Cato Grønnerød

• Callegari, Enrico; Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2020). Does Psychotropic Drug Prescription Change in Nursing Home Patients the First 6 Months After Admission?. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.  ISSN 1525-8610.  22(1), s 101- 108 . doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.034 Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To explore the course of psychotropic drug (PTD) prescription from admission (BL) to 6-month follow-up (6m) in Norwegian nursing homes (NHs). To examine how clinical variables, such as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), cognition, physical health, and NH characteristics at BL are associated with prescription rates at 6 months. Design: An observational longitudinal cohort study (data from the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia-Nursing Home study) designed to examine the course of dementia, psychiatric and somatic diseases, and drug prescriptions in NH patients during the first 6 months after admission. Setting and participants: We included 696 patients at admission to 47 representative Norwegian NHs. Methods: Demographic and clinical characteristics at BL and 6m are presented. Dementia severity was assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating scale and the Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer's Disease scale. Final diagnosis was made by 2 of the authors (G.S. and S.B.) according to ICD-10 criteria. Prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates of PTD prescriptions for people with dementia are presented. Generalized mixed models were used to identify possible predictors for the course of PTD prescription from BL to 6m. Results: Prescription rates of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics increased in people with dementia from BL (67.5% received at least 1 PTD) to 6m (74.0% received at least 1 PTD). Younger age and higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome score at BL were associated with higher odds of antidepressant prescription, whereas patients with higher comorbidity at BL had lower odds of receiving antidepressants, both at BL and 6m. Higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome scores at BL were associated with higher odds of sedative and hypnotic prescription at both assessment points. Conclusions and implications: PTD prescription rates increase from BL to 6m. Medication appropriateness should be frequently evaluated after admission to optimize PTD prescriptions. Keywords: Psychotropic drugs; geriatric pharmacotherapy; nursing homes. Copyright © 2020 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2016). Forensic psychiatric experts under the legal microscope. Legal and Criminological Psychology.  ISSN 1355-3259.  21(1), s 15- 24 . doi: 10.1111/lcrp.12037
• Nørbech, Peder C. Bryhn; Grønnerød, Cato & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2016). Identification with a violent and sadistic aggressor: A rorschach study of criminal debt collectors. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  98(2), s 135- 145 . doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1063502
• Stridbeck, Ulf; Grøndahl, Pål & Grønnerød, Cato (2016). Expert for whom? Court-appointed versus party-appointed experts. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law.  ISSN 1321-8719.  23(2), s 246- 255 . doi: 10.1080/13218719.2015.1052334 Vis sammendrag

  We investigated differences in judges' attitudes between court-appointed and party-appointed forensic psychiatric expert evidence, including who commissioned the report and how this impacted on the judges' perception of the evidence presented. We also investigated the experts' views on being either a party-appointed or court-appointed expert. This survey has no explicit preconceptions. It sought to gather information empirically. The attitudes towards the experts are seen both from the legal professionals' view and from that of the experts themselves. Two groups, one of 107 forensic psychiatric experts (39 psychologists, 65 psychiatrists and three non-specialist medical doctors), and one of 157 legal professionals (44 judges, 74 attorneys and 39 prosecutors) responded to an online survey. We found that 88% of the experts had been appointed by the court and of these, 73% preferred to be court-appointed. Fifty-one per cent had also been party-appointed and the most common principal was the defence attorney (46%). Sixty-two per cent of the judges who had an opinion stated that the party-appointed experts did not assist the court. This indicates that the judges clearly preferred independent court-appointed experts.

• Grønnerød, Cato; Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grøndahl, Pål (2015). Psychological Treatment of Sexual Offenders Against Children: A Meta-Analytic Review of Treatment Outcome Studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse.  ISSN 1524-8380.  16(3), s 280- 290 . doi: 10.1177/1524838014526043 Vis sammendrag

