Cato Bjørkli

• Hafstad, Marius Duhovic; González-Romá, Vicente; Bjørkli, Cato; Myklebust, Trond & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2026). Beyond the individual: A multilevel model of employees perceived organizational support. Journal of Management & Organization. ISSN 1833-3672. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2026.10081. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The focus of existing research on perceived organizational support (POS) has largely been concentrated at the individual-level, leaving an understudied gap at a higher unit-level of analysis. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the multilevel relationship between employee POS and job satisfaction, emphasizing the moderating role of unit-level POS. We hypothesize, based on POS theory and social comparison theory, that unit-level POS serves as a contextual moderator for the relationship between individual-level POS and job satisfaction. Additionally, at the unit-level, we identify clan culture values and unit-satisfaction as correlates of unit-POS. We test our hypotheses using a Bayesian Multilevel Structural Modeling approach on 45 work units and 317 employees. The results show that at low levels of unit-level POS, individual-level POS is more important for employees’ job satisfaction. We furthermore found support for a positive association between unit-level POS, unit-clan culture, and unit satisfaction. Our results, and their notable theoretical and practical implications, are discussed.

• Bjørkli, Cato; Hansen, Magnus Bechmann; Holter, Marianne Therese Smogeli; Hafstad, Marius Duhovic & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2026). The impact of COVID-19 on the gig economy in the creative- and culture sector. Journal of Managerial Psychology. ISSN 0268-3946. p. 1–17. doi: 10.1108/JMP-08-2023-0477. Full text in Research Archive
• Zhang, Juliana Jia Yu; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Halberg, Anne Marie & Bjørkli, Cato (2025). Value-driven energy prosumerism: Toward an integrated understanding of peer-to-peer energy trading adoption. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption. 20. doi: 10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100380. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Hafstad, Marius Duhovic; Bjørkli, Cato; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Bjørklund, Roald Arild (2025). The effect of multiple climates on readiness for change within the Norwegian Police Service. International Journal of Police Science and Management. ISSN 1461-3557. doi: 10.1177/14613557251337304. Full text in Research Archive
• Hafstad, Marius Duhovic; Bang, Henning; Bjørkli, Cato; Myklebust, Trond & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2024). Cultivating flexibility: the relationship between flexible organizational values, participation climate, and job attitudes from an employee perspective. Current Psychology. ISSN 1046-1310. 43(41), p. 32027–32039. doi: 10.1007/s12144-024-06759-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Adopting a flexible organizational culture have the potential to be a remedy for organizations that face globalization, technological advancements, and higher expectations from the workforce. However, research on the mechanism between organizational culture and its outcomes remain understudied. This study adopts an employee-centric approach, suggesting that employees’ perception of a participation climate act as a mediator between flexible organizational culture values (clan and adhocracy values) and employees’ organizational commitment and readiness for change. Cross-sectional data was collected from 619 police employees and analyzed by a two-step structural equation modeling approach. The results supports participation climate as a mediator. Participation climate partially mediated the relationship between clan culture and organizational commitment, adhocracy culture and organizational commitment, and adhocracy culture and eadiness for change. Full mediation was found for the relationship between clan culture and readiness for change. Theoretically, this study provides supporting evidence of a relationship between employees’ perceptions of flexible organizational values and a climate for participation, grounded in the notion that organizational climate is the surface level manifestation of organizational culture. Practically, the results offer valuable insight for leaders and organizations who seek knowledge on flexible values, participation climate, employee commitment and readiness for change.

• Abbas, Nadia; Følstad, Asbjørn & Bjørkli, Cato (2023). Chatbots as Part of Digital Government Service Provision – A User Perspective. In Følstad, Asbjørn; Araujo, Theo; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Law, Effie L.-C.; Luger, Ewa; Goodwin, Morten & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (Ed.), Chatbot Research and Design: 6th International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2022, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 22–23, 2022, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. ISSN 9783031255816. p. 66–82. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-25581-6_5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chatbots are taken up as part of digital government service provision. While the success of chatbots for this purpose depends on these being accepted by their intended users, there is a lack of knowledge concerning user perceptions of such chatbots and the implications of these for intention to use. In response to this, an exploratory qualitative interview study was conducted with 15 users of a chatbot for municipality service provision. The interviews showed the importance of performance expectations, effort expectations, and trust. In particular, while a municipality chatbot supporting service triaging may be perceived as beneficial for their availability and to provide support navigation of municipality services and information, this benefit is compared by users to the benefit of other digital government channels. On the basis of the findings, we present key implications to theory and practice, and suggest avenues for future research.

• Haugeland, Isabel Kathleen Fornell; Følstad, Asbjørn; Taylor, Cameron & Bjørkli, Cato (2022). Understanding the user experience of customer service chatbots: An experimental study of chatbot interaction design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. ISSN 1071-5819. 161. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Understanding the user experience of chatbots for customer service is essential to realize the potential of this technology. Such chatbots are typically designed for efficient and effective interactions, accentuating pragmatic quality, and there is a need to understand how to make these more pleasant and engaging, strengthening hedonic quality. One promising approach is to design for more humanlike chatbot interactions, that is, interactions resembling those of skilled customer service personnel. In a randomized experiment (n = 35) we investigated two chatbot interaction design features that may strengthen the impression of a humanlike character: (a) topic-led conversations, encouraging customer reflection, in contrast to task-led conversations, aiming for efficient goal completion, and (b) free text interaction, where users interact mainly using their own words, rather than button interaction, where users mainly interact through predefined answer alternatives. dependent variables were participant perceptions of anthropomorphism and social presence, two key concepts related to chatbot human likeness, in addition to pragmatic quality and hedonic quality. To further explore user perceptions of the interaction designs, the study also included semi-structured interviews. Topic-led conversations were found to strengthen anthropomorphism and hedonic quality. A similar effect was not found for free text interaction, reportedly due to lack in chatbot flexibility and adaptivity. Implications for theory and practice are suggested.

• Ordemann, Stine; Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Bjørkli, Cato (2021). Understanding how chatbots work: An exploratory study of mental models in customer service chatbots. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet. ISSN 1645-7641. 19(1), p. 17–36. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chatbots are changing customer service interactions, enabling higher reliance on self-serving behavior. There seems to be an emphasis on designing these chatbots to be as humanlike as possible. One drawback is that such humanlike design might lead users to apply the same mental models when interacting with chatbots as they do when interacting with human customer service personnel. Arguably, this may cause issues in the chatbot interaction because the technology may not be capable of handling interactions at the same level of sophistication as human personnel. Thus, the mental models that users apply are important for successful system interactions, but little research have been dedicated towards understanding these mental models. To close this research gap, we asked 16 users to interact with two customer service chatbots to explore the mental models guiding their interactions. Based on qualitative interviews and screen-captured videos of the participants’ dialogues, an exploratory analysis indicated that the participants drew on two types of mental models to understand, predict, and interact with chatbots: a human-oriented model and a technology-oriented model. We discuss our findings and their theoretical and practical implications.

