Elisabeth Bakke

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Folkestad, Bjarte (2025). Geografisk representasjon i samanslåtte kommunar og fylkeskommunar – framleis rause sentrumskommunar? In Saglie, Jo; Segaard, Signe Bock & Christensen, Dag Arne (Ed.), Lokalvalgene 2023: maktforskyvning og normalisering. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202869120. p. 291–319. doi: 10.23865/cdf.251.ch11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne antologien setter søkelys på hjertet i det lokale representative demokratiet; alle de lokale valgene som ble holdt rundt om i vårt langstrakte land 11. september 2023. Hvert fjerde år velger folket representanter til kommunestyret og fylkestinget. Gjennom valget stikkes den politiske retningen ut, og de folkevalgte får mandat til å beslutte på vegne av velgerne de neste fire årene. Det er også i valg politikere og partier blir straffet eller belønnet for tidligere innsats. Med utgangspunkt i et rikholdig datamateriale som inkluderer blant annet en velgerundersøkelse gjennomført ved hvert valg siden 1995, manntall- og registerdata, data over samtlige kandidater som stilte til valg, samt kvalitative intervjuer og dokumentdata, belyser boken ulike sider ved det lokale demokratiet – i valg og mellom valg – anno 2023. På velgernivået ser vi blant annet på velgeratferd, valgkamp og valgdeltakelse samt tillit til politikere og til egne påvirkningsmuligheter. Vi ser også på lokalpolitikernes representativitet og deres erfaringer med hets og sjikane. Hensikten med boken er å ta temperaturen på vårt lokale demokrati i en valgperiode preget av politiske, samfunnsmessige og økonomiske omveltninger. Vi studerer lokaldemokratiet i et noe bredere perspektiv enn tidligere lokalvalgundersøkelser ved å i større grad ta inn det fylkeskommunale nivået, som har vært underbelyst både i lokalvalgforskningen og i den offentlige debatten til tross for nivåets politiske og demokratiske aktualitet.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2024). The Art of Self-selection or Voter Intervention? The 2023 Election and the Shifting Social Bias of Slovak Parliamentary Elites since 2006. Politologický časopis. ISSN 1211-3247. 31(2), p. 87–118. doi: 10.5817/PC2024-2-87. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2022). New, but not more diverse? The effect of new parties on the social bias of the Czech parliamentary elite since 2010. Politologický časopis. ISSN 1211-3247. 2022(3), p. 334–356. doi: 10.5817/PC2022-3-362. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Across Europe, new parties challenge more established parties and are challenged by even newer parties. The ‘new party’ literature focuses on why they succeed or fail, and whether they represent an alternative in terms of ideology, political platform, or ways of organizing, while the impact on descriptive representation has received less attention. Drawing on the new party literature and the elite literature, I investigate whether and how the rise of new parties with few members and little or no presence ‘on the ground’ has changed elite recruitment processes and outcomes in the Czech Republic, with special emphasis on the recent 2021 election. I find that although new parties put together are somewhat more representative of the voters in terms of gender, age, and education, all these parameters vary across the divide between longstanding and new parties. New parties are more open to non-party candidates, but because of low membership nomination processes are in practice even less inclusive and often more centralized than in longstanding parties. Strikingly, all parties reinforce the already strong education bias of the recruitment pool substantially. Otherwise, the social bias of the parliamentary elites to a large extent reflects the bias of the recruitment pool. The effect of preference votes on social bias was limited in most elections and candidate selection modes as such explain next to nothing.