  Numerous meta-analyses and reviews have been conducted on the effectiveness of psychological treatment of sexual offenders in reducing recidivism, but no meta-analysis has been done on sexual offenders against children (SOAC) specifically. A moderate treatment effect has been shown in several evaluations of general sexual offenders, while many scholars maintain that the question remains unanswered until an adequate number of effectiveness studies with a strong research design have been carried out. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated 14 studies selected and coded according to Collaborative Outcome Data Committee (CODC) criteria. They included 1,421 adult offenders in psychotherapy and 1,509 nontreated controls, with a minimum average follow-up period of 3 years, published in peer-reviewed journals in 1980 or later. Recidivism was defined as rearrest or reconviction. Study quality was classified into strong, good, weak or rejected. The analysis revealed a treatment effect size of r = .03 for nine studies evaluated as Good or Weak, while all studies yielded an effect size of r = .08, including five studies classified as Rejected. The results show that the available research cannot establish any effect of treatment on SOAC. Despite a large amount of research, only a tiny fraction of studies meet a minimum of scientific standards, and even fewer provide sensible and useful data from which it is possible to draw conclusions.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Stridbeck, Ulf (2014). Samarbeidsklimaet mellom rettspsykiatrisk sakkyndige og strafferettsjurister - Bedre enn sitt rykte. Lov og Rett.  ISSN 0024-6980.  (5), s 273- 283
• Grøndahl, Pål; Stridbeck, Ulf & Grønnerød, Cato (2013). The truth and nothing but the truth: court-appointed forensic experts´experience with testifying and their perceptions of legal actors in criminal courts. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology.  ISSN 1478-9949.  24(2), s 192- 204 . doi: 10.1080/14789949.2013.771278
• Grønnerød, Cato; Overskeid, Geir & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2013). Under Skinner's Skin: Gauging a Behaviorist From His Rorschach Protocol. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  95(1), s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.696081
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2012). The Magic or Myth of Expertise: A Comparison of Judgment Processes between Forensic Experts and Lay Persons Based on Psychiatric Case Vignettes. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law.  ISSN 1321-8719.  19(5), s 662- 671 . doi: 10.1080/13218719.2011.615812
• Overskeid, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Simonton, Dean Keith (2012). The Personality of a Nonperson: Gauging the Inner Skinner. Perspectives on Psychological Science.  ISSN 1745-6916.  7(2), s 187- 197 . doi: 10.1177/1745691611434212
• Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grønnerød, Cato (2012). The Wartegg Zeichen Test: A Literature Overview and a Meta-Analysis of Reliability and Validity. Psychological Assessment.  ISSN 1040-3590.  24(2), s 476- 489 . doi: 10.1037/a0026100
• Grønnerød, Cato & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2010). Moving Rorschach Scoring Forward. The RN-Rorschach Scoring System as an Exemplar of Simplified Scoring. Rorschachiana.  ISSN 1192-5604.  31(1), s 22- 41 . doi: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000003 Vis sammendrag

  A new scoring system called RN-Rorschach was developed in Norway to provide a simple system focusing on clinical usefulness, with acceptable psychometric properties and with a high level of compatibility with the Comprehensive System (CS). The Rorschach method is a demanding method, and the CS may be too complex for learning the basic aspects of the Rorschach method, especially for students in introductory courses. Experience from teaching in introductory courses indicates that the goal of a simple and useful system has been achieved. Data on psychometric properties indicate that interscorer reliability is generally high. Two overall iota (ι) estimates were found to be .85 and .93. Future developments of Rorschach scoring are discussed.

• Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grønnerød, Cato (2010). Are large drawings signs of psychological expansion or effects of drawing skills? A critical evaluation of Wartegg drawing size categories in a Finnish sample. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.  ISSN 0036-5564.  51(1), s 63- 67 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00729.x Vis sammendrag

  In the Wartegg Drawing Completion Test, drawings which are larger than the norm size are interpreted as signs of the personality trait of expansion. The popular handbook by Wass and Mattlar (2000) includes a graphic presentation of the size norms. We scored 351 test blankets into the size categories small, normal and large following these norms. Only 14% of the drawings fitted into the category of normal size, while 13% were small and 73% were large. We also evaluated the test blankets according to drawing ability into five categories and found a high correlation between large size and drawing ability. The results show a need to re-evaluate the direct link between large size and expansion, as well as a need to modify the size norms.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2009). A Comparative Case Vignette Study of Decision Making In Forensic Psychiatric Cases. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health.  ISSN 1499-9013.  8(4) Vis sammendrag

  We tested whether the judgment of forensic psychiatric experts differed from that of laypersons. We constructed 18 case vignettes that were rated by 21 psychologists, 14 psychiatrists, and 126 laypeople on the following variables: Insanity by Legal Terms, Risk of Repeated Offense, and Need of Treatment. We found significant differences among laypeople and professionals on all three variables (p = .008, p = .024, and p = .009, respectively), although the differences were dependent on the composition of the case vignettes. Case vignettes containing negative descriptions and/or serious crimes were rated high on all variables by laypeople, whereas the professional groups? ratings varied according to the variations given in the information.