• Ordemann, Stine; Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn & Bjørkli, Cato (2021). “Have a nice day:)”: Social interactions with customer service chatbots. In Kommers, Piet & Isaías, Pedro (Ed.), Proceedings of the 19th International Conference: e-Society 2021. IADIS Press. ISSN 9789898704269. p. 53–61. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The use of chatbots in customer service is increasingly widespread. Although research investigating how users experience such chatbots exists, few studies have looked at how users actually interact with customer service chatbots. We lack knowledge on whether users participate in social interactions similar to what one would expect from a human-human interaction, or if they display different communication tactics. We carried out a study in which we asked 16 participants to interact with two customer service chatbots. The dialogues were then analysed to understand whether and how the users participated in social interaction. The results showed that most of the participants interact with chatbots in ways that resemble social interaction with humans, using full sentences as opposed to keywords, first and second person pronouns, and polite remarks. This shows that even highly task-oriented chatbots, such as chatbots for customer service, elicit various social responses from users and raises the question regarding whether one should design for social interaction with chatbots for customer service.

• Vaskinn, Linda; Waaler, Pamela Marie; Mellblom, Anneli; Bjørkli, Cato & Kjøbli, John (2021). Implementation in Residential Youth Care: Providers’ Perspectives on Organizational Facilitators and Barriers. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth. ISSN 0886-571X. doi: 10.1080/0886571X.2021.2007826. Full text in Research Archive
• Moore, Jennifer; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Havdahl, Richard Tidemann; Lømo, Linn Lien; Midthaug, Mari Midthaug & Skjuve, Marita [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). A qualitative study exploring contributors to the success of a community of practice in rehabilitation. BMC Medical Education. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02711-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Communities of Practice (CoPs) focus on learning, knowledge sharing, and creation, and research indicates they can improve healthcare performance. This article describes the development of a CoP that focused on synthesizing and adapting evidence in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R). This study aimed to investigate the CoP members’ experiences and perceived barriers and enablers of CoP success in the early phase of a CoP. Methods Physical therapists and a physician (n = 10) volunteered for a CoP that synthesized literature of PM&R evidence. CoP members participated in education and training on critical appraisal and knowledge synthesis, practiced critical appraisal skills, and summarized literature. Three months after CoP initiation, semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand the CoP members’ experiences and reflections. Members also completed an online survey that included the Evidence-Based Practice Confidence scale (EPIC), questions related to CoP activities, and demographics before CoP initiation. We utilized the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Model of Behaviour (COM-B) to explore how these experiences related to the behavioral adaptation and participation. Results Ten themes related to the potential contributors to CoP success and failure were identified. These included project management, technological solutions, efficacy, organizational support, interaction, the bigger picture, self-development, time, and motivation. Conclusions Contributors to CoP success may include clearly articulated project goals and participant expectations, education and training, reliable technology solutions, organizational support, face-to-face communication, and good project management. Importantly, CoP members need time to participate in activities.

• Zhang, Juliana J. Y.; Følstad, Asbjørn & Bjørkli, Cato A. (2021). Organizational Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Chatbots for Customer Service. Journal of Internet Commerce. ISSN 1533-2861. doi: 10.1080/15332861.2021.1966723. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While chatbots have become an important part of customer service operations, there is a knowledge gap concerning organizational aspects of chatbot implementation and management. In response to this gap, we present a study of organizational factors affecting successful chatbot implementation. The study involved six organizations that had implemented chatbots for customer service within the last three years. Interviews were conducted with chatbot project owners, managers, developers, and customer service personnel – a total of 14 interviews. Through thematic analysis, five organizational factors were detailed as important for successful chatbot implementation: (1) work and team organization, (2) change management, (3) competencies and competency acquisition, (4) organizational resources, and (5) performance measures. We also present findings on the organizations' motivations and key success criteria for chatbot implementation. Based on the findings we summarize implications for theory and practice and point out directions for future research.

• Drozd, Filip; Andersen, Caroline E; Haga, Silje Marie; Slinning, Kari & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2020). User Experiences and Perceptions of Internet Interventions for Depression, Innovations in Global Maternal Health: Improving Prenatal and Postnatal Care Practices. IGI Global. ISSN 9781799823513. p. 369–394. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2351-3.ch016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this chapter is to review qualitative research on user experiences with internet interventions for depression and present original results from in-depth interviews from a preventive unguided intervention for postpartum depression. The first part reviews the literature on qualitative studies of client experiences and perceptions of internet interventions for depression. The next part describes original data from a study investigating participants' experiences using semi-structured interviews, following the modified SWOT-format (i.e., strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats). In total, 10 pregnant and postpartum women aged 28 to 41 were interviewed. Insights from the current review and study are used as a point of departure for discussing future directions in research on internet interventions for depression. This chapter should be valuable for clinicians, researchers, and other health professionals interested in the applicability of internet interventions for their clients, design of future studies, and development of internet interventions.

• Vaskinn, Linda; Mellblom, Anneli; Waaler, Pamela Marie; Skagseth, Oda; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Kjøbli, John (2020). Implementation in Residential Youth Care: Providers Perspectives on Effective Leadership Behavior. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth. ISSN 0886-571X. p. 1–23. doi: 10.1080/0886571X.2020.1774464. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Motland, Karoline; Garnås, Alexander; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2020). An Empirical evaluation of the relationship between human relations climate and readiness for change. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.16993/sjwop.74. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Readiness for change is seen as an important factor in organisational change processes, but it is unclear how organisational climate might affect readiness for change. Addressing this important gap, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between human relations climate, a dimension of the Quinn and Rohrbaugh’s competing values framework of organizational climate, and readiness for change. More specifically the aim was to investigate the mediating role of perceived organisational support. Employees in the Norwegian Police Service (N = 901) answered a survey measuring organisational culture. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Following a two-step analytical approach, the measurement models were first evaluated and then the relationships between constructs were examined. Evaluations of the original measurement models showed non-satisfactory fit, however after modifications, the measurement models were found to have satisfactory fit. In the second step, both the original and the modified measurement models were applied to the examination of three competing models: a partially mediated model, a fully mediated model, and a non-mediated model. Evaluation of the models showed fully mediated models (original and modified) to have the best fit to data, suggesting that the relationship between human relations organisational climate and employees’ readiness for change is mediated by perceived organisational support. The finding adds theoretically to literature on organisational climate, highlighting the role of perceived organisational support. From an applied perspective actions fostering human relations climate to strengthen perceived organisational support are recommended.