• Bakke, Elisabeth; Breuilly, John; Hutchinson, John; Kolář, Pavel; Kriel, Mariana & Leerssen, Joep [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Symposium for Miroslav Hroch. Nations and Nationalism. ISSN 1354-5078. 28(3), p. 737–759. doi: 10.1111/nana.12851. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2022). Czech Politics at a Crossroads? In Ramet, Sabrina Petra; Đorđević, Vladimir & Hassenstab, Christine (Ed.), Civic and Uncivic Values in the Czech Republic. Value Transformation, Politics, Education, and Gender Equality. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9783030912246. p. 53–82. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91225-3_3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Since 2010, Czech voters have turned their backs on the four long-standing parties that used to constitute the core of the party system, and have flocked to new, often populist alternatives. The most successful of these is ANO (‘yes’), the party of the Andrej Babiš, who won the 2017 election convincingly and went on to form a minority government – the first in thirty years to rely on Communist support. However, the self-proclaimed democratic opposition united against Babiš and secured a comfortable majority in the 2021 election. This chapter investigates how the rise of new parties has changed the Czech party system; and how these parties differ from the longstanding parties in terms of organization as well as parliamentary elites.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2021). Each Unhappy in Its Own Way? The Rise and Fall of Social Democracy in the Visegrád Countries since 1989. In Brandal, Nikolai; Bratberg, Øivind & Thorsen, Dag Einar (Ed.), Social Democracy in the 21st Century. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN 9781839099533. p. 37–68. doi: 10.1108/S0195-631020210000035003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is often said that we live in a time of crisis for social democracy. Many of the West European centre-left parties that seemed the natural parties of government in the second half of the twentieth century are in decline. The most common long-term explanations centre on a shrinking working class, a widening gap between the party elite and their core voters, and the challenges from new populist parties and/or greens. Short-term policy factors include the failure to address the recent financial and refugee crises. None of these factors carry much explanatory weight for developments in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the three decades since the transition from communism. We find that much of the explanation for the rise and the fall of the five social democratic parties in these countries lies in the dynamics of party competition and party system change. All parties face dilemmas of policy, electoral appeal and coalition-building. The Central European cases suggest that it is how social democrats handle such challenges and make difficult choices about strategy and tactics that ultimately shapes their longterm fate. Centre-left parties are stronger masters of their fortunes than much of the literature on the decline of social democracy suggests. Consequently, seeking a common structural explanation for the rise and decline of social democratic parties might be a double fallacy: both empirically misleading and a poor base for policy advice.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2021). Conceptions of Czechoslovakism among Czech Politicians in Government Inauguration Debates 1918–1938. In Hudek, Adam; Kopeček, Michal & Mervart, Jan (Ed.), Czechoslovakism. Routledge. ISSN 9781032070728. p. 149–171. doi: 10.4324/9781003205234. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article analyses Czechoslovakism as the state ideology of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The main purpose is to shed light on an understudied a part of the history of Czechoslovakism: namely, how Czech politicians used the concept of a Czechoslovak nation in parliamentary debates during the First Republic. Czechoslovakism held that Czechs and Slovaks were one nation, or alternatively, that Slovaks were part of the Czech nation. While Slovak autonomists bitterly opposed this ideology and national minority representatives were often critical toward it, it garnered little or no Czech opposition. A close reading of all government inauguration debates between 1918 and 1938 reveals that Czech MPs were more likely to evoke the concept than MPs representing Slovak autonomist or national minority parties, although there were differences in the manner and frequency of use between parties. The concept occurred most often in the context of the topics of a Czechoslovak nation-state and Czechoslovak national unity. Finally, the author addresses the question whether it is possible to speak of Czechoslovakism, at the time, as a concept of a political nation. She maintains that there is absolutely nothing to suggest that any MP in the First Republic regarded all citizens (including national minorities) as part of a Czechoslovak nation.