISSN 0010-9452. 132, s. 334–348. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.05.021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Inhibitory control, i.e., the ability to stop or suppress actions, thoughts, or memories, represents a prevalent and popular concept in basic and clinical neuroscience as well as psychology. At the same time, it is notoriously difficult to study as successful inhibition is characterized by the absence of a continuously quantifiable direct behavioral marker. It has been suggested that the P3 latency, and here especially its onset latency, may serve as neurophysiological marker of inhibitory control as it correlates with the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). The SSRT estimates the average stopping latency, which itself is unobservable since no overt response is elicited in successful stop trials, based on differences in the distribution of go reaction times and the delay of the stop-relative to the go-signal in stop trials. In a meta-analysis and an independent electroencephalography (EEG) experiment, we found that correlations between the P3 latency and the SSRT are indeed replicable, but also unspecific. Not only does the SSRT also correlate with the N2 latency, but both P3 and N2 latency measures show similar or even higher correlations with other behavioral parameters such as the go reaction time or stopping accuracy. The missing specificity of P3–SSRT correlations, together with the general pattern of associations, suggests that these manifest effects are driven by underlying latent processes other than inhibition, such as behavioral adaptations in context of performance monitoring operations.

• Raud, Liisa; Huster, Rene; Ivry, Richard B.; Labruna, Ludovica; Messel, Mari Sælid & Greenhouse, Ian (2020). A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation. Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0270-6474. 40(41), s. 7921–7935. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0607-20.2020. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In our everyday behavior, we frequently cancel one movement while continuing others. Two competing models have been suggested for the cancellation of such specific actions: (1) the abrupt engagement of a unitary global inhibitory mechanism followed by reinitiation of the continuing actions; or (2) a balance between distinct global and selective inhibitory mechanisms. To evaluate these models, we examined behavioral and physiological markers of proactive control, motor preparation, and response inhibition using a combination of behavioral task performance measures, electromyography, electroencephalography, and motor evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Healthy human participants of either sex performed two versions of a stop signal task with cues incorporating proactive control: a unimanual task involving the initiation and inhibition of a single response, and a bimanual task involving the selective stopping of one of two prepared responses. Stopping latencies, motor evoked potentials, and frontal β power (13–20 Hz) did not differ between the unimanual and bimanual tasks. However, evidence for selective proactive control before stopping was manifest in the bimanual condition as changes in corticomotor excitability, μ (9–14 Hz), and β (15–25 Hz) oscillations over sensorimotor cortex. Together, our results favor the recruitment of a single inhibitory stopping mechanism with the net behavioral output depending on the levels of action-specific motor preparation.

• Thunberg, Christina; Messel, Mari Sælid; Raud, Liisa & Huster, Rene (2020). tDCS over the inferior frontal gyri and visual cortices did not improve response inhibition. Scientific Reports. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62921-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The ability to cancel an already initiated response is central to flexible behavior. While several different behavioral and neural markers have been suggested to quantify the latency of the stopping process, it remains unclear if they quantify the stopping process itself, or other supporting mechanisms such as visual and/or attentional processing. The present study sought to investigate the contributions of inhibitory and sensory processes to stopping latency markers by combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings in a within-participant design. Active and sham tDCS were applied over the inferior frontal gyri (IFG) and visual cortices (VC), combined with both online and offline EEG and EMG recordings. We found evidence that neither of the active tDCS condition affected stopping latencies relative to sham stimulation. Our results challenge previous findings suggesting that anodal tDCS over the IFG can reduce stopping latency and demonstrates the necessity of adequate control conditions in tDCS research. Additionally, while the different putative markers of stopping latency showed generally positive correlations with each other, they also showed substantial variation in the estimated latency of inhibition, making it unlikely that they all capture the same construct exclusively.

• Raud, Liisa; Westerhausen, Rene; Dooley, Niamh & Huster, Rene (2020). Differences in unity: The go/no-go and stop signal tasks rely on different mechanisms. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 210, s. 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116582. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Response inhibition refers to the suppression of prepared or initiated actions. Typically, the go/no-go task (GNGT) or the stop signal task (SST) are used interchangeably to capture individual differences in response inhibition. On the one hand, factor analytic and conjunction neuroimaging studies support the association of both tasks with a single inhibition construct. On the other hand, studies that directly compare the two tasks indicate distinct mechanisms, corresponding to action restraint and cancellation in the GNGT and SST, respectively. We addressed these contradictory findings with the aim to identify the core differences in the temporal dynamics of the functional networks that are recruited in both tasks. We extracted the time-courses of sensory, motor, attentional, and cognitive control networks by group independent component (G-ICA) analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data from both tasks. Additionally, electromyography (EMG) from the responding effector muscles was recorded to detect the timing of response inhibition. The results indicated that inhibitory performance in the GNGT may be comparable to response selection mechanisms, reaching peripheral muscles at around 316 ​ms. In contrast, inhibitory performance in the SST is achieved via biasing of the sensorimotor system in preparation for stopping, followed by fast sensory, motor and frontal integration during outright stopping. Inhibition can be detected at the peripheral level at 140 ​ms after stop stimulus presentation. The GNGT and the SST therefore seem to recruit widely different neural dynamics, implying that the interchangeable use of superficially similar inhibition tasks in both basic and clinical research is unwarranted.