• Nordheim, Cecilie Bertinussen; Følstad, Asbjørn & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2019). An initial model of trust in chatbots for customer service – Findings from a questionnaire study. Interacting with computers. ISSN 0953-5438. 31(3), p. 317–335. doi: 10.1093/iwc/iwz022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chatbots are predicted to play a key role in customer service. Users’ trust in such chatbots is critical for their uptake. However, there is a lack of knowledge concerning users’ trust in chatbots. To bridge this knowledge gap, we present a questionnaire study (N = 154) that investigated factors of relevance for trust in customer service chatbots. The study included two parts: an explanatory investigation of the relative importance of factors known to predict trust from the general literature on interactive systems and an exploratory identification of other factors of particular relevance for trust in chatbots. The participants were recruited as part of their dialogue with one of four chatbots for customer service. Based on the findings, we propose an initial model of trust in chatbots for customer service, including chatbot-related factors (perceived expertise and responsiveness), environment-related factors (risk and brand perceptions), and user-related factors (propensity to trust technology).

• Følstad, Asbjørn; Nordheim, Cecilie Bertinussen & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2018). What makes users trust a chatbot for customer service? An exploratory interview study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS). ISSN 0302-9743. 11193 , p. 194–208. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01437-7_16. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chatbots are increasingly offered as an alternative source of customer service. For users to take up chatbots for this purpose, it is important that users trust chatbots to provide the required support. However, there is currently a lack in knowledge regarding the factors that affect users’ trust in chatbots. We present an interview study addressing this knowledge gap. Thirteen users of chatbots for customer service were interviewed regarding their experience with the chatbots and factors affecting their trust in these. Users’ trust in chatbots for customer service was found to be affected (a) by factors concerning the specific chatbot, specifically the quality of its interpretation of requests and advise, its human-likeness, its self-presentation, and its professional appearance, but also (b) by factors concerning the service context, specifically the brand of the chatbot host, the perceived security and privacy in the chatbot, as well as general risk perceptions concerning the topic of the request. Implications for the design and development of chatbots and directions for future work are suggested.

• Lone, Jon Anders; Riege, Anine Cecilie; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2017). The relationship between the broader environment and the work system in a university setting: a systems approach. Studies in Higher Education. ISSN 0307-5079. 42(1), p. 3–22. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2015.1034259. Full text in Research Archive
• Drozd, Filip; Andersen, Caroline Emilie; Haga, Silje Marie; Slinning, Kari & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2017). User Experiences and Perceptions of Internet Interventions for Depression. In Langrial, Sitwat Usman (Eds.), Web-Based Behavioral Therapies for Mental Disorders. IGI Global. ISSN 9781522532415. p. 27–52. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3241-5.ch002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this chapter is to review qualitative research on user experiences with internet interventions for depression and present original results from in-depth interviews from a preventive unguided intervention for postpartum depression. The first part reviews the literature on qualitative studies of client experiences and perceptions of internet interventions for depression. The next part describes original data from a study investigating participants' experiences using semi-structured interviews, following the modified SWOT-format (i.e., strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats). In total, 10 pregnant and postpartum women aged 28 to 41 were interviewed. Insights from the current review and study are used as a point of departure for discussing future directions in research on internet interventions for depression. This chapter should be valuable for clinicians, researchers, and other health professionals interested in the applicability of internet interventions for their clients, design of future studies, and development of internet interventions.

• Lone, Jon Anders; Garnås, Alexander; Myklebust, Trond; Bjørklund, Roald; Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato (2017). Organizational climate and investigation performance in the Norwegian police: A qualitative study. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. ISSN 1544-4759. 14(3), p. 227–245. doi: 10.1002/jip.1474. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present study aimed to identify organizational climate dimensions that are salient for police investigation performance and to explicate the mechanisms of the relationship between organizational climate and investigation performance. We conducted 38 semistructured interviews with participants at three job levels of police investigative work (chiefs of police, n = 11, senior investigating officers, n = 14, detectives, n = 13) in 11 Norwegian police districts. We analyzed the interview data by using a model of organizational climate based on the competing values framework (Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983). Two types of climate, human relations climate and rational goal climate, were perceived to enhance investigation performance. The findings indicate that a human relations climate enhances investigation performance by developing collective human capital and by supporting internal and external cooperation and coordination of resources. Moreover, the findings suggest that a rational goal climate increases investigation performance by encouraging planning, goal setting, and task focus.

• Drozd, Filip; Vaskinn, Linda; Bergsund, Hans Bugge; Haga, Silje Marie; Slinning, Kari & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2016). The implementation of internet interventions for depression: A scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 18(9). doi: 10.2196/jmir.5670. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Depression is one of the most common mental health problems among adults, but effective treatments are not widely accessible. The Internet holds promise as a cost-effective and convenient delivery platform of interventions for depression. However, studies suggest that Internet interventions are not widely available in routine settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the literature and examine whether there are systematic differences in reporting of the various implementation components on Internet interventions for depression, and then to examine what is known about and is characteristic of the implementation of these Internet interventions in regular care settings. Methods: We performed a scoping review, drawing upon a broad range of the literature on Internet interventions for depression in regular care, and used the active implementation framework to extract data. Results: Overall, the results suggested that knowledge about the implementation of Internet interventions for depression in regular care is limited. However, guided support from health professionals emphasizing program adherence and recruitment of end users to the interventions emerged as 2 main themes. We identified 3 additional themes among practitioners, including their qualifications, training, and supervision, but these were scarcely described in the literature. The competency drivers (ie, staff and user selection, training, and supervision) have received the most attention, while little attention has been given to organizational (ie, decision support, administration, and system intervention) and leadership drivers. Conclusions: Research has placed little emphasis on reporting on the implementation of interventions in practice. Leadership and organizational drivers, in particular, have been largely neglected. The results of this scoping review have implications for future research and efforts to successfully implement Internet interventions for depression in regular care.

• Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Østerud, Kaja Brynildsen; Anderssen, Line; Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander (2014). Assessing knowledge-intensive work environment: General versus situation-specific instruments. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. ISSN 1359-432X. 23(3), p. 469–482. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2012.750449. Full text in Research Archive
• Drozd, Filip; Mork, Lia; Nielsen, Bettina; Raeder, Sabine & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2014). Better Days - A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based positive psychology intervention. Journal of Positive Psychology. ISSN 1743-9760. 9(5), p. 377–388. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2014.910822. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The internet seems promising for delivering interventions to enhance well-being in a normal population. The aim of this study was to test the effects of an internet-based positive psychology intervention targeting gratitude, pleasant activities, strengths, mastery, acts of kindness, optimism, flow, attributions, and mindfulness. One-hundred and twelve participants were randomized to the intervention and 94 to the control group, and data were collected at baseline, one, two, and six months after intervention onset. The balance of positive to negative affect increased over time among participants in the intervention group (unstandardized beta coefficient [B] = 0.07, p < 0.01), as compared to the controls (B = 0.02, p = 010). The intervention worked equally well regardless of participants’ gender, age, or education. However, optimism did not mediate the effect of the intervention on affect balance. In conclusion, the intervention had a small, but significant effect on affect balance among healthy adults.