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Folkestad, Bjarte (2021). Representasjon i nye storkommunar: Forgubbing og sentrumsdominans eller status quo? In Saglie, Jo; Segaard, Signe Bock & Christensen, Dag Arne (Ed.), Lokalvalget 2019: Nye kommuner - nye valg?. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202727840. p. 201–208. doi: 10.23865/noasp.134.ch8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Denne antologien handler om de mange lokalvalgene som ble holdt rundt om i Norge 9. september 2019. Med utgangspunkt i velgerundersøkelsene som er gjennomført ved hvert lokalvalg siden 1995, tar boken gjennom ti kapitler for seg dels valg, velgeratferd, valgkamp og valgutfall, og dels politisk deltakelse og politisk tillit mellom valgene. Det er i kommunene flest innbyggere har anledning til å delta i politikkutformingen, og lokalnivået spiller ofte en viktig rolle i den enkeltes hverdagsliv. Hensikten med boken er derfor også å forstå hvordan lokaldemokratiet fungerer mellom valgene. Lokalvalget i 2019 var preget av høy valgdeltakelse, mobilisering og protest gjennom fokus på politiske saker som bompenger, klima og kommunereform. Kommunereformen var ikke bare valgkamptema, men en sentral rammebetingelse for lokalvalget i 2019. Kommunesammenslåing er derfor et gjennomgående tema i boken. Ett emne er hva innbyggerne mener om kommunereformen og dens mulige konsekvenser. Flere kapitler utforsker sammenslåingenes betydning for ulike sider ved lokaldemokratiet: lokale partisystemer, valgdeltakelse, personstemmegivning, partienes nominasjoner, og representasjon i kommunestyrene. Samlet sett er antologien en statusrapport for lokaldemokratiet i det første valget etter kommunereformen. Boken henvender seg til alle som er interessert i utviklingen av det norske lokaldemokratiet, men særlig til studenter, forskere, journalister og politisk aktive.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2020). The EU’s Enfants Terribles: Democratic backsliding in Central Europe since 2010. Perspectives on Politics. ISSN 1537-5927. 20(1), p. 22–37. doi: 10.1017/S1537592720001292. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In the academic literature, Hungary and Poland are often cited as paradigmatic cases of democratic backsliding. However, as the backsliding narrative gained traction, the term has been applied to the rest of the post-communist region, including the Czech Republic and Slovakia. We suggest that this diagnosis is in part based on conceptual stretching, and set out to rescue the concept as an analytical tool. We then assess the extent of backsliding in the four Visegrád countries, explaining backsliding (and the relative lack of it) in terms of motive, opportunity, and the strength or weakness of opposing or constraining forces. We conclude that the situation is not as desperate as some commentators would have it: democratic backsliding in Hungary and Poland was contingent on a few exceptional factors, and EU leaders therefore need not be paralysed by the fear of contagion when they contemplate forceful action against backsliding member states.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2020). It’s my generation, baby! How different are (new) parties in Slovakia in terms of descriptive representation? Politologický časopis. ISSN 1211-3247. 2020(3), p. 353–371. doi: 10.5817/PC2020-3-353. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Party systems all over Europe are becoming more unstable, as new parties win representation. Many of these parties have few members and little or no presence ‘on the ground’ and they tend to present themselves as an alternative to the old, corrupt, and/or incompetent elites. But are they really? In this article I investigate how the parliamentary elites of new parties differ from the elites of more established parties, using the 2020 election as a point of departure. Slovakia is a particularly interesting case, because since 1992, at least one new party has entered parliament in every election bar one. I find that new and/or populist parties are not necessarily much more representative,but most of them do represent an alternative to the established elite in some respect. Strikingly, genuinely new parties not only have younger legislators, but also literally represent a new generation: the generation of the party leader. However, as new parties grow older, so do their parliamentary elites. In leadership-dominated parties the composition of the party leader’s inner circle clearly matters for candidate selection and hence, for the social bias of the parliamentary elite. Finally, the idiosyncratic nomination practice of OĽaNO, the new prime minister’s party, is part of the reason for the party’s relative social pluralism, as well as for high turnover, ideological diversity and low party loyalty.

