Arne Mastekaasa

• Pedersen, Willy; Mastekaasa, Arne & Soest, Tilmann von (2022). Cannabis and Tobacco Use Among Young People and Labor Market Outcomes in Midlife: A 23-Year Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ISSN 1937-1888. 83(5), p. 731–739. doi: 10.15288/jsad.21-00311. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2022). The intergenerational transmission of social advantage and disadvantage: comprehensive evidence on the association of parents’ and children’s educational attainments, class, earnings, and status. European Societies. ISSN 1461-6696. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2022.2059542. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recent years, multidimensional conceptualizations of social origin have become increasingsly common in social stratification research. We provide evidence on the associations between four origin measures, parents’ class, status, earnings and education on the one hand and the corresponding offspring measures on the other. We also extend previous research on differences in origin effects at different levels of the children’s educational attainment and compare the predictive power of the social origin measures with regard to children’s top and bottom attainments on all outcome variables. We use Norwegian administrative data for nearly 500,000 individuals born between 1961 and 1970. The analyses show that parents’ education is a much stronger predictor for all outcomes than are their social class and status positions – both taken separately and together. Parental education also outperforms parents’ earnings, except when the offspring variable is also earnings. Thus, parents’ premarket characteristics seem to be more important than their labour market achievements for their children’s outcomes. A second major finding is that the predictive power of social origins is often quite similar for advantaged and disadvantaged outcomes. However, bottom earnings are much less strongly associated with social origins than are top earnings.

• Hermansen, Are Skeie; Borgen, Nicolai Topstad & Mastekaasa, Arne (2020). Long-term trends in adult socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcz066. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Schools and residential neighbourhoods constitute key contexts of development beyond the family of origin. Yet, few prior studies address whether the overall impact of these childhood contexts on adult life chances has changed over time. In this article, we investigate changes in socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children using Norwegian administrative data covering three decades. We use cross-classified multilevel models to decompose the variance in children’s educational attainment and adult earnings into the contributions found within and between their school and neighbourhood contexts in adolescence. We find that unadjusted school and neighbourhood correlations in educational attainment are relatively modest and declining over time. These trends largely reflect declining socio-economic segregation between schools and neighbourhoods over time. After adjusting for sorting by family background, schools account for 2 per cent or less of the total variation in completed years of education in the more recent cohorts and neighbourhoods even less. For adult earnings, the adjusted school correlations are very low, accounting for around 1 per cent of the total variance, while the contribution of neighbourhoods is close to zero. Our findings suggest that adolescent school and neighbourhood contexts are not major determinants of children’s later-life socio-economic attainments in the Norwegian welfare state setting.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2020). Absenteeism in the Public and the Private Sector: Does the Public Sector Attract High Absence Employees? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (JPART). ISSN 1053-1858. 30(1), p. 60–76. doi: 10.1093/jopart/muz003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Evidence from many countries show that public sector employees have considerably higher rates of absenteeism than have private sector employees. Based on regression analyses of a large probability sample of the Norwegian population, this article shows that most of the sector difference in long-term absence can be accounted for by taking into consideration the socio-demographic characteristics of the workforce and the occupational composition in the two sectors. A clear sector difference in short-term absenteeism cannot be accounted for in this way. A direct effect of the working or employment conditions in the two sectors is also not a likely explanation, since workers who switch between the sectors are not more absent when they are in the public than when they are in the private sector. Thus, the high level of short-term absenteeism in the public sector seems to be due to a selection of absence prone individuals to the sector. Since motivational factors are likely to be relatively more important for short-term than for long-term, these findings indicate that lower work attendance motivation in among public sector employees may be the main driver. These patterns are consistent with an economic explanation in which people with low attendance motivation select to the public sector, since the work attendance incentives are weaker there. The degree to which the results are compatible with the theory Public Service Motivation (PSM) is also discussed.

• Mastekaasa, Arne; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Hellevik, Tale; Løset, Gøril Kvamme & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2019). Gender difference in sickness absence: Do managers evaluate men and women differently with regard to the appropriateness of sickness absence? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 49(2), p. 125–131. doi: 10.1177/1403494819890783. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aims: Women have much higher rates of sickness absence than men, but the causes of the difference are not well understood. This study examines whether managers have more lenient attitudes toward women’s than toward men’s absence, as this might contribute to higher rates of sickness absence among women. Differences between managers and other employees are also assessed. Methods: Vignettes were used to measure attitudes toward the legitimacy of sickness absence. The vignettes consisted of brief case descriptions of individuals considering asking their physicians for sick leave, with information about the medical condition (mainly taken from the descriptions in ICPC-2), occupation and gender. Respondents judged how appropriate sickness absence was in each case. Quota sampling was used, and the effective sample size was 899 managers and 1396 other employees, and each respondent evaluated either four or six vignettes. Generalised ordinal logistic regression was used. Results: The gender of the vignette person had no effect on the managers’ evaluations of the appropriateness of sickness absence. Irrespective of the gender of the vignette person, however, managers were generally more restrictive than non-managers. Conclusions: Different attitudes on the part of managers toward sickness absence in men and women do not seem to contribute to gender differences in sickness absence, but managers are generally more restrictive than are non-managerial employees.