• Morrison, Andrew; Edeholt, Håkan; Røise, Øivind; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (2014). What We Talk About When We Talk About Design. Toward a Taxonomy of Design Competencies. FormAkademisk - Forskningstidsskriftet for design og designdidaktikk. 7(2), p. 1–17. doi: 10.7577/formakademisk.788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  What is it that designers talk about as mattering in their professional competencies? In this article, we empirically investigated industrial designers’ own assumptions on their design practice in relation to innovation. In applying a method potentially suitable for design research, interview statements from design professionals (n=17) were categorised according to 12 pre-selected categories of potential design core competencies. Of a total of 2,267 statements, 1,990 were classified as related to design competence. A qualitative classification of the statements revealed that 1,259 (63.3%) of these could be classified under the pre-set categories. The results showed that out of the 12 categories, ‘creativity’, ‘particular design methods and techniques’ and ‘user’ were emphasised. From the remaining statements, two additional categories were revealed: ‘teamwork’ and ‘project management’. These results can be used to reveal design professionals’ self-understanding of their contributions to innovation processes.

• Hannevik, Martine B; Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander & Hoff, Thomas (2014). Organizational climate in large-scale projects in the oil and gas industry: A competing values perspective. International Journal of Project Management. ISSN 0263-7863. 32(4), p. 687–697. doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.08.006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of the present study was to identify central dimensions and develop a model of organizational climate in large-scale project organizations in the oil and gas industry. Interviews with 18 employees (15 men, 3 women) in a project organization in the Norwegian oil and gas industry were content-analyzed on two models: The global instrument, the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM) based on the Competing Values Framework, and the domain-specific instrument, Project People Survey (PPS). The findings indicate that a climate characterized by a strong focus on a) communication and cooperation with actors in the external environment such as vendors, and b) internal cooperation and communication with other projects and with the line organization, is perceived as critical to success in large-scale projects in the oil and gas industry. We propose a new model called the Organizational Climate Measure for Large-Scale Project Organizations in the Oil and Gas Industry (OCMP).

• Drozd, Filip; Raeder, Sabine; Kraft, Pål & Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander (2013). Multilevel Growth Curve Analyses of Treatment Effects of a Web-Based Intervention for Stress Reduction: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). ISSN 1439-4456. 15(4). doi: 10.2196/jmir.2570. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Stress is commonly experienced by many people and it is a contributing factor to many mental and physical health conditions, However, few efforts have been made to develop and test the effects of interventions for stress. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a Web-based stress-reduction intervention on stress, investigate mindfulness and procrastination as potential mediators of any treatment effects, and test whether the intervention is equally effective for females as males, all ages, and all levels of education. Methods: We employed a randomized controlled trial in this study. Participants were recruited online via Facebook and randomly assigned to either the stress intervention or a control condition. The Web-based stress intervention was fully automated and consisted of 13 sessions over 1 month. The controls were informed that they would get access to the intervention after the final data collection. Data were collected at baseline and at 1, 2, and 6 months after intervention onset by means of online questionnaires. Outcomes were stress, mindfulness, and procrastination, which were all measured at every measurement occasion. Results: A total of 259 participants were included and were allocated to either the stress intervention (n=126) or the control condition (n=133). Participants in the intervention and control group were comparable at baseline; however, results revealed that participants in the stress intervention followed a statistically different (ie, cubic) developmental trajectory in stress levels over time compared to the controls. A growth curve analysis showed that participants in the stress intervention (unstandardized beta coefficient [B]=–3.45, P=.008) recovered more quickly compared to the control group (B=–0.81, P=.34) from baseline to 1 month. Although participants in the stress intervention did show increases in stress levels during the study period (B=2.23, P=.008), long-term stress levels did decrease again toward study end at 6 months (B=–0.28, P=.009). Stress levels in the control group, however, remained largely unchanged after 1 month (B=0.29, P=.61) and toward 6 months (B=–0.03, P=.67). Mediation analyses showed nonlinear (ie, cubic) specific indirect effects of mindfulness and a linear specific indirect effect of procrastination on stress. In simple terms, the intervention increased mindfulness and decreased procrastination, which was related to lower stress levels. Finally, the effect of the stress intervention was independent of participants’ gender, age, or education. Conclusions: The results from this randomized controlled trial suggest that a Web-based intervention can reduce levels of stress in a normal population and that both mindfulness and procrastination may be important components included in future eHealth interventions for stress. Trial Registration: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 25619675; http://controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN25619675 (Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6FxB1gOKY)

• Bernstrøm, Vilde; Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander; Ulleberg, Pål & Hoff, Thomas (2013). Assessing a Norwegian Translation of the Organizational Climate Measure. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 112(2), p. 390–407. doi: 10.2466/01.08.PR0.112.2.390-407. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander; Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørshol, Conrad Arnfinn; Myklebust, Helge & Hoff, Thomas (2012). Effects of socio-emotional stressors on ventilation rate and subjective workload during simulated CPR by lay rescuers. Applied Ergonomics. ISSN 0003-6870. 43(4), p. 799–802. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.015. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Several studies have documented the occurrence of high ventilation rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but to date, there have been no scientific investigation of the causes of hyperventilation. The objective of the current study was to test the effects of socio-emotional stressors on lay rescuers’ ventilation rate in a simulated resuscitation setting using a manikin model. A within-subjects experiment with randomized order of conditions tested lay rescuers’ ventilation rate on an intubated manikin during exposure to socio-emotional stressors and during a control condition where no external stressors were present. Ventilation rates and subjective workload were significantly higher during exposure to socio-emotional stressors than during the control condition. All but one of the nine participants ventilated at a higher ventilation rate in the experimental condition. All nine participants rated the subjective workload to be higher during exposure to socio-emotional stressors. Hence, exposure to socio-emotional stressors is associated with increased ventilation rates performed by lay rescuers during simulated cardiac arrest using a manikin model. These findings might have implications for the understanding of the type of situations which hyperventilation may occur. Awareness of these situations may have implications for training of lay rescues.

• Bjørshol, Conrad Arnfinn; Myklebust, Helge; Nilsen, Kjetil Lønne; Hoff, Thomas; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander & Illguth, Eirik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Effect of socioemotional stress on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during advanced life support in a randomized manikin study. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 39(2), p. 300–304. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ffe100. Full text in Research Archive
• Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Ulleberg, Pål & Hoff, Thomas (2011). Organizational Climate and Innovation in the Norwegian Service Sector. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. 3(1), p. 3–17. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this article was to investigate the generalizability of existing research on the relationship between organizational climate and innovation in the service sector. The study was carried out in four large departments in an international service organization (N=409), representing different industries in the service sector. The Norwegian Organizational Climate Measure (NOCM) was administered as a measure of the climate of the organization. Encouragement and support of new ideas were positively related to innovation, whereas holding on to established ways of performing work was negatively related to innovation. The results indicate that certain dimensions of the organizational climate are related to innovation, and of importance for innovation in service sector organizations. The present study discusses the generalizability of prior findings, the relationship between climate and innovation in the service sector, and suggests how organizations within the service sector can promote innovation.

• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Røed, Bjarte Knappen & Hoff, Thomas (2010). Control strategies used by experienced marine navigators: observation of verbal conversations during navigation training. Cognition, Technology & Work. ISSN 1435-5558. 12(3), p. 163–179. doi: 10.1007/s10111-009-0132-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article investigates the relationship between the control situation framework, as presented by Bjørkli et al. (Cogn Technol Work 9:67–80, 2007), and observed operator action and communication in high-speed craft operation in the Norwegian Royal Navy. The reported data include two series of events during sailing in the Norwegian archipelago where uncertainty of ship position, challenges of manoeuvring and navigation strategies are addressed. The results indicate that the navigators perform actions and communicate in accordance with the key features of the control situation framework, and thus adapt to the interrelation between control possibilities and control requirements. The navigators were guided by explicit knowledge of the functional characteristics of psychical and temporal dynamics, which were actualized in manoeuvring. It indicates that the control situation framework can be used to describe the models the operators use.

• Hoff, Thomas; Straumsheim, Per Atle; Bjørkli, Cato & Bjørklund, Roald Arild (2009). An External Validation of Two Psychosocial Work Environment Surveys – A SWOT Approach. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. 1(1), p. 11–28. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The present article attempts to conceptually validate two established surveys for measuring psychosocial work environment; The General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPSNordic), and the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM). Five respondents in a financial institution were asked to reflect freely on the topic of the psychosocial work environment of the company, only guided by the SWOT format. The main hypothesis was that even though QPSNordic is comprehensive and developed specifically for measuring psychosocial work environment, the thematically broader OCM – with less items – would capture more of the statements from the transcribed interviews. In addition, it was assumed that the SWOT format would provide statements not covered by any of the statements. Both hypotheses were confirmed, and OCM proved to be more sensitive to the statements than did the QPSNordic. The SWOT format turned out to be even more sensitive, but this might be due to the nature of the SWOT questions, rather than the conceptualizations of the respondents.

• Hoff, Thomas; Ellen, Flakke; Anne-Karin, Larsen; Lone, Jon Anders; Bjørkli, Cato & Bjørklund, Roald Arild (2009). On the Validity of M-SWOT for Innovation Climate Development. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology. 1(1), p. 3–11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The idea behind M-SWOT is to assess the organization by way of mapping the participants’ responses to open and general questions onto specific, research based models in a particular domain; in this case innovation climate. The present article attempts to conceptually validate SWOT by way of providing a link to the Organizational Climate Measure (OCM), and to demonstrate discriminatory validity of SWOT towards other related, but unspecific models (the Job Characteristics Model (JCM)), based on SWOT interviews with 15 managers in two highly innovative Norwegian companies. The hypotheses are that there will be a positive correlation between the OCM dimensions and the SWOT statements; that the four quadrants of OCM will cover the SWOT statements in a particular order, and that more SWOT statements will be aligned with OCM than JCM. All hypotheses were confirmed. The results indicate that an M-SWOT approach to innovation climate development is viable with respect to the type of content that the SWOT interviews elicit.

• Hoff, Thomas; Bjelland, Hans Vanhauwaert & Bjørkli, Cato (2008). Theory and Practice of Ecological Interfaces: A case Study of Haptic In- Vehicle Audio System Design. In Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato (Ed.), Embodied Minds – Technical Environments: Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251923415. p. 181–219. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Hoff, Thomas; Jenssen, Gunnar Deinboll; Øritsland, Trond Are & Ulleberg, Pål (2008). On Representations of In-Vehicle Information Systems - Effects of Graphical (GUI) versus Speech-Based User Interfaces. In Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (Ed.), Embodied Minds – Technical Environments. Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251923415. p. 161–180. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The deep integration of technology in our modern society forces us to rethink the relationship humans have to their surroundings. The rise of complex sociotechnical systems denotes how humans and technology have entered a symbiotic relationship where the coordinated and fluent interaction between us and technology is a crucial condition for modern societies to function. The disharmony in the relationship between humans and technology has immediate and serious consequences. Accidents and failed operations in transport, incomprehensible user interfaces, and failure to learn from experience are all examples from everyday life suggesting that the understanding of human-technology relationships is not sufficient. This book investigates how humans relate to technology in our modern society, and how our basic assumption of human thought and behaviour guide our efforts to improve and control technology. The fact is that the skilled use of technology in expert systems and everyday life challenges the traditional conception of humans and technology as two separate elements in the analysis of work. This book shows how this dualism is evident and problematic in a wide range of areas, such as investigation of human error in accidents, case studies of innovative interface solutions, simulator training strategies, analysis of work practices in complex systems, and traffic safety research. This book is written for researchers, students and professionals, to supplement the ongoing effort to understand how technology can be integrated with more confidence in modern society.

• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato & Hoff, Thomas (2008). The Bodily Basis of Control in Technically Aided Movement. In Bergmann, Sigurd; Hoff, Thomas & Sager, Tore Øivin (Ed.), Spaces of Mobility The Planning, Ethics, Engineering and Religion of Human Motion. Equinox Publishing. ISSN 9781845533397. p. 101–124. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kapittelet har ikke sammendrag/abstract.

• Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato (2008). Introduction. In Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato (Ed.), Embodied Minds – Technical Environments: Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251923415. p. 11–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas; Bjelland, Hans Vanhauwaert; Bjørkli, Cato & Øvergård, Kjell Ivar (2007). A Case Study of a Touch Based Interface for In-Car Audio Systems. The Design Journal. ISSN 1460-6925. 10(1), p. 24–34. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas; Bjørkli, Cato; Bjelland, Hans V; Røed, Bjarte Knappen & Gould, Kristian S. (2007). Activity theory as a supportive framework in design of navigation equipment. Activités. p. 179–187. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato; Røed, Bjarte Knappen; Øvergård, Kjell Ivar & Hoff, Thomas (2007). Control Situations in High Speed Craft Operation. Cognition, Technology & Work. ISSN 1435-5558. 9, p. 67–80. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The control situation framework presented by Petersen (Cogn Technol Work 6(4):266–274, 2004) is elaborated upon in the context of military high-speed craft navigation. An observational study was done on a military navigational exercise in Indre Folda, a stretch of particularly demanding confined waters in Norway. The concept of control strategies is presented as a term related to how navigators choose to take out the control possibilities present in the system. Control actions are viewed as actions that fix the control demands and control possibilities over longer time-scales. Control strategies are different from control actions in that they continuously alter the control demands and control possibilities through its execution.