• Sitter, Nick & Bakke, Elisabeth (2019). Democratic Backsliding in the European Union. In Thompson, William R. (Eds.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780190228637. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1476. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Democratic backsliding in European Union (EU) member states is not only a policy challenge for the EU, but also a potential existential crisis. If the EU does too little to deal with member state regimes that go back on their commitments to democracy and the rule of law, this risks undermining the EU from within. On the other hand, if the EU takes drastic action, this might split the EU. This article explores the nature and dynamics of democratic backsliding in EU member states, and analyses the EU’s capacity, policy tools and political will to address the challenge. Empirically it draws on the cases that have promoted serious criticism from the Commission and the European Parliament: Hungary, Poland, and to a lesser extent, Romania. After reviewing the literature and defining backsliding as a gradual, deliberate, but open-ended process of de-democratization, the article analyzes the dynamics of backsliding and the EU’s difficulties in dealing with this challenge to liberal democracy and the rule of law. The Hungarian and Polish populist right’s “illiberal” projects involve centralization of power in the hands of the executive and the party, and limiting the independence of the judiciary, the media and civil society. This has brought both governments into direct confrontation with the European Commission. However, the EU’s track record in managing backsliding crises is at best mixed. This comes down to a combination of limited tools and lack of political will. Ordinary infringement procedures offer a limited toolbox, and the Commission has proven reluctant to use even these tools fully. At the same time, party groups in the European Parliament and many member state governments have been reluctant to criticize one of their own, let alone go down the path of suspending aspect of a states’ EU membership. Hence the EU’s dilemma: it is caught between undermining its own values and cohesion through inaction on one hand, and relegating one or more member states it to a second tier—or even pushing them out altogether—on the other.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2019). Etter kommunereformen: partiorganisering og nominasjon i «nye Asker». In Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Saglie, Jo & Østerud, Øyvind (Ed.), Makt og opposisjon : De politiske partiene som demokratisk paradoks. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215034317. p. 57–69. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  "Makt og opposisjon" diskuterer partienes rolle i det norske demokratiet. Hva ved partiene fungerer relativt bra i Norge, og hva fungerer mindre godt? Boka tar for seg de norske partienes utforming og virke både i sivilsamfunnet og i storting og regjering, sett i et internasjonalt perspektiv. "Makt og opposisjon" inneholder både fagartikler og essays. I første del presenterer ledende forskere status og bidrar med ny forskning på hver sine felt, og de diskuterer partienes bidrag til å fremme ulike demokratiske verdier og demokratiaspekter. I andre del skriver et knippe tidligere og nåværende politikere samt én erfaren journalist og politisk kommentator om mange av de samme temaene, basert på egne erfaringer. Slik får leseren kjennskap til hvordan problemstillingene fortoner seg for dem som selv er en del av eller jobber tett på det politiske liv, og vi får gode eksempler på hvordan partienes utfordringer fortoner seg i den politiske hverdagen.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2016). Tsjekkia: Business as usual? In Malnes, Raino Sverre (Eds.), Velkommen til statsvitenskap. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205494718. p. 421–439. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2015). Where do parties go when they die? The fate of failed parties in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary 1992–2013. East European Politics. ISSN 2159-9165. 31(1), p. 1–22. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2014.959661. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Thirty-nine parties have crossed the electoral threshold in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary since the collapse of communism. Twenty-three of them subsequently failed. Of these, only two parties managed to return on their own. Another survives in an electoral alliance. The rest have merged, ceased to exist, or maintain a ‘zombie-like’ existence. We map and analyse the fate of failed parties, and explore why some close down quickly while others soldier on. The core factors are the opportunity structures (potential alliances or new homes for the elite), alternative arenas for competition, and the organisational strength of the party.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Ekman, Joakim (2015). 25 år etter kommunismens fall. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 28(2), p. 111–115. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2015). Demokrati i det postkommunistiske Europa. In Malnes, Raino Sverre (Eds.), Demokrati. Historien og ideene. Dreyer Forlag A/S. ISSN 9788282651219. p. 381–403. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2015). Fløyelsrevolusjonen i 1989 - ingen reprise på Praha-våren :. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 29(2), p. 117–141. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2013). Why Do Parties Fail? Cleavages, Government Fatigue and Electoral Failure in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary 1992–2012. East European Politics. ISSN 2159-9165. 