• Kusztor, Aniko; Raud, Liisa; Juel, Bjørn Erik; Nilsen, Andre Sevenius; Storm, Johan Frederik & Huster, Rene (2019). Sleep deprivation differentially affects subcomponents of cognitive control. Sleep. ISSN 0161-8105. 42(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsz016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Messel, Mari Sælid; Raud, Liisa; Hoff, Per Kristian; Skaftnes, Cecilie Sol & Huster, Rene (2019). Strategy switches in proactive inhibitory control and their association with task-general and stopping-specific networks. Neuropsychologia. ISSN 0028-3932. 135:107220, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107220. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Prior information about the likelihood of a stop-signal pre-activates networks associated with response inhibition in both go- and stop-trials. How such prior information modulates the neural mechanisms enacting response inhibition is only poorly understood. To investigate this, a cued stop-signal task (with cues indicating stopping probabilities of 0%, 25% or 66%) was implemented in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquisition. Specifically, we focused on the effect of proactive inhibitory control as reflected in the activity of regions known to regulate response inhibition. Further, modulatory activity profiles in three different sub-regions of the right inferior frontal area were investigated. Behavioural results revealed an adaptation of task strategies through proactive control, with a possible gain for efficient inhibition at high stopping probabilities. The imaging data indicate that this adaption was supported by different regions traditionally involved in the stopping network. While the right inferior parietal cortex (IPC), right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) pars triangularis, and left anterior insula all showed increased go-trial activity in the 0% condition compared to the 25% condition, the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), right anterior insula, and the rIFG pars opercularis showed a more stopping-specific pattern, with stronger stop-trial activity in the 66% condition than in the 25% condition. Furthermore, activity in inferior frontal sub-regions correlated with behavioural changes, where more pronounced response slowing was associated with stronger activity increases from low to high stopping probabilities. Notably, the different right inferior frontal sub-regions showed different activity patterns in response to proactive inhibitory control modulations, supporting the idea of a functional dissociation within this area. Specifically, while the pars opercularis and the right insula showed stopping-related modulations of activity, the rIFG pars triangularis exhibited modulations only in go-trials with strong adaptions to fast responding or proactive slowing. Overall, the results indicate that proactive inhibitory control results in the switching of task or strategy modes, either favouring fast responding or stopping, and that these strategical adaptations are governed by an interplay of different regions of the stopping network.

• Huster, Rene & Raud, Liisa (2017). A Tutorial Review on Multi-subject Decomposition of EEG. Brain Topography. ISSN 0896-0267. 31(1), s. 3–16. doi: 10.1007/s10548-017-0603-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa & Huster, Rene (2017). The Temporal Dynamics of Response Inhibition and their Modulation by Cognitive Control. Brain Topography. ISSN 0896-0267. 30(4), s. 486–501. doi: 10.1007/s10548-017-0566-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Behavioral adjustments require interactions between distinct modes of cognitive control and response inhibition. Hypothetically, fast and global inhibition is exerted in the reactive control mode, whereas proactive control enables the preparation of inhibitory pathways in advance while relying on the slower selective inhibitory system. We compared the temporal progression of inhibition in the reactive and proactive control modes using simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings. A selective stop signal task was used where go stimuli required bimanual responses, but only one hand’s response had to be suppressed in stop trials. Reactive and proactive conditions were incorporated by non-informative and informative cues, respectively. In 47% of successful stop trials, subthreshold EMG activity was detected that was interrupted as early as 150 ms after stop stimulus presentation, indicating that inhibition occurs much earlier than previously thought. Inhibition latencies were similar across the reactive and proactive control modes. The EMG of the responding hand in successful selective stop trials indicated a global suppression of ongoing motor actions in the reactive condition, and less inhibitory interference on the ongoing actions in the proactive condition. Group-level second order blind separation (SOBI) was applied to the EEG to dissociate temporally overlapping event-related potentials. The components capturing the N1 and N2 were larger in the reactive than the proactive condition. P3 activity was distributed across four components, three of which were augmented in the proactive condition. Thus, although EEG indices were modulated by the control mode, the inhibition latency remained unaffected.

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• Raud, Liisa (2026). Sleep-associated consolidation selectively strengthens weak memories, doi: https:/www.nordic-sleep.com/programme-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Presentation at the Nordic Sleep Conference 2026

• Raud, Liisa; Garrido, Pablo F.; Slivka, Maksim; Iversen, Johanne Bjørndal & Grydeland, Håkon (2026). Forskningstorget 2026 i Teknisk Museum. doi: https:/www.med.uio.no/om/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/2026/forskningstorget-2026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  LCBC bod med mock-MR scanner, skin conductance og hjernemodeller

• Raud, Liisa & Kransberg, Jonas Moe (2025). Forskningstorget 2025-Teknisk Museum. doi: https:/www.tekniskmuseum.no/skole/forskningstorg-2025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa (2025). EEG-fMRI workshop. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa (2025). Differential expression of spatiotemporal sleep spindle clusters in ageing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa (2024). Enriching spindle feature space for age-related memory decline biomarker applications. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa (2024). From Sleep to Steps: Linking sleep and motor control in infant development. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Raud, Liisa (2022). Hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity during memory encoding and retrieval. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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