• Hoff, Thomas; Bjørkli, Cato; Røed, Bjarte Knappen; Gould, Kristian S. & Bjelland, Hans V (2007). La théorie de l'activité comme aide a la conception d'équipment de navigation. Activités. p. 170–178. Full text in Research Archive
• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Hoff, Thomas & Dahlman, Joakim (2005). Comparison of Trajectory Variation and Speed for Real and Simulator-based High-Speed Navigation. In Veiersted, Bo; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Gould, Kristian S. (Ed.), Ergonomics as a tool in future development and value creation. Nordic Ergonomics Society. ISSN 9788299574716. p. 275–279. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A comparison of high-speed craft navigation in simulated and real settings was performed. Three route-segments differing in complexity was analyzed by comparing the speed and trajectory variance between the simulator-based navigation and the real navigation. Significant differences in speed and trajectory variance was found, but these differences were not consistent over the segments. However, the differences in speed and trajectory variance could be understood by taking into an interaction between the lack of risk involved in simulator navigation relative to real navigation, and the complexity of the segments analyzed.

• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (2002). Workload as Activity. Proceedings of the Nordic Ergonomics Society's 34th Annual Congress on Humans in a Complex Environment. 1, p. 101–107. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Hoff, Thomas & Øritsland, Trond Are (2002). On Representations of In-Vehicle Information Systems - Effects of Handheld vs. Speech Based User Interfaces. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. ISSN 1369-8478. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2002). Læring, kognisjon og studieteknikk. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 39(3), p. 203–207. Full text in Research Archive

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• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (2008). Embodied Minds – Technical Environments. Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788251923415. 277 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The deep integration of technology in our modern society forces us to rethink the relationship humans have to their surroundings. The rise of complex sociotechnical systems denotes how humans and technology have entered a symbiotic relationship where the coordinated and fluent interaction between us and technology is a crucial condition for modern societies to function. The disharmony in the relationship between humans and technology has immediate and serious consequences. Accidents and failed operations in transport, incomprehensible user interfaces, and failure to learn from experience are all examples from everyday life suggesting that the understanding of human-technology relationships is not sufficient. This book investigates how humans relate to technology in our modern society, and how our basic assumption of human thought and behaviour guide our efforts to improve and control technology. The fact is that the skilled use of technology in expert systems and everyday life challenges the traditional conception of humans and technology as two separate elements in the analysis of work. This book shows how this dualism is evident and problematic in a wide range of areas, such as investigation of human error in accidents, case studies of innovative interface solutions, simulator training strategies, analysis of work practices in complex systems, and traffic safety research. This book is written for researchers, students and professionals, to supplement the ongoing effort to understand how technology can be integrated with more confidence in modern society.

• Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato (2008). Embodied Minds – Technical Environments: Conceptual Tools for Analysis, Design and Training. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 9788251923415. 277 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Vaskinn, Linda; Mellblom, Anneli; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Kjøbli, John (2020). Implementation in Residential Youth Care: Providers Perspectives on Effective Leadership Behavior. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth. ISSN 0886-571X. doi: 10.1080/0886571X.2020.1774464. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Considering the high prevalence of mental health challenges among the residential youth care (RYC) population, it is imperative that research-informed interventions are implemented in this setting. However, little research is available regarding RYC implementation practices. Leadership is a vital influencer of implementation success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further the knowledge base concerning effective implementation in RYC by investigating implementation leadership behavior. Utilizing qualitative methods, RYC providers were asked about effective implementation leadership behaviors, with an emphasis on similarities and variations in behavior enacted by different leadership levels within the organization. The results indicate that relations-oriented and task-oriented leadership behavior are more important than change-oriented implementation leadership behavior among the providers interviewed. The reported behaviors differed in terms of leadership level. The top executive leadership was more involved in taskoriented leadership behavior (i.e., monitoring activities, resource procurement), while the facility management was more involved with relations-oriented behaviors (i.e., providing support, facilitating cooperation). Finally, the results are discussed in light of RYC characteristics and implementation stages.

• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Følstad, Asbjørn (2020). Tillit til chatbots. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2017). Politiet som organisasjon - Hvilke måleparametere kan brukes. Hvorfor og hvordan undersøke dette i Innlandet politidistrikt. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2017). "Politiet som organisasjon" Prosjekt og implementering i politidistriktene. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordvik, Jan Egil; Berg, Marie; Mbalilaki, Julia Aneth; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Lømo, Linn Lien & Midthaug, Mari [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). The use of virtual meetings and a project platform bring researchers and clinicians together in Knowledge Translation (KT). International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC). 16(5), p. 32–32. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Garnås, Alexander (2014). Presentasjon av etterforskningsprosjektet: Strategisk målstyring. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2014). Etterforskningsprosjektet - Strategiske perspektiver i etterforskningsarbeidet i norsk politi. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Garnås, Alexander (2014). Developing a modern police force: Comparing perspectives on police investigations within the Norwegian police. Full text in Research Archive
• Fagernæs, Linnea; Aasland, Kristine Aasulfsen; Garnås, Alexander; Myklebust, Trond & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2014). Factors influencing the quality of the criminal investigation in ØKOKRIM. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Garnås, Alexander & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2014). Investigative Interviewing: Comparing operative and educational perspectives in the Norwegian police. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2014). Etterforskningsprosjektet - analyse av politidistrikt og særorgan. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Myklebust, Trond (2014). Effektivitetskultur i norsk politi. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Myklebust, Trond (2014). The investigative interviewing: Comparing operative and educational perspectives in the Norwegian Police. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Trond; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Lone, Jon Anders (2013). Exploring the practitioners perspective: A model for investigation in the Norwegian Police. Full text in Research Archive
• Drozd, Filip; Nordgreen, Tine & Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander (2013). God (e-)helse - gode liv. p. 28–28. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  FoU-midler innen helseteknologi kommer ikke pasientene til gode. Er dette den beste utnyttelsen av sårt trengte midler til psykisk helsehjelp i Norge?

• Lone, Jon Anders; Myklebust, Trond; Bjørklund, Roald Arild & Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander (2013). The IGLO Model: An Empirical Investigation of a Four-Level Model of Work Characteristics. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkli, Cato Alexsander & Øvergård, Kjell Ivar (2012). Automated assessment of docking manoeuvres: When do we know when an operator performs well? Full text in Research Archive
• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Bjørshol, Conrad; Myklebust, Helge & Hoff, Thomas (2008). Socio-Emotional Stressors Increase Ventilation Rate During Advanced Cardiac Life Support in a Manikin Model. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that trained medical personnel deliver manual ventilations at excessive rates while performing advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). We seek to uncover the root causes of hyperventilation during ACLS. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that the presence of socio-emotional stressors would increase the ventilation rate during simulated cardiac arrest in a manikin model. METHOD: A within-subject study involved two conditions presented in randomized order. Ten students at the University of Oslo participated in the study. In the control condition the participants ventilated an intubated manikin while being alone in the room. The other condition involved in addition the presence of six more people and a telephone conversation with a simulated 911 dispatcher. All participants were instructed to ventilate the manikin ten times per minute in both conditions. Ventilation rate was measured by the interval between the initiation of each ventilation (Inter-Response-Interval; IRI). RESULTS: The ventilation rate was higher during exposure to socio-emotional stressors (Mean IRI = 5.55, SD = 2.57) than during the control condition (Mean IRI = 7.28, SD = 2.51; t(9) = -3.205, 95% CI -2.95, -.51; Cohen's d = 1.04; p = .011). Five participants ventilated faster than the recommended rate of 10 bpm during the socio-emotional scenario (range 11.5-22 bpm). Only two persons ventilated faster than the recommended rate of 10 bpm in the control condition. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-emotional pressure increases ventilation rate during advanced cardiac life support in a manikin model. This may have consequences for the organization and training of ACLS providers.

• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Bjørshol, Conrad; Myklebust, Helge & Hoff, Thomas (2008). Socio-emotional stressors increase ventilation rate during advanced cardial life support in a manikin model. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. p. 1468–1468. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that trained medical personnel deliver manual ventilations at excessive rates while performing advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Excessive ventilation rates may contribute to increased mortality among these patients. We seek to uncover the root causes of hyperventilation during ACLS. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that the presence of socio-emotional stressors would increase the ventilation rate during simulated cardiac arrest in a manikin model. METHOD: A within-subject study involved two conditions presented in randomized order. Ten students at the University of Oslo participated in the study. In one condition all participants ventilated a standard intubated manikin while being alone in the room. Another condition involved in addition the presence of six more people and a telephone conversation with a simulated 911 dispatcher. All participants were instructed to ventilate the manikin ten times per minute in both conditions. Ventilation rate was measured by the interval between the initiation of each ventilation event (Inter-Response-Interval; IRI). RESULTS: The participants had a higher ventilation rate during exposure to socio-emotional stressors (Mean IRI = 5.55, SD =2.57) than during the alone condition (Mean IRI = 7.28, SD = 2.51; t(9) = –3.205, 95&percnt; CI –2.95, –.51; Cohen’s d = 1.04; p = .011). Five participants ventilated much faster than the recommended rate of 10 bpm during the socio-emotional scenario (range 11.5–22 bpm for these four people). Only two persons ventilated faster than the recommended rate of 10 bpm in the alone condition. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-emotional pressure increases ventilation rate during advanced cardiac life support in a manikin model. This may have consequences for the organization and training of ACLS providers.

• Røed, Bjarte Knappen; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander; Gould, Kristian S. & Hoff, Thomas (2006). Activity theory as a supportive framework in design of navigation equipment. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study reports on the use of Activity Theory as a supportive framework in a design process. Crews on Fast Patrol Boats in the Royal Norwegian Navy were observed during high speed navigation in coastal waters. The unit of analysis was the navigation team of five persons in their work. Activity was regarded as situated actions shaped by tools, objects and constraints. The framework of Activity Theory was used to form a design language that encompassed the aspects relevant to design and navigation. Based on the findings, a prototype of a automated steering system was built. We suggest that in design process, Activity Theory moves the focus from the technical qualities of artefacts towards how artefacts are used as tools to mediate activity.

• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (2006). Modelling the Human Controller: Control Strategies and Individual Variation in Dynamic Control Tasks. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The control situation-framework is being elaborated with respect to the notion of control strategies. Control strategies are the contextually guided adaptation of control behaviours within the constraints set by current control possibilities and control demands. An experimental pursuit sine-wave tracking setup is currently being adapted to test how humans control and adapt to technical systems. This paper presents some of the interim analyses of a recent experiment. General findings are the presence of non-white ‘noise’ in operator behaviour remnant which may be explained by differences in the operators’ control styles. Comments on the modelling of operator control strategies are presented.

• Røed, Bjarte Knappen; Gould, Kristian S.; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Hoff, Thomas (2005). Aspects of the technical development on Norwegian military fast patrol boats. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas; Øritsland, Trond Are & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2002). Exploring the Embodied-Mind Approach to User Experience. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas; Øritsland, Trond Are & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2002). Ecological Interaction Properties. Full text in Research Archive
• Hoff, Thomas & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2002). Effects of Tangible User Interfaces (TUI) in In-Vehicle Information Systems. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergsund, Hans Bugge; Drozd, Filip & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2015). Implementation of Internet Interventions for Depression: A Scoping Review. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Evidence for the efficacy of web-based treatments for depression has increased substantially the last few years. However, many of these programs obtain poor effect sizes or fail to become a part of routine practice. Such issues could be due to a knowledge gap on how these interventions should be implemented. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to examine what is known from the existing literature about implementation of internet interventions for depression. Method: A systematic scoping review of English and Scandinavian-language articles was carried out on 12 databases. Additional papers were identified by contacting relevant societies, as well as hand-searching journals and reference lists. Only empirical studies on internet-based interventions for depression were included. Relevant articles were subjected to a directed content analysis, using May and Finch s (2009) Normalization Process Theory (NPT) as a theoretical framework to identify implementation information. Results: 7 076 citations were identified and screened for relevance, resulting in 255 full-text articles on internet interventions for depression, of which 51 % were relevant to the implementation framework (N = 130). Content analysis revealed that there was a substantial lack of reporting on implementation. Furthermore, researchers tend to use a non-systematic approach when reporting on implementation and often fail to consider the different organizational levels involved in putting an intervention into practice. Conclusion: The review identified considerable knowledge gaps in the literature. These findings indicate that the field of internet interventions for depression require a great deal of research on implementation, especially in areas that relate to other levels than intervention users.

• Andersen, Caroline Emilie; Drozd, Filip & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2015). A Web-Based Intervention for Postpartum Depression. An Assessment of User Acceptability and Information System Evaluation. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Treating and preventing postpartum depression is related to a number of attitudinal and practical barriers. Addressing these barriers are web-interventions using persuasive technology, aiming to identify women at risk, prevent development of depressive symptoms, and increase subjective well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate persuasive features and acceptability among users of Mamma Mia ; a web-intervention for perinatal depression. Based on mixed-model design, semi-structured interviews were conducted on ten perinatal well-educated, employed women with partners (age 28-41). The statements derived from the interviews were unitized and coded into two theoretical and methodological frameworks; SWOT and Persuasive Systems Design (PSD) Model. Results from content and thematic analyses show that the PSD-model and SWOT framework capture significant aspects and qualities of persuasive features in explaining information systems interaction with its users. Thematic analysis indicates that the Mamma Mia intervention is perceived as acceptable, and professional, which are qualities predicting adherence. The study contributes support for assessing persuasive features to develop successful persuasive systems, utilizing specific persuasive features that predict adherence, and qualities of features to enhance user satisfaction, and effectiveness of mental health interventions.