29(2), p. 208–225. doi: 10.1080/21599165.2013.786702. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  During the first two decades after the collapse of communism 37 political parties won representation in the Czech, Slovak or Hungarian Parliaments. By 2012, 22 of these parties had failed in the sense that they have fallen below the five-percent electoral threshold at least once. This set of failed parties includes a wide range of parties, from the far right and nationalist flanks to unreconstructed communists, including centre, green, agrarian, Christian and social democrat parties. Some were represented in parliament for one term only, others were in parliament for two decades. In this article we explore how and why these parties fell out of parliament. Beyond the obvious answer – that they failed to win enough votes – five factors involve particularly high political risk for political parties. Two system-level factors are somewhat beyond the control of the smaller parties: changes in the salience of cleavages and the electoral system. However, the other three are directly linked to the parties’ strategies for competition: whether they participate in coalition government as a junior partner, how they manage internal dissent, and the party’s organisational strength.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2012). Why are there so few female MPs in Slovak parliaments? In Baldersheim, Harald & Batora, Jozef (Ed.), The governance of small states in turbulent times. The exemplary cases of Norway and Slovakia. Verlag Barbara Budrich. ISSN 9783866493407. p. 186–207. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvdf01dj.13. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2011). The Czech party system 20 years after the velvet revolution. In Bakke, Elisabeth & Peters, Ingo (Ed.), 20 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISSN 9783830519751. p. 221–248. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  On 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, signalling the beginning of the end of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. By 1990, free elections had been held in most countries in the region. Forty – in some cases fifty – years of communism had come to an end. However, the ‘revolutions’ of 1989 were not uniform processes: the starting points were different, the trajectories were different – and outside Central Europe even the outcomes of the transitions from communism were different. The fall of communism also caused the Soviet empire to crumble, and the Soviet Union itself fell apart in December 1991 – as did Czechoslovakia in 1993, and Yugoslavia in a gradual process that was to last from 1991 to 2008. This book originated in a conference held in Oslo 11–13 November 2009, arranged by the E.ON Ruhrgas scholarship programme for political science, and commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ‘revolutions’ in Central and Eastern Europe. The 16 chapters take stock of developments after 1989, with special emphasis on the causes and effects of the transitions, including the processes of state unification and separation that followed in the wake of the ‘revolutions’. The book is divided into four main parts: regime transitions from communism; state unification and separation; party system continuity and change since 1989 (in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland); and on the effects of German unification on external and internal German relations. The geographical scope thus varies from chapter to chapter, but the main emphasis is on Germany and its closest Central European neighbours.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Peters, Ingo (2011). Introduction: The 1989 ‘Revolutions’ and Their Effects 20 Years down the Road. In Bakke, Elisabeth & Peters, Ingo (Ed.), 20 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISSN 9783830519751. p. 11–24. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  On 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, signalling the beginning of the end of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. By 1990, free elections had been held in most countries in the region. Forty – in some cases fifty – years of communism had come to an end. However, the ‘revolutions’ of 1989 were not uniform processes: the starting points were different, the trajectories were different – and outside Central Europe even the outcomes of the transitions from communism were different. The fall of communism also caused the Soviet empire to crumble, and the Soviet Union itself fell apart in December 1991 – as did Czechoslovakia in 1993, and Yugoslavia in a gradual process that was to last from 1991 to 2008. This book originated in a conference held in Oslo 11–13 November 2009, arranged by the E.ON Ruhrgas scholarship programme for political science, and commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ‘revolutions’ in Central and Eastern Europe. The 16 chapters take stock of developments after 1989, with special emphasis on the causes and effects of the transitions, including the processes of state unification and separation that followed in the wake of the ‘revolutions’. The book is divided into four main parts: regime transitions from communism; state unification and separation; party system continuity and change since 1989 (in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland); and on the effects of German unification on external and internal German relations. The geographical scope thus varies from chapter to chapter, but the main emphasis is on Germany and its closest Central European neighbours.