• Borgen, Nicolai T. & Mastekaasa, Arne (2018). Horizontal Stratification of Higher Education: The Relative Importance of Field of Study, Institution, and Department for Candidates’ Wages. Social Forces. ISSN 0037-7732. 97(2), p. 531–558. doi: 10.1093/sf/soy075. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Studies typically find large variation in labor market outcomes not only between educational levels, but also among individuals with a higher education. However, the importance of different types of horizontal divisions in higher education is mostly treated in separate literatures. In this paper, we use multilevel models and an outcome-based approach to investigate the relative importance of institution (college), department, and field of study in the Norwegian labor market. We find that the effects of field of study on wages are generally strong. The overall effects of institution are also quite large, but they emerge to a considerable extent at the level of departments; the effects of institution over and above the effects of department are small. We also show that the effects of horizontal divisions are greater at the graduate than at the undergraduate level, and that the effects of horizontal divisions increase over individuals’ work careers.

• Hardoy, Ines; Mastekaasa, Arne & Schøne, Pål (2018). Immigrant concentration and student outcomes in upper secondary schools: Norwegian evidence. European Societies. ISSN 1461-6696. 20(2), p. 301–321. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2017.1402120. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We analyse the effects of immigrant concentration on two measures of native students’ outcomes in upper secondary schools in Norway, completion and exam grades. Administrative data for full cohorts of new students 2002-2008 are employed. To take into account potential selection effects, we rely mainly on models with fixed school and educational programme effects. The analyses present a consistent picture: Immigrant concentration seems to have no effect on either school completion or grades. Sensitivity analyses provide further evidence that these results hold across subsamples and when various methodological problems are addressed. Our results do not lend support to policies aimed to redistribute immigrants’ students more evenly across schools.

• Løset, Gøril Kvamme; Dale-Olsen, Harald; Hellevik, Tale; Mastekaasa, Arne; Soest, Tilmann von & Østbakken, Kjersti Misje (2018). Gender equality in sickness absence tolerance: Attitudes and norms of sickness absence are not different for men and women. PLOS ONE. 13(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous research offers limited understanding as to why sickness absence is higher among women than among men, but attitudes and norms have been suggested as plausible explanations of this gender gap. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether the gender gap in sickness absence reflects gender differences in sickness absence attitudes or gendered norms of sickness absence in society. The analyses are based on data from a factorial survey Experiment covering 1,800 male and female employed respondents in Norway in 2016. Each participant was asked to evaluate whether sick leave would be reasonable in six unique, hypothetical sickness absence scenarios (i.e. vignettes) in which occupation, gender and reason for sick leave varied. Sick leave judgments were regressed on respondent gender and vignette gender using binary logistic regressions across three cut points. Overall, we did not find a substantial gender difference in either attitudes towards sickness absence or sickness absence norms. However, further analyses indicated more tolerant social norms of sickness absence for employees in gender-dominated occupations than for employees in gender-integrated occupations. This pattern could be a result of the type of work attributed to these occupations rather than their gender composition. Contrary to popular belief, we conclude that widely held attitudes and norms of sickness absence are unlikely to be drivers of the gender gap in sickness absence. The results can be useful for policies and interventions aimed at safeguarding gender equality in the labour market.