• Haupts, Tristan; Øvergård, Kjell Ivar & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2015). Implicit Leadership Theories: Do they differ for male and female leaders? Investigating the effects of leader gender and work-context in the Culturally Endorsed Leadership Theory. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Implicit leadership theories have been shown to be potent in the development of global leadership models that accommodate the challenges posed to leadership efforts in a globalized world. Furthermore, the rise of women to leadership positions warrants investigations of whether individuals hold differing implicit leadership theories for men and women. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether implicit leadership theories differ for male and female leaders, and whether the difference was greater in a neutral versus masculine work- context. The present research project utilized a short version of project GLOBE’s leadership questionnaire that was administered to 579 students (311 women and 268 men) at Norwegian universities and University colleges. Observations were analyzed with a GLM repeated measure model in SPSS 22. Results revealed no significant relationship between leaders’ gender and the rated importance of leadership attributes, contrary to the hypothesized expectations. Furthermore, a significant but very small interaction-effect (ηp2 = .015) between leader gender and work-context was found to affect ratings of leader attributes. Methodological limitations as well as theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. The present project was initiated and carried out by two master students under supervision by Professor Kjell Ivar Øvergård at the University College of Buskerud and Vestfold (HBV) and Associate Professor Cato Alexander Bjørkli at the University of Oslo (UiO). The investigated data were collected by the students. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by the students with extensive assistance from Professor Øvergård. Separate theses were written since the students attend differing master courses.

• Vaskinn, Linda; Drozd, Filip & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2015). Implementation of Internet Interventions for Depression: A Scoping Review - An investigation of the knowledge on implementation of internet interventions for depression in the existing literature. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Depression is one of the most frequently diagnosed mental health disorders among adults, and appropriate treatment are not widely accessed. The Internet holds promise as a cost-effective and convenient delivery platform of interventions for depression. However, a common finding in health services is the failure to transfer interventions found effective in research, to routine settings. This finding has called for an emphasis of implementation among scholars. This scoping review aims to investigate the existing literature of implementation of internet interventions for depression, as coded onto the active implementation components. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to investigate the amount of knowledge of implementation in the field of internet interventions for depression, and what that knowledge entailed. The results suggested that there exists limited knowledge of implementation of internet interventions and that there is a tendency not to report on implementation-relevant factors in the literature of internet interventions. Overall, the competency drivers have received the most attention, while little to no attention have been placed on the organization and leadership drivers. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis revealed that staff selection was not concerned with the selection of practitioners, rather reflect reporting standards in empirical reports. The results of this scoping review provide implications for future efforts in the successful dissemination internet interventions for depression. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

• Brennsund, Hilde & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2013). The work at an Emergency Call Centre: Comparison between the Operator Perspective and a Communication Model. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of this study was to identify important aspects of the work at an emergency call centre during large-scale incidents, according to the operators who work there. As communication has been regarded as an important factor in complex situation, this study will also investigate to what extent the work at the call centre can be understood as communication. To determine this, semi-structured interviews have been conducted, asking 14 operators about their work at the emergency call centre. The recorded interviews were transcribed, unitized and coded on a content model and a tool for communication, ISBAR. The content model was developed on the basis of a bottom-up thematic analysis, and consists of 12 sub-themes arranged into six themes. The content model accounted for 93.6% of the total amount of statements, and the remaining 6.4% were irrelevant statements for the work at the call centre during large-scale incidents. Hence, this may imply that the content model still present all the important aspects of the work at the emergency call centre during large-scale incidents according to the operators who work there. ISBAR tool of communication account for 10% of the total amount of statements, which imply that the work at the emergency call centre is complex and consist of several factors in addition to communication. This implies that the work at the call centre during large-scale incidents is more complex than just dealing with communication. This study contributes to understand the work at emergency call centre during large-scale incidents, and elaborate the complexity of this work.

• Etholm, Karoline & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2013). Emergency call centers and large scale incidents: A comparison of the operators' perspective and a resilience model. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A key feature of civil safety is the ability to respond to unwanted incidents. The first link in the response chain is usually the emergency call centers, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the work at an emergency call center in connection with large scale incidents. The delivery of the study is two-fold: firstly, a bottom-up analysis was performed in order to outline work at the emergency call center during large scale incidents. This approach resulted in a content model depicting the features of work during large scale incidents. Secondly, a theory driven top-down analysis was performed based on the same data in order to investigate whether a resilience perspective on safety is an appropriate framework for work at the emergency call center during large scale incidents. The data consisted of emergency call center operators’ reflections around their own work during large scale incidents, and was gathered through semi-structured interviews. Statistical comparisons between the resilience model and the content model revealed that the former was not able to account for all the statements captured in the content model, and hence it does not provide a complete framework for understanding work at the emergency call center during large scale incidents. This study provides insight to a field that has received little attention from previous research and contributes to a better understanding of the role emergency call centers play with regard to emergency management and hence to civil safety.

• Boren, Maria & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2012). Intertwining paths towards a common goal: Three emergency units side by side. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Emergency response efforts usually involve several teams from different agencies who are working to save lives or property. It is becoming more usual that the commander responsibilities are being performed in a context of multi-agency and multi-jurisdictional response. This paper explores the interdisciplinary collaboration between emergency response leaders. This is done through examining to which extent a practical check-list and a theoretical model of interdisciplinary collaboration were able to account for interview statements from operative leaders in the three emergency units in Norway regarding collaboration Semi-structured interviews were performed with 17 operational leaders with experience from working in Incident Command Post (ICP). Based on a mixed-model approach, the interviews were transformed into quantitative data and analyzed in SPSS. The results revealed that neither the practical frameworks nor the theoretical model were able to account for all the statement. When the two frameworks were combined they accounted for 1516 of the 1649 statements that were identified in this study. The 133 remaining statements were analyzed with the help of a content analysis, which identified 6 new categories. This implies that a framework for collaboration in the emergency response domain cannot be based entirely on the studied models.  

• Ranestad, Karen & Bjørkli, Cato Alexander (2012). Team Decision Making in the Emergency Units: Exploring the Relevance of Checklists and Expertise. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Operational commanders have to collaborate across emergency units and make several time-critical decisions in order to quickly and effectively handle emergency incidents. The purpose of this study was to empirically test whether a domain-specific joint checklist and a theoretical team decision-making model were able to account for reflections shared by operational commanders regarding decision-making in Incident Command Post (ICP). Based on a mixed models design, semi-structured interviews were first conducted with 17 operational commanders from the three emergency units in Oslo and the surrounding districts in south-east Norway. The interviews were then unitized into 1626 statements and coded into categories in the FORSTÅTT checklist (Vigerust, Andersen & Vollebæk, 2009) and the Intuitive team Decision Making (ITD) model (Kline, 2005). The results indicate that neither of these two models could account completely for reflections shared by operational commanders on decision-making in ICP. The two models combined could account for 86.6% of all the statements. A thematic analysis of the statements not captured by either models uncovered six themes relevant to decision-making. An alternative model combining the two models and the residual themes was suggested. This study contributes to an increased understanding of which elements affect the decision-making process in ICP, and has both theoretical and practical implications.

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