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2011). Czechoslovakism in Slovak history. In Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan & Brown, Martin D. (Ed.), Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9780521802536. p. 247–268. doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511780141.017. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). Central and East European Party Systems since 1989. In Ramet, Sabrina Petra (Eds.), Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9780521716161. p. 64–90. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2009). Fløyelsskilsmissa i Tsjekkoslovakia. In Malnes, Raino Sverre (Eds.), Prekær Politikk. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205395084. p. 81–95. Full text in Research Archive
• Heidar, Knut & Bakke, Elisabeth (2008). Politikk i Europa. In Heidar, Knut; Bakke, Elisabeth & Berntzen, Einar (Ed.), Politikk i Europa. Partier Regjeringsmakt Styreform. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215012841. p. 17–41. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2008). Tsjekkia. In Heidar, Knut; Bakke, Elisabeth & Berntzen, Einar (Ed.), Politikk i Europa. Partier Regjeringsmakt Styreform. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215012841. p. 298–313. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Tsjekkia - frå fløyelsrevolusjon til rutinepolitikk. In Bakke, Elisabeth (Eds.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252167863. p. 118–137. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Slovakia - den kronglete vegen til demokrati. In Bakke, Elisabeth (Eds.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252167863. p. 138–158. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2006). Østutvidelsen - Sentral-Europa, Baltikum og EU. In Bakke, Elisabeth (Eds.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252167863. p. 225–247. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Tilbake til Europa? In Bakke, Elisabeth (Eds.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252167863. p. 248–275. Full text in Research Archive
• Sitter, Nick & Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Østutvidelsen - Sentral-Europa, Baltikum og EU, E. Bakke (ed.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Innleiing. In Bakke, Elisabeth (Eds.), Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252167863. p. 9–23. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2005). Patterns of Stability. Party Competition and Strategy in Central Europe since 1989. Party Politics. ISSN 1354-0688. 11(2), p. 243–265. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2004). "Tilbake til Europa?" Om austutvidinga av EU. In Rudd, Harriet (Eds.), Motvekt til solidaritet. Europa 2004. Nei til EU. ISSN 9788291026312. p. 34–40. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2004). Defenestrasjon � ein tsjekkisk politisk tradisjon? Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. p. 145-162–145-162. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2004). The Making of Czechoslovakism in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In Wessel, Martin Schulze (Eds.), Loyalitäten in der Tschechoslovakischen Republik 1918–1938. Politische, nationale und kulturelle Zugehörigkeiten. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH. ISSN 9783486575873. p. 23–44. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2002). Lidová hlasování o norském clenství v EF (EU). Mezinárodní politika. ISSN 0543-7962. XXVI(2), p. 12–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2002). The Principle of National Self-Determination in Czechslovak Constitutions (1920-1992). Central European political science review. ISSN 1586-4197. 3(10). Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2001). Kva(r) er Sentral-Europa? In Baldersheim, Harald; Hagtvet, Bernt & Heidar, Knut Martin (Ed.), Statsvitenskapelige utsyn : politiske tema og tenkemåter i en oppbruddstid. Cappelen Damm Høyskoleforlaget. ISSN 9788276343335. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2001). Språk og nasjonsforming i Noreg i eit europeisk perspektiv. In Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (Ed.), Kampen for språket. Det Norske Samlaget. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2000). Tomáš G. Masaryk og det nasjonale spørsmål. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 14(2), p. 5–17. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (1999). Čechoslovakizmus v školských učebniciach (1918-1938). Historický časopis. ISSN 0018-2575. 47(2), p. 233–253. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (1995). Mot ein europeisk identitet? Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 4, p. 467–494. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Europeisk identitet har dei siste åra vorte eit stadig meir aktuelt tema, også i faglitteraturen. Det har vore ei vanleg, om ikkje alltid klart uttalt oppfatning at den økonomiske og politiske integrasjonen i den Europeiske Unionen (EU) over tid nødvendigvis vil måtte føre til ei styrking av europeisk identitet og ei nedbygging av nasjonale konfliktar. Det som skjedde i samband med behandlinga av Maastricht-traktaten tydar på at dette var vel optimistisk, og at forholdet mellom integrasjon og europeisk identitet er meir komplisert enn som så. Samstundes er det heva over tvil at ein styrka europeisk identitet vil vera ønskjeleg, og kanskje også nødvendig utifrå eit integrasjonssynspunkt. Dersom integrasjon ikkje automatisk fører til ei styrking av europeisk identitet, er det to spørsmål som reiser seg. For det første: Under kva for vilkår vil ei slik utvikling vera mest sannsynleg? Dernest: Kva kan EU sjølv gjera for å styrke europeisk identitet? Formålet med denne artikkelen er å prøve å svare på desse spørsmåla med utgangspunkt i teoriar om nasjonar og nasjonalisme. Grunngjevinga for eit slikt val er at desse teoriane både kan seia noko om vilkåra for vellykka identitetsbygging og noko om eventuelle barrierer mot det.