• Melsom, Anne May & Mastekaasa, Arne (2018). Gender, occupational gender segregation and sickness absence: Longitudinal evidence. Acta Sociologica. ISSN 0001-6993. 61(3), p. 227–245. doi: 10.1177/0001699317691583. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Women have much higher sickness absence rates than men. One prominent hypothesis is that this is a result of gender segregation in the labour market and the differences in employment or working conditions that follow from this. Previous studies assessing this idea give mixed results, but they do not take into account the possibility of selection effects. Longterm health differences between individuals may, for instance, influence both what jobs people end up in and their levels of sickness absence. In this paper, we provide new evidence on employment and working conditions as a cause of gender differences in sickness absence. We use individual fixed-effect models to account for selection based on stable individual characteristics. Like several previous studies, we find a U-shaped relationship with high absence in both male- and female-dominated occupations. However, the fixed-effect models show that this relationship is primarily caused by overrepresentation of absence-prone individuals in female-dominated occupations. Accounting for selection, the association between the proportion of women in the occupation and sickness absence is negative. As far as sickness absence is concerned, the gender segregation in the labour market thus seems to work to the advantage of women.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2016). Direct social origin effects and educational returns in Norway. In Bernardi, Fabrizio & Ballarino, Gabriele (Ed.), Education, Occupation and Social Origin. A Comparative Analysis of the Transmission of Socio-Economic Inequalities. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781785360442. p. 132–149. doi: 10.4337/9781785360459.00014. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2016). Sykefravær i offentlig og privat sektor. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 33(4), p. 311–326. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2016-04-02. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Data fra Statistisk sentralbyrås arbeidskraftundersøkelser 2006-2012 kombinert med registerdata brukes til å undersøke forskjeller i sykefravær mellom stat, kommunal og privat sektor. Det samlete sykefraværet er klart høyest i kommunene, mens det ikke er noen signifikant forskjell mellom staten og privat sektor. En god del av forskjellen mellom kommune, stat og privat sektor skyldes de ansattes kjønns- og alderssammensetning; også med kontroll for disse forholdene samt blant annet utdanning og yrke er imidlertid fraværet tolv prosent høyere i kommunal enn i privat sektor. For fravær av inntil én ukes varighet ligger både staten og kommunene klart høyere enn privat sektor, og her er forskjellene lite påvirket av kontroll for andre variabler.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2016). Kvinner og sykefravær. Tidsskrift for velferdsforskning. ISSN 0809-2052. 14(2), p. 125–147. doi: 10.18261/issn.2464-3076-2016-02-03. Full text in Research Archive
• Hardoy, Ines; Mastekaasa, Arne & Schøne, Pål (2015). Lærernes kompetanse og elevenes resultater: Er det noen sammenheng? Samfunnsøkonomen. ISSN 1890-5250. 129(5), p. 50–57. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Lærerens betydning for elevprestasjoner er vel anerkjent. Forskningslitteraturen synes å være enig om at lærerens kvalitet teller for elevenes resultater, men det er fortsatt usikkerhet med hensyn til hvilke egenskaper som best fanger lærerkvalitet. I denne artikkelen tester vi betydningen av noen sentrale observerte kjennetegn ved lærere i videregående skole i Norge, yrkeserfaring, ansiennitet, karakterer fra universitet eller høyskole, og utdanningslengde. Ved hjelp av registerdata som dekker alle elever og lærere i perioden 2003-2008, finner vi at elever som går på skoler med erfarne lærere, høyt utdannede lærere, og mange lærere som fikk gode karakterer under lærerutdanningen, ikke presterer bedre enn andre elever. Det er imidlertid en positiv sammenheng mellom lærernes ansiennitet og elevenes karakterer, selv om den er svak.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2015). Organisasjonsendringer og sykefravær. In Dale-Olsen, Harald (Eds.), Norsk arbeidsliv i turbulente tider. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205478817. p. 170–183. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2015). Sosiale og demografiske variasjoner i korttidssykefraværet. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 32(1-2), p. 3–20. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Korttids sykefravær, her definert som sykefravær av mindre enn én ukes varighet, er relativt lite studert. Her benytter vi data fra Statistisk sentralbyrås Arbeidskraftundersøkelser (2006–2013) til å belyse om korttidsfraværet samvarierer med kjønn, alder, omsorg for barn, utdanning og yrke på samme måte som langtidsfraværet. Vi finner gjennomgående at sammenhengene er mye svakere for korttidsfraværet. Konklusjoner om årsakssammenhenger kan ikke trekkes ut fra disse analysene, men resultatene er rimelige ut fra det man vet om hvordan forskjellige sykdommer og plager er fordelt i befolkningen.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2014). The gender gap in sickness absence: long-term trends in eight European countries. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 24(4), p. 656–662. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cku075. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Most studies show that women have considerably higher rates of sickness absence than men, but little is known on how the gender gap has developed over time. Methods: Data are taken from the EU Labour Force Surveys. The dependent variable is whether the respondent reports being away from work the entire reference week or not. Trends are shown from 1980 onwards. Poisson regression is used to estimate relative risks for women vs. men, with various sets of control variables. Results: Increasing gross differences in sickness absence between women and men are found in five countries: Spain, Ireland, France, Belgium and the UK. No trend in the gender gap is found in Netherlands and Portugal, and probably even in Italy. The trends in the gender gap have been largely the same for men and women without children at home as in the population as a whole. The trends are little affected by control for detailed occupation and industry. Conclusion: The gender gap in sickness absence has increased in five out of eight countries. This is not due to increased labour force participation by mothers of small children, and neither can it be explained as a result of changes in how women and men are distributed across occupations or industries.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Melsom, Anne May (2014). Occupational segregation and gender differences in sickness absence: Evidence from 17 European countries. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 30(5), p. 582–594. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu059. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous research indicates that women fare less well than men on a wide range of healthrelated measures, including sickness absence from work. Possible explanations are that women have—on average—less healthy jobs than men, or that they are more vulnerable to job-related stressors. We address these issues using comparative data on 17 European countries from the EU Labour Force Surveys. Employing logistic regression, we find that gender differences in sickness absence tend to increase if we control for up to 147 detailed occupational categories, thus indicating that women are, if anything, in more healthy jobs than men in most countries. We also examine to what extent the gender differences in sickness absence are systematically related to the gender mix of the occupation, e.g. whether women have particularly high sickness absence in occupations that are strongly male dominated. There is a tendency towards smaller gender differences in female-dominated occupations in a few countries, but in most cases the gender difference is of similar magnitude in female-dominated, male-dominated, and gender-balanced occupations.

• With, Mari Lande & Mastekaasa, Arne (2014). Karakterer, opptakskrav og lærerrekruttering. In Frølich, Nicoline; Hovdhaugen, Elisabeth & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Kvalitet, kapasitet og relevans : Utviklingstrekk i norsk høyere utdanning. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202450502. p. 185–202. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2013). Dependent children and women's sickness absence in the EU countries and Norway. European Societies. ISSN 1461-6696. 15(5), p. 686–706. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2012.721892. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2013). UNIONIZATION AND CERTIFIED SICKNESS ABSENCE: NORWEGIAN EVIDENCE. Industrial & labor relations review. ISSN 0019-7939. 66(1), p. 117–141. doi: 10.1177/001979391306600105. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The author analyzes the relationship between unionization and absences due to sickness in Norway using register data covering the entire population employed in the private sector during 2003 to 2007. A few previous studies have shown much higher sickness absence among unionized than nonunionized employees in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The author shows this is also true for Norway, although primarily for employees in lowergrade jobs. The differential persists even when employees in the same detailed job category within the same establishment are compared using fixed effects models. Thus, differences between more or less unionized establishments, or differences in working conditions between members and nonmembers, fail to explain the differential. Analyses using individual fixed effects indicate that up to half of the union-nonunion differential in absence is due to selection on stable individual characteristics.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2012). Kvinners og menns sykefravær - en stadig økende forskjell? :. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 29(1/2), p. 21–32. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-7989-2016-04-02. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Social Origins and Labour Market Success—Stability and Change over Norwegian Birth Cohorts 1950–1969. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 27(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcp050. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article examines to what extent social origins have direct impact on people’s earnings, over and above what is mediated by their educational attainment, and whether such effects have changed over time. Population data on Norwegian birth cohorts from 1950 to 1969 are employed. Parents’ level of education has relatively weak negative effects on earnings. Parents’ earnings have a stronger and positive effect, which is either stable or slightly increasing over the cohorts. Hypotheses based on modernization theory or on theories of a transition to school-mediated social origin effects are rejected. Further results indicate that choice of field of education does not mediate social origin effects. The direct social origin effects are relatively small for those employed in large organizations and in the public sector; along with other indirect evidence this provides some indication that the direct social origin effects reflect non-meritocratic processes.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). How important is Autonomy to Professional Workers? Professions and Professionalism. doi: 10.7577/pp.v1i1.143. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A common assumption is that autonomy is crucial to professional workers. I examine this using survey data on a sample of public sector welfare professionals, viz. medical doctors, nurses, teachers, social workers. Comparisons are made with general population data from the International Social Survey Programme. Two methods of assessing the importance of work autonomy are employed; respondents’ direct ratings and statistical associations between work autonomy (and other job characteristics) on the one hand and job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the other. Findings: Autonomy is not rated as more important among the professionals than in the general population, and neither is it more strongly related to job satisfaction. Interesting work and workplace social support appear to be more central.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Næss, Siri (2011). Ekteskap og familie. In Næss, Siri; Eriksen, John & Moum, Torbjørn (Ed.), Livskvalitet. Forskning om det gode liv. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245012101. p. 170–183. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Ulikhet i arbeidsinntekter i Norge 1975–2004 mellom og innen utdanningsnivåer. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 28(1-2), p. 67–88. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Analyser basert på kopling av data fra Arbeidskraftundersøkelsene med registerbaserte inntektsdata viser en viss økning i samlet ulikhet i arbeidsinntekter for perioden 1975–2004 sett under ett. Økningen har først og fremst skjedd ved at det er blitt større spredning i den øvre delen av inntektsfordelingen og innenfor gruppen med høyere utdanning. På lavere utdanningsnivåer er det ingen klare langtidstrender i ulikheten. Ulikhet mellom personer på forskjellige utdanningsnivåer (avkastning av utdanning) sank på slutten av 1970-tallet, men har vist svak tendens til økning fra andre halvdel av 1990-tallet.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth (2011). The equalizing effect of wives' earnings on inequalities in earnings among households, Norway 1974-2004. European Societies. ISSN 1461-6696. 13(2), p. 219–237. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2010.514350. Full text in Research Archive
• Pedersen, Willy & Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Conduct disorder symptoms and subsequent pregnancy, child-birth and abortion: A population-based longitudinal study of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence. ISSN 0140-1971. 34(5), p. 1025–1033. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.11.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Brain drain? Recruitment and retention of high quality teachers in Norway. Oxford Review of Education. ISSN 0305-4985. 37(1), p. 53–74. doi: 10.1080/03054985.2010.527730. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines whether graduates of high academic quality (as measured by their university or university college Grade Point Average or GPA) are recruited to and remain in school jobs. Extensive data from Norwegian administrative registers are used. The analyses show that graduates from specialised and concurrent general teacher programmes go into and remain in school employment to an overwhelming extent irrespective of academic quality. Among those with less specialised university degrees, however, high-GPA graduates are considerably less likely to take a school job and they are also more likely to leave. Both groups of graduates generally earn more in non-school employment, but this earnings differential is unrelated to GPA. Economic factors therefore cannot explain why high-GPA graduates more rarely enter and more often leave school employment.

• Moum, Torbjørn & Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Kan livskvalitet studeres empirisk? In Næss, Siri; Eriksen, John & Moum, Torbjørn (Ed.), Livskvalitet. Forskning om det gode liv. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245012101. p. 52–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Utdanning - stabilitet og endring. In Frønes, Ivar & Kjølsrød, Lise (Ed.), Det norske samfunn. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205390867. p. 116–143. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). The Equalizing Effect of Wives' Earnings on Inequalities in Earnings among Households. European Societies. ISSN 1461-6696. Full text in Research Archive
• Laaksonen, Mikko; Mastekaasa, Arne; Martikainen, Pekka; Rahkonen, Ossi; Piha, Kustaa & Lahelma, Eero (2010). Gender differences in sickness absence - the contribution of occupation and workplace. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. ISSN 0355-3140. 36(5), p. 394–403. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives The aim of this study was to examine whether differences in male and female occupations and workplaces explain gender differences in self-certified (1–3 days) and medically confirmed sickness absence episodes of various lengths (≥4 days, >2 weeks, >60 days). Analyses in the main ICD-10 diagnostic groups were conducted for absence episodes of >2 weeks. Furthermore, we examined whether the contribution of occupation is related to different distributions of female and male jobs across the social class hierarchy. Methods All municipal employees of the City of Helsinki at the beginning of 2004 (N=36 395) were followed-up until the end of 2007. Conditional fixed-effects Poisson regression was used to control for differences between occupations and workplaces. Results Controlling for occupation accounted for half of the female excess in self-certified and medically confirmed episodes lasting >60 days. In the intermediate categories, this explained about one third of the female excess. The effect of workplace was similar but weaker. Occupational and workplace differences explained the female excess in sickness absence due to mental and behavioral disorders, musculoskeletal diseases, and respiratory diseases. The effect of occupation was clearly stronger than that of social class in self-certified absence episodes, whereas, in medically confirmed sickness absence episodes, gender differences were to a large extent related to social class differences between occupations. Conclusions Differences between occupations held by women and men explain a substantial part of the female excess in sickness absence. Mental and behavioral disorders and musculoskeletal diseases substantially contribute to this explanation.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Sosial bakgrunn og suksess i yrkeslivet. In Album, Dag; Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Widerberg, Karin (Ed.), Metodene våre. Eksempler fra samfunnsvitenskapelig forskning. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215014920. p. 121–137. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Boken presenterer sosiologenes metodearsenal i form av fortellinger fra virkeligheten. Erfarne sosiologer skriver om egne erfaringer. Boken behandler ikke samfunnsvitenskapelig metode i generelle, allmenne, abstrakte termer. Den trekker snarere fram hvordan metoder og metodeutfordringer kommer fram i det konkrete. Forskningsspørsmålene står i sentrum, og det går tydelig fram hvordan metoder er midler til å framskaffe kunnskap, og hvordan bestemte metoder og bruken av dem avgjør hva slags svar eller kunnskap som kan bli produsert. Sammen representerer bidragsyterne et bredt spekter av tema og metodologiske innfallsvinkler.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Hvordan forklarer samfunnsforskere – og hvordan bør de forklare? In Slagstad, Rune (Eds.), Elster og sirenenes sang. Pax Forlag. ISSN 9788253032733. p. 137–146. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Restructuring gender relations: Women’s labour market participation and earnings inequality among households. In Scott, Jaqueline; Crompton, Rosemary & Lyonette, Clare (Ed.), Gender Inequalities in the 21st Century. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781848444386. p. 242–254. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Reform 94 - et trendskifte i videregående utdanning? :. Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 27(3), p. 191–205. Full text in Research Archive
• Østhus, Ståle & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). The impact of downsizing on remaining workers' sickness absence. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 71(8), p. 1455–1462. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.045. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is generally assumed that organizational downsizing has considerable negative consequences, not only for workers that are laid off, but also for those who remain employed. The empirical evidence with regard to effects on sickness absence is, however, inconsistent. This study employs register data covering a major part of the total workforce in Norway over the period 2000e2003. The number of sickness absence episodes and the number of sickness absence days are analysed by means of Poisson regression. To control for both observed and unobserved stable individual characteristics, we use conditional (fixed effects) estimation. The analyses provide some weak indications that downsizing may lead to slightly less sickness absence, but the overall impression is that downsizing has few if any effects on the sickness absence of the remaining employees.

• Grindland, Mina V. & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Studenters arbeid utenom studiene kvalitetsreform uten effekt? Søkelys på arbeidslivet. ISSN 1504-8004. 26(2), p. 253–266. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Kvalitetsreformen i høyere utdanning som ble gjennomført i 2002–2003, innebar endringer i studieopplegg og undervisning så vel som i lån- og stipendordninger. Det var rimelig å anta at begge typer endringer ville bidra til at studentene arbeidet mindre utenom studiene. Tidligere forskning har imidlertid konkludert med at dette ikke skjedde, og dette er også konklusjonen i St.meld. nr. 7 (2007–2008), Statusrapport for Kvalitetsreformen i høgre utdanning. Med bruk av mer egnede data om studentenes arbeidsinntekter viser vi at denne konklusjonen var forhastet. Vi undersøker også om utviklingen i arbeidsinntekter tyder på at reformen har virket forskjellig, avhengig av studentenes sosiale bakgrunn. Forskjellene er små, men for høyskolestudenter er det en tendens til større endringer blant studenter som har foreldre med høy utdanning og inntekt.

• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Innledning. In Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (Ed.), Integrert? Innvandrere og barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279352785. p. 11–42. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Et sammensatt bilde. In Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (Ed.), Integrert? Innvandrere og barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279352785. p. 221–228. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Arbeidsinntektsforskjeller blant innvandrere og etterkommere av innvandrere. In Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (Ed.), Integrert? Innvandrere og barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279352785. p. 199–217. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Highly educated immigrants in the Norwegian labour market: permanent disadvantage? Work, Employment and Society. ISSN 0950-0170. 22(3), p. 507–526. doi: 10.1177/0950017008093483. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article analyses earnings and employment differences between native Norwegians and immigrants over the period 1993–2003. Register data for the entire population of graduates from Norwegian universities 1992–2002 are used. Immigrants’ earnings and employment rates are considerably lower than those of native Norwegians. The differences decline with time of residency. Keeping time of residency constant, however, earnings differences between native men and male immigrants tend to grow over the career.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Smeby, Jens-Christian (2008). Educational choice and persistence in male- and female-dominated fields. Higher Education. ISSN 0018-1560. 55, p. 189–202. doi: 10.1007/s10734-006-9042-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Profesjon og motivasjon. In Molander, Anders & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Profesjonsstudier. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215008592. p. 306–320. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Profesjon og arbeidsmarked. In Molander, Anders & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Profesjonsstudier. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215008592. p. 103–118. Full text in Research Archive
• Eikemo, Terje Andreas; Mastekaasa, Arne & Ringdal, Kristen (2008). Health and happiness. In Ervasti, Heikki; Fridberg, Torben; Hjerm, Mikael & Ringdal, Kristen (Ed.), Nordic Social Attitudes in a European Perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781847209313. p. 48–64. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Profesjon og arbeidsmarked. In Molander, Anders & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Profesjonsstudier. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215008592. p. 103–118. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Profesjon og motivasjon. In Molander, Anders & Terum, Lars Inge (Ed.), Profesjonsstudier. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215008592. p. 306–320. Full text in Research Archive
• Klepp, Olav Martin; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sørensen, Tom; Sandanger, Inger & Kleiner, Robert (2007). Structure analysis of Antonovsky's sense of coherence from an epidemiological mental health survey with a brief nine-item sense of coherence scale. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. ISSN 1049-8931. 16. doi: 10.1002/mpr.197. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Mastekaasa, Arne (2006). Social Origins and Academic Performance at University. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 22, p. 277–291. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Terum, Lars Inge (2006). Studenttilfredshet i profesjonsutdanningene. Norsk pedagogisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-2052. 90(3), p. 254–266. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2006). Educational transitions at graduate level: Social origins and recruitment to doctoral programmes in Norway. Acta Sociologica. ISSN 0001-6993. 49, p. 437–453. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2006). Is marriage/cohabitation beneficial for young people? Some evidence on psychological distress among Norwegian college students. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. ISSN 1052-9284. 16(2), p. 149–165. Full text in Research Archive
• Torp, Hege & Mastekaasa, Arne (2005). Sykefravær og nye former for arbeidsorganisering. In Torp, Hege (Eds.), Nytt arbeidsliv: medvirkning, inkludering og belønning. Gyldendal Akademisk. p. 192–210. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2005). Sickness absence in female- and male-dominated occupations and workplaces. Social Science and Medicine. ISSN 0277-9536. 60, p. 2261–2272. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2005). Gender Differences in Educational Attainment:The Case of Doctoral Degrees in Norway. British Journal of Sociology of Education. ISSN 0142-5692. 26(3), p. 375–394. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2005). Frafall i høyere utdanning: Hvilken betydning har sosial bakgrunn? In Raabe, Mona; Raaum, Oddbjørn; Aamodt, Per Olaf; Stølen, Nils Martin & Holseter, Anne Marie (Ed.), Utdanning 2005 - deltakelse og kompetanse. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). ISSN 9788253768441. p. 98–121. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne; Kleiner, Robert; Sandanger, Inger; Bøe, Nils & Klepp, Olav Martin (2004). Local Community Mobilisation and Mental Health Promotion. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion. ISSN 1462-3730. 6(4), p. 5–16. Full text in Research Archive
• Allebeck, Peter & Mastekaasa, Arne (2004). Risk factors for sick leave -- general studies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 32, p. 49–108. Full text in Research Archive
• Allebeck, P & Mastekaasa, Arne (2004). Causes of sickness: research approaches and explanatory models. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 32, p. 36–43. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2004). Social Origins and Recruitment to Norwegian Business and Public Sector Elites. European Sociological Review. ISSN 0266-7215. 20(3), p. 221–235. Full text in Research Archive
• Hansen, Marianne Nordli & Mastekaasa, Arne (2003). Utdanning, ulikhet og forandring, Det norske samfunn. p. 69–98. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2003). "The Best and the Brightest"? Økonomiske incentiver og doktorgradsrekruttering i Norge. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 44, p. 331–366. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recent decades there has been a very strong increase in the number of people enrolled in higher education in Norway. This increase has taken place although the economic returns to schooling in Norway are low. The increase in the number of doctoral degrees has been particularly strong. This paper focuses on two issues. First, we estimate the economic returns to a doctoral degree. Second, we provide some largely indirect evidence on how the (low or even negative) economic returns have affected recruitment to doctoral studies. A data set consisting of nearly all graduates in five major educational fields from Norwegian universities from the early 1980�s until 1996 is used. Data are analysed by means of LAV regression (wage and income data) and logistic regression for discrete time event history data (attainment of doctoral degrees). There are negative income effects of doctoral degrees in medicine, mathematics and natural sciences, and engineering, and positive but not very strong effects in the humanities and the social sciences. There is no evidence that these different economic returns have had important effects on recruitment patterns. There is, for instance, a strong positive effect of university grades in all five educational fields. Thus, the negative economic returns in some fields do not seem to have had strong negative effects on the quality of the recruits.

• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger; Kleiner, Robert J.; Moum, Torbjørn & Klepp, Olav Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2002). Contribution of local community integration and personal social network support to mental health. Norsk Epidemiologi. ISSN 0803-2491. 12(3), p. 269–274. Full text in Research Archive

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• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Integrert? Innvandrere og barn av innvandrere i utdanning og arbeidsliv. Abstrakt forlag. ISBN 9788279352785. 230 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2018). Intergenerational Mobility. Full text in Research Archive
• Bratsberg, Bernt; Dale-Olsen, Harald & Mastekaasa, Arne (2015). Long-term detrimental health-effects from performance pay? Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne; Kleiner, Robert & Bøe, N (2013). Comparing the community - mental health relationships of adults and youths from the same local communities. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2012). Så klarar sig invandrarnas barn i Norge. Framtider. ISSN 0281-0492. p. 11–14. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2012). Comme toutes les sciences sociales. Commentaire. ISSN 0180-8214. 136, p. 1037–1040. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2011). Minoritetselever. skoleprestasjoner og frafall, konklusjoner fra et forskningsprosjekt. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2010). Innvandrerelever: Høy motivasjon, men noen sliter. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Integrasjon fungerer. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). The equalizing effect of wives’ earnings on inequalities in earnings among households. Exploring patterns and mechanisms. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Rekruttering og prestasjoner. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Hva betyr karakterkrav ved opptak for kompetanse og gjennomføring? Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Women's labour market participation and income inequality: a study of dual earner couples in Norway, 1974-2004. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). How important is job autonomy to professional workers? Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Family and job related explanations of gender differences in sickness absence: A review of the evidence. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2008). Tidligere skoleprestasjoner og rekruttering til og gjennomføring av allmennlærerutdanning. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Klepp, Olav Martin; Kleiner, Robert; Mastekaasa, Arne & Bøe, Nils (2008). Effect modification of sense of coherence on the stress-buffer-effect of social support with regard to mental health. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2007). Dual earner couples and inequality in earnings: Norway 1974-2004. Full text in Research Archive
• Birkelund, Gunn Elisabeth & Mastekaasa, Arne (2007). Dual earner couples and inequality in earnings: Norway 1974-2004. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne & Nygård, Jan Franz (2007). Attitudes toward the mentally ill among the general population at an urban and rural site in Norway. Stability and change over time. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Kleiner, Robert; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger; Bøe, Nils & Klepp, Olav (2004). The impact of community integration on mental health of immigrants and local natives. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne & Hansen, Marianne Nordli (2003). Kjønnsforskjeller i rekruttering til forskning: Likestilling eller diskriminering. Søkelys på arbeidsmarkedet. ISSN 0800-6199. 20, p. 223–228. Full text in Research Archive
• Klepp, Olav Martin; Sørensen, Tom; Kleiner, Robert J.; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger & Bøe, Nils (2002). The mental health social integration model modified by the sense of coherence. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne; Bøe, Nils; Klepp, Olav Martin; Kleiner, Robert J. & Sandanger, Inger (2002). Change and stability in local-community-integration and mental health. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Kleiner, Robert J.; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger; Bøe, Nils & Klepp, Olav Martin (2002). Local community resistance, change in community integration and mental health. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2002). Høyere utdanning: Rekruttering, karakterer og yrkeskarriere. Full text in Research Archive
• Mastekaasa, Arne (2002). Social Origins and Recruitment to Norwegian Business and Public Sector Elites. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Building upon recent studies of social mobility, this paper considers the relationship between social class origins and the attainment of top positions in business organizations and in central and local government administration. We use at data set comprising all persons between 25 and 50 years of age employed in these sectors in 1995. Elite status is defined in terms of position in each organizations pay distribution, and the data are analyzed by means of binomial and multinomial logistic regression. The results show that there is a very strong gross gross relationship between class origins and elite status in all three sectors. These effects are to a very strong extent mediated by education. In public administration, there seems to be no direct effect of class. In private business firms there is a considerable direct effect among people with low or medium education, but it declines strongly at higher educational levels. The direct class effect is also strongest with regard to elite status in small firms. The effect of education, on the other hand, is strongest in the public sector and in large firms. The interaction of the class effect with the effects of education and firm size means that the estimated direct effects of class on elite status in large firms are close to zero for people with higher university degrees or other education at the same level.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2009). Organizational commitment among public and private sector professionals. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Public sector workers are partly portrayed as highly motivated and with relatively altruistic values, and partly as lazy and opportunistic. This article compares the level of organizational commitment in professional groups mainly employed in the private sector on the one hand (e.g., journalists, business administration graduates) with public sector professions (e.g., social workers, teachers) on the other. It turns out to be considerable variation among the public sector professions, with the highest commitment among teachers and the lowest among nurses, but no systematic difference between the sectors. The group variations in commitment are explained by perceived job rewards and work values only to a very limited extent.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Smeby, Jens-Christian (2005). Educational choice and persistence in male and female dominated fields. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Even though female students now make up more than half of all higher education students in many countries, the distribution of women across fields of study is still very uneven. This study examines the gendered nature of recruitment and dropout in higher education. Our results show that students who made gender traditional choices more often had an early preference for the study programme they enrolled in. Moreover, female students reported more often than male students that they had been encouraged by their parents and friends. However, unlike what we expected, there are no differences between students in gender traditional and non-traditional programmes with regard to encouragement from parents and students’ confidence that they had made the right choice. While gender composition of educational programmes is unrelated to male students’ dropout, women drop out of female dominated programmes to a less extent.

• Mastekaasa, Arne (2004). Organisational commitment among public and private sector professionals. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Public sector workers are partly portrayed as highly motivated and with relatively altruistic values, and partly as lazy and opportunistic. This paper compares the level of organisational commitment in professional groups mainly employed in the private sector on the one hand (e.g., journalists, business administration graduates) with public sector professions (e.g., social workers and teachers) on the other. Data come from a sample of people who graduated from Norwegian university colleges in 2001 and who responded to a survey in 2003. It turns out to be considerable variation among the public sector professions, with the highest commitment among teachers and the lowest among nurses, but no systematic difference between the sectors. I also examine to what extent differences among groups can be explained as a function of the rewards people feel they receive in their jobs and of the importance (value) they attach to the various rewards. Special attention is given to the hypothesis of an interaction effect between values and rewards, implying that the more important an individual considers a given reward to be, the stronger the impact of that reward on organisational commitment. The analyses indicate that some of the group differences in commitment are due to corresponding differences in job rewards, but this holds only to a very limited extent. The hypothesis of values-rewards interactions is rejected. It is noteworthy that although the effects of some job rewards differ among the groups, these variations are not captured by the value measures. This may indicate that the processes involved in the formation of commitment attitudes are more complex and less rational than assumed in much of the literature.

• Mastekaasa, Arne & Terum, Lars Inge (2004). Studenttilfredshet i profesjonsutdanningene. OsloMet - storbyuniversitetet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Artikkelen belyser studentenes generelle tilfredshet med utdanningene samt med mer spesifikke sider som undervisningsplanlegging, lærere og yrkesrelevans. Ca. 4000 studenter ved åtte læresteder inngår i analysene. Data er samlet inn i 2001 og i 2003 og dekker to studentkull. Innsamlingen foregikk i siste semester av studiene. For et underutvalg har vi også longitudinelle data om de enkelte studentene slik at vurderinger i siste semester kan ses i lys av faktorer målt ved studiestart. Vi finner relativt systematiske forskjeller mellom en del av utdanningstypene. Vurderingene er svært positive ved medisinstudiene og relativt negative sykepleier-, allmennlærer- og fysioterapeutstudiene. Det er videre ingen systematiske forskjeller i studenttilfredshet innen samme type utdanning ved ulike læresteder og det er relativt stor stabilitet fra 2001 til 2003 i hvordan enkeltutdanninger vurderes. Selv om det er systematiske forskjeller mellom utdanningstyper, finner man stor variasjon mellom studenter på samme utdanning. Vår undersøkelse kan forklare bare en liten del av denne variasjonen, men det er likevel en klar tendens til at de studentene som er mest motiverte ved studiestart, er mest tilfredse i siste semester. En hypotese om at høye forventninger fører til at mange blir skuffet og dermed til mindre fornøyde studenter, får dermed ingen støtte.

• Sørensen, Tom; Bøe, Nils; Kleiner, Robert J.; Klepp, Olav Martin; Mastekaasa, Arne & Moen, Oddmar (2003). Lokalsamfunn: Tilhørighet, mestring og egeninnflytelse. Betydning for trivsel og psykisk helse. Nordkyst Psykiatri. ISSN 9788292192177. Full text in Research Archive
• Alexanderson, Kristina; Allebeck, Peter; Hansson, Tommy; Hensing, Gunnel; Jensen, Irene & Mastekaasa, Arne [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2003). Sjukskrivning -- orsaker, konsekvenser og praxis. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. Statens berdedning för medicinsk utvärdering (SBU). ISSN 9789187890895. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger; Kleiner, Robert J.; Bøe, Nils & Klepp, Olav Martin (2002). Individual and community predictors of mental health. ISSN 9788292192092. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Kleiner, Robert J.; Mastekaasa, Arne; Sandanger, Inger; Bøe, Nils & Klepp, Olav Martin (2002). Local community resistance, change in community integration and mental health. ISSN 9788292192078. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørensen, Tom; Kleiner, Robert J.; Sandanger, Inger; Bøe, Nils; Mastekaasa, Arne & Klepp, Olav Martin (2002). Change and stability in local-community-integration and mental health. ISSN 9788292192085. Full text in Research Archive

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