• Hartmann, Ellen Johanne & Grønnerød, Cato (2009). Rorschach Variables and Big Five Scales as Predictors of Military Training Completion: A Replication Study of the Selection of Candidates to the Naval Special Forces in Norway. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  91(3), s 254- 264 . doi: 10.1080/00223890902794309 Vis sammendrag

  We tested 140 male candidates at the Naval Special Forces (NFS) of Norway on the Rorschach (Exner, 2003; Rorschach, 1921/1942) and the Norwegian version of the Big Five personality dimensions (Engvik & Foslashllesdal, 2005). Rorschach variables significantly correlated with training completion (effect sizes of re = .14-.25), whereas none of the Big Five factors or facets did. The combination of Rorschach and Big Five variables framed in the illusory mental health concept provided strong predictive ability. Testing under stress produced slightly higher predictive validity coefficients between the Rorschach variables and pass-fail than under calm testing. The findings support the results of Hartmann, Sunde, Kristensen, and Martinussen (2003), indicating that Rorschach variables and indications of good mental health may be valid predictors of NFS training.

• Grønnerød, Cato (2006). Reanalysis of the Grønnerød (2003) Rorschach temporal stability meta-analysis data set. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  86(2), s 222- 225
• Hartmann, Ellen Johanne; Nørbech, Peder C. Bryhn & Grønnerød, Cato (2006). Psychopathic and non-psychopathic violent offenders on the Rorschach: Discriminative features andcomparison with schizophrenic inpatient and university student samples. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  86(3), s 291- 305
• Grønnerød, Cato (2004). Rorschach Assessment of Changes Following Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  83, s 256- 276 Vis sammendrag

  I examined Rorschach assessment of personality changes following psychotherapy. I conducted a comprehensive literature search to find all studies using the Rorschach method at least twice for the same participant in connection with psychotherapy. I conducted meta-analyses for 38 samples, and I performed regression analyses to identify moderating factors. Across all Rorschach scores, the total weighted sample effect size was r = .26, and nearly half the variables obtained effect sizes higher than .30. Several moderating factors were found. Most important, effect sizes increased with longer and more intensive therapy. More concern for interscorer reliability was associated with larger effect sizes, whereas a higher degree of scorer blinding was associated with smaller effect size magnitudes. Predicted levels of change based on the regression models indicated substantial increases in effect size with longer therapies. The data indicate that many elements in the Rorschach are valid indicators of change despite the poor reputation the method has acquired within psychotherapy research.

• Grønnerød, Cato (2003). Temporal stability in the Rorschach method: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment.  ISSN 0022-3891.  80(3), s 272- 293 Vis sammendrag

  The temporal stabilities of the Rorschach method scoring systems were investigated. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to find all test–retest studies, both regular and from control samples in therapy evaluation studies. Meta-analyses were conducted for samples, individual entries, and variables in 36 samples. Separate analyses were made for 10 samples using the Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 1993). The temporal stability was high, especially those obtained from regression model predictions. The CS consistently shows higher stability than other systems, whereas increasing retest intervals leads to decreasing stability. Shortcomings of the available studies are highlighted and discussed, and recommendations are given for design and methodology.

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• Grønnerød, Cato; Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grøndahl, Pål (2015). Does psychological treatment of Sexual offenders against children (SOAC) reduce recidivism?.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2013). Forensic Psychiatric Experts and Legal Practitioners: Battle of Wills of Battle of Worlds.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2013). Forensic Psychiatric Experts and Legal Practitioners: Battle of Wills or Battle of Worlds?.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato; Stridbeck, Ulf; Værøy, Henning & Brauer, Harald (2012). En tipunktsplan for bedre rettspsykiatri. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  132(15), s 1727- 1728 Vis sammendrag

  Rettsforhandlingene etter terroren 22. juli er avsluttet og Norsk rettspsykiatri er gjenstand for debatt som aldri før. I denne debatten savner vi en prinsipiell drøfting av strafferettslig rettspsykiatri og dagens utilregnelighetsregler. Vi foreslår her ti konkrete tiltak til forbedring av rettspsykiatrisk virksomhet. Men gratis blir det ikke.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato; Stridbeck, Ulf; Værøy, Henning & Brauer, Harald (2012). P. Grøndahl og medarbeidere svarer professor Øyvind Thomassen (Kritikk av 10 punktsliste for bedre rettspsykiatri. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening.  ISSN 0029-2001.  132(19)
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Et metodisk problem?. Klassekampen.  ISSN 0805-3839.  s 22
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Flere briller. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  49(10), s 997
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Hva psykologer kan bidra med. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  49(6), s 608- 609
• Grønnerød, Cato; Frostad Haakonsen, Jon & Gustavsen, Espen (2012). Multimethod Clinical Assessment of Therapy Outcome.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2011). A Comparison of Expert and Layperson Assessments of Forensic Psychiatric Case Vignettes.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2011, 12. februar). En trygg havn.  Aftenposten.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2009). A comparative case vignette study of decision making in forensic psychiatric cases.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2004). Stability and Change in the Rorschach Method.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2002). Issues of Reliability and Validity in the Results from Two Meta-Analyses.

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