View all works in NVA

• Bakke, Elisabeth; Berntzen, Einar & Heidar, Knut (2013). Politikk i Europa: Partier, regjeringsmakt, styreform (2. utgave). Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215022208. 404 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Peters, Ingo (2011). 20 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Transitions, State Break-Up and Democratic Politics in Central Europe and Germany. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 9783830519751. 336 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  On 9 November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, signalling the beginning of the end of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. By 1990, free elections had been held in most countries in the region. Forty – in some cases fifty – years of communism had come to an end. However, the ‘revolutions’ of 1989 were not uniform processes: the starting points were different, the trajectories were different – and outside Central Europe even the outcomes of the transitions from communism were different. The fall of communism also caused the Soviet empire to crumble, and the Soviet Union itself fell apart in December 1991 – as did Czechoslovakia in 1993, and Yugoslavia in a gradual process that was to last from 1991 to 2008. This book originated in a conference held in Oslo 11–13 November 2009, arranged by the E.ON Ruhrgas scholarship programme for political science, and commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ‘revolutions’ in Central and Eastern Europe. The 16 chapters take stock of developments after 1989, with special emphasis on the causes and effects of the transitions, including the processes of state unification and separation that followed in the wake of the ‘revolutions’. The book is divided into four main parts: regime transitions from communism; state unification and separation; party system continuity and change since 1989 (in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland); and on the effects of German unification on external and internal German relations. The geographical scope thus varies from chapter to chapter, but the main emphasis is on Germany and its closest Central European neighbours.

• Bakke, Elisabeth & Peters, Ingo (2011). 20 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall. BWV - Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 9781780680392. 336 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Heidar, Knut; Bakke, Elisabeth & Berntzen, Einar (2008). Politikk i Europa. Partier Regjeringsmakt Styreform. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 9788215012841. 386 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN 9788252167863. 280 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Hroch, Miroslav; Kadečková, Helena & Bakke, Elisabeth (2005). Dějiny Norska. Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. ISBN 9788071064077. 340 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2002). Sentral-Europa og Baltikum etter 1989. Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN 9788252159165. 261 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (2001). Kampen for språket: Nynorsken mellom det lokale og det globale. Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN 9788252158526. 251 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (2001). Kampen om språket. Det Norske Samlaget. ISBN 9788252158526. -1 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (2001). Kampen for språket. Det Norske Samlaget. -1 p. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2024). Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe. Governing in Times of Crisis. [Bokmelding]. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 38, p. 116–118. doi: 10.23865/noros.v38.6715. Full text in Research Archive
• Sitter, Nick & Bakke, Elisabeth (2018). The Czech Presidential Election and Europe’s Populism Crisis. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  https://www.transcrisis.eu/the-czech-presidential-election-and-europes-populism-crisis/

• Bakke, Elisabeth (2017). Institutions, Parties and Party System Development in Slovakia, 1990–2016. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2017). Parliamentary elites in the Visegrád countries 1990–2016. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2015). From Party Members to Fans? Institutions, Cleavages and Party System Development in Slovakia, 1990–2014. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2014). Demokrati i det postkommunistiske Europa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2013). Political Parties in Central Europe: Historical Roots, the Transition from Communism and Post-Communist Politics. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2013). Valet i Tsjekkia: frå vondt til verre? Ta Politika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2013). Tsjekkia. In Berntzen, Einar; Heidar, Knut & Bakke, Elisabeth (Ed.), Politikk i Europa. Partier, Regjeringsmakt, Styreform. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215012841. p. 308–324. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2012). Slovakia: eit val i skuggen av eurokrise og Gorillafiler. Ta Politika. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2012). Where do parties go when they die? The fate of failed parties in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary 1992–2010. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2011). Where do parties go when they die? Failed parties in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary 1992–2010. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2011). Female representation in Slovak parliaments 1990–2010 – institutional artifact or gatekeepers’ preference? Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2010). The Czech party system – a legacy of the Velvet Revolution? Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2009). The Czech Republic: Stable party system – precarious coalitions. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2008). Elite Turnover and Party System Change in Central Europe: Political Nomadism? Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2008). Slovakia – from the Struggle for Self-Determination to Left-Right Competition. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2008). Praha-våren - eit 40-årsminne. Mål og makt. ISSN 0332-7744. 38(3/4), p. 34–40. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2008). What is a Nation? Europe 1789–1914. Book review. Scandinavian Journal of History. ISSN 0346-8755. 33(1), p. 102–104. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2007). Solidaritet. In Østerud, Øyvind (Eds.), Statsvitenskapelig leksikon. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215011974. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2007). Fløyelsrevolusjonen. In Østerud, Øyvind (Eds.), Statsvitenskapelig leksikon. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215011974. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2007). Bresjnev-doktrinen. In Østerud, Øyvind (Eds.), Statsvitenskapelig leksikon. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215011974. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2007). Nomenklatura. In Østerud, Øyvind (Eds.), Statsvitenskapelig leksikon. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215011974. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2007). Elite Change and Continuity in Postcommunist Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2006). Between Utopia and Disillusionment. A Narrative of the Political Transformation in Eastern Europe. Bokmelding. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 20(2.06), p. 210–213. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2006). To Stay the Course or Cross the Floor: Members of Parliament, Parties and Party System Change in Central Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2005). Elitekontinuitet i Sentral-Europa. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2005). Elite continuity in Central Europe after 1989. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2005). National Self-determination or National Interest? The National Argument in the Norwegian EU Membership Debate. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2005). Linde, Jonas: Doubting Democrats? A Comparative Analysis of Support for Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. Buchbesprechung. Bohemia Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der böhmischen Länder. ISSN 0523-8587. 46(2), p. 531–533. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2005). Doubting Democrats? A Comparative Analysis of Support for Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe [bokmelding]. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 19(4/2005), p. 515–518. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2005). To Stay the Course or Cross the Floor: Members of Parliament, Parties and Party System Change in Central Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2004). National symbols on banknotes in Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2003). Slovakias kronglete veg til EU. Fokus Europa. ISSN 1501-3111. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2003). Nations and nationalism in East-Central Europe, 1806-1948. Bokmelding. Nordisk Østforum. ISSN 0801-7220. 17(2), p. 279–282. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (2001). Innleiing. In Bakke, Elisabeth & Teigen, Håvard (Ed.), Kampen for språket: Nynorsken mellom det lokale og det globale. Det Norske Samlaget. ISSN 9788252158526. p. 7–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2001). Bjørn Erik Rasch: Demokrati - ideer og organisering. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 42(3), p. 485–489. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2000). The principle of national self-determination in Czechoslovak constitutions 1918¿1992. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (2000). How voluntary is national identity? Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (1999). Det vanskelege nasjonalismeomgrepet. Mål og makt. ISSN 0332-7744. 29(3), p. 25–27. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth & Sitter, Nick (2005). To Stay the Course or Cross the Floor: Members of Parliament, Parties and Party System Change in Central Europe. BI - The Centre for European and Asian Studies, Report 5/2005. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (1999). Doomed to failure? The Czechoslovak nation project and the Slovak autonomist reaction 1918-1938. Akademika forlag. ISSN 9788257044718. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Elisabeth (1995). Towards a European identity? ARENA. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA