Reidar Ommundsen

Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens. (2011).
Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale.Psychological Reports 109, 27-42

Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens; Woelders, Susan; Hagen, Kari Anne. (2011). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality and quantity (Published online)

Phelps, Joshua Marvle, Phelps; Eilertsen, Dag Erik; Turken, Salman; Ommundsen, Reidar. (2011). Integrating immigrant minorities: Developing a scale to measure majority members' attitudes toward their own proactive efforts. In print Scandinavian Journal of Psychology

Rise, Jostein.; Ommundsen, Reidar. (2011).  Predicting the intention to quit smoking: A comparative study among Spanish and Norwegian students. In print Europe's Journal of Psychology, 5 (February).

Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der Veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Hristova, Plama;Ivanova, Silvia, & Ivanova, Damyana (2010). Attitudinal predictors of potential cross-border migration. The Open Social Science Journal. ISSN 1874-9453. 3(1), s 1- 8

Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der Veer, Kees; Kalinov, Krassimir; Dineva,Evelina, & Ivanova, Damyana (2009). Migration processes and globalization challenges: The case of Bulgaria, In Krum, Krumov & Knud, Larsen (ed.), Migration Processes and Globalization Challenges. Bryag. ISBN 978-954-8752-14-5. 4. s 22 - 37

Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar & van der Veer, Kees (2008). Being Human: Relationships and you. A Social psychological analysis.. Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 9789051709940. 550 s.

Magnussen, Svein; Nilsson, Lars-Göran; Ommundsen, Reidar & Ringnes, Hege Kristin (2009). Forskningslinjer, I: Siri Erika, Gullestad; Bjørn, Killingmo & Svein, Magnussen (red.), Klinikk og laboratorium. Psykologi i hundre år. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-15-01563-7. Kapittel 14. s 207 - 225

Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens & Schneider, Johann F. (2009). Measureing Xenophobia, In Krum, Krumov & Knud, Larsen (eds.), Migration Processes and Globalization Challenges. Bryag. ISBN 978-954-8752-14-5. 3. s 14 - 21

Pernice, Regina E.; Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar & Larsen, Knud (2008). On the use of student samples for scale construction. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 102(2), s 459- 464 . doi: 10.2466/PRO.102.2.459-464

Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Krumov, Krum; Van Le, Hao & Larsen, Knud (2008). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 49, s 357- 363 . doi: DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00641.x

Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud; Van der Veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum & Van Le, Hao (2007). Developing attitude statements toward illegal immigration: transcultural reliability and utility. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 100, s 901- 914 . doi: 10.2466/PR0.100.3.901-914

Ommundsen, Reidar; Nordvik, Jan Egil & Barreira Meneu, Pablo (2007). Influencing attitudes toward illegal immigrants, In Krum, Krumov & Knud, Larsen (ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISBN 978-954-638-143-9. Chapter 5. s 80 - 87

Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der Veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum & Van Le, Hao (2007). Attitudes toward illegal immigration: the case of "migrants-sending" countries., In Krum, Krumov & Knud, Larsen (ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISBN 978-954-638-143-9. Chapter 6. s 88 - 100

Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Krumov, Krum; Hao, Van Le & Larsen, Knud (2007). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized nigration into a foreign country., In Krum, Krumov & Knud, Larsen (ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISBN 978-954-638-143-9. Chapter 7. s 101 - 108

Hak, Tony; Van der Veer, Kees & Ommundsen, Reidar (2006). An application of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI): A validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the "Illegal Aliens Scale". International Journal of Social Research Methodology. ISSN 1364-5579. 9(3), s 215- 227

Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, KS; Van Le, H; Krumov, K; Pernice, RE & Romans, GP (2004). Structure of attitudes toward illegal immigration: Development of cross-national cumulative scales. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 94, s 897- 906

Veer, Kees Van der; Ommundsen, Reidar; Hak, Tony, & Larsen, Knud S. (2003). Meaning shift of items in different language versions. A cross-national validation study of the Illegal Aliens Scale. Quality and Quantity. ISSN 0033-5177. 37, s 193- 206

Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der; Mørch, Svend; Hak, Tony, & Larsen, Knud S. (2002). Attitudes toward illegal immigration: A cross-national methodological comparison. Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0022-3980. 136(1), s 103- 110

Ommundsen, Reidar (2000). Social Identity threat, Identification, and Attitudes toward Etnic Minorities in Norway, In Stefan, Jern, & Eric, Olsson (ed.), Studies of Groups and Change. Lunds universitet, Lund, Sverige. ISBN 91-631-0899-2. s 175 - 182

Ommundsen, Reidar, & Larsen, Knud S. (1999). Attitudes toward illegal immigration in Scandinavia and United States. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 84, s 1331- 1338

Ommundsen, Reidar, & Larsen, Knud S. (1997). Attitudes Toward Illegal Aliens: The Reliability and Validity of a Likert-Type Scale. Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0022-4545. 137(5), s 665- 667

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der; Larsen, Knud S. & Eilertsen, Dag-Erik (2014). Framing Unauthorized Immigrants: The Effects of Labels on Evaluations. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 114(2), p. 461–478. doi: 10.2466/17.PR0.114k20w0.
• Van der Veer, Kees; Higler, Laurens; Woelders, Susan; Ommundsen, Reidar & Pernice, Regina E. (2013). Developing and validating a cross-national cumulative scale measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice. ISSN 1364-5579. 16(5), p. 429–443. doi: 10.1080/13645579.2012.716998. Show summary

  The article reports the results of a Mokken Scale Procedure (MSP) developing a hierarchical cross-national scale gauging attitudes toward illegal immigration, and a subsequent qualitative cross-national assessment of this scale. Responses to a 20 item Likert type scale (Ommundsen & Larsen, 1999) were collected in two national representative surveys in The Netherlands and New Zealand. The MSP analysis yielded a cumulative scale with the same four items for each with an acceptable ‘scalability’ in both samples, of H >.40. This cross-national 4-item scale was evaluated by means of in-dept interviewing nine participants in The Netherlands and fifteen participants in New Zealand. Analysis of the interviews shows that individually ranking the items of the scale is similar to the rank order generated by MSP, but the individual evaluation of the degree of negativity of items strongly depends on the way illegal immigrants are framed by subjects. The contribution of a mixed methods approach is discussed. It is suggested that the present quantitative measuring instruments measure a general average attitude, which may be likened to a measure of the average temperature of a country at a certain moment, while qualitative evaluations vary with the way illegal immigrants are framed by individuals, like variations in local temperature.

• Phelps, Joshua Marvle; Ommundsen, Reidar; Türken, Salman & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Intergroup perception and proactive majority integration Attitudes. Social Psychology. ISSN 1864-9335. 44(3), p. 196–207. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000104. Show summary

  Few social psychological investigations focus upon the majority’s potential active role in integration. The present study examines the relationship between intergroup perception and majority attitudes toward proactive integration of immigrant minorities in Norway. It assesses how and whether perceived entitativity of immigrants, endorsement of counter stereotypic portrayals of immigrants and meta perspectives along the appraisal dimensions of warmth/competence predict Norwegian majority members’ integration attitudes as measured by the Majority Integration Efforts (MIE) scale. Correlational and multiple regression analysis yielded two strong (perceptions of positive immigrant integration intentions and perceived entitativity) and two moderate (perceptions of high immigrant competence in Norwegian society and meta-warmth) predictors of these attitudes. Further analysis indicated that the main effect of perceived immigrant entitativity on MIE attitudes was partially mediated by perceptions of counter-stereotypic intentions and competence. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. We conclude by highlighting how the perception of immigrants’ positive integration intentions and heterogeneity as a group may best promote majority support for proactive integration efforts.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (2013). Motivation and personal dispositions: A Social Psychological analysis of Goal-Setting in Health Information. In Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazov, Grigorii & Schneider, Johan F. (Ed.), Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior. Kassel University Press GmbH. ISSN 978-3-86219-454-4.
• Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens; Woelders, Susan & Hagen, Kari Anne (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology. ISSN 0033-5177. 47(3), p. 1429–1444. doi: 10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Van der Veer, Kees & Ulleberg, Pål (2013). Exploring the relationships between fear-related xenophobia, perceptions of out-group entitativity and social contact in Norway. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 112(1), p. 109–124. doi: 10.2466/17.07.21.PR0.112.1.109-124.
• Rise, Jostein & Ommundsen, Reidar (2011). Predicting the intention to quit smoking. A comparative study among Spanish and Norwegian students. Europe's Journal of Psychology. ISSN 1841-0413. 7(1), p. 143–163. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v7i1.109. Show summary

  The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in predicting intentions to quit smoking among Norwegian smoking students (N=211) and Spanish students (N=205). As hypothesised, subjective norm predicted quitting intentions more strongly in Spain (a collectivistic culture) than in Norway (an individualistic culture). Group identity predicted quitting intentions more strongly in Norway than in Spain. Consistent with the predictions the predictive role of self-identity and moral norm did not differ between the countries. Selfidentity did not predict intention significantly, while this was the case for moral norm. Thus the study provided evidence of the moderating role of culture in the TPB, and indications of a stronger conflict between smokers and non-smokers in countries with high level of regulatory anti-smoking measures.

• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens; Woelders, Susan & Hagen, Kari Anne (2011). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology. ISSN 0033-5177. doi: 10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6. Show summary

  The article reports the results of a Mokken Scale Procedure (MSP) developing ahierarchical cross-national scale to measure xenophobia, and a qualitative validation of this scale. A pool of 30 xenophobic scale items were collected from several sources and edited according to established unidimensional criteria. The survey was administered to 608 undergraduate students in the USA, 193 undergraduate students in the Netherlands, and 303 undergraduate students in Norway.Fourteen scale statements measuring perceived threat or fear and meeting the criteria of the Stereotype Content Model (e.g., Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick 2006) were selected for further analysis. A separate item analysis and subsequently MSP analysis yielded a cumulative scale with the same five items for each of the three samples meeting criteria for homogeneity in all samples with H >.40. The result, a cross-national 5-item scale measuring fear-based xenophobia, was tested by means of the Three-step Test-Interview (Hak, Van der Veer and Jansen 2008) with 10 students in The Netherlands and 10 students in Norway. The analysis of these qualitative interviews shows that individual respondents' criteria for the ranking of the scale items strongly depend on the way immigrants are framed. Ranking according to different levels of fear turned out to be only one criterion out of several possible ones used by individual respondents.

• Phelps, Joshua Marvle; Eilertsen, Dag-Erik; Türken, Salman & Ommundsen, Reidar (2011). Integrating immigrant minorities: Developing a scale to measure majority members' attitudes toward their own proactive efforts. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 52(4), p. 404–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00876.x. Show summary

  The present study is based on the premise that the integration of ethnic minorities may involve more than the majority’s expression of tolerance. In order to promote inclusion, the majority may have to play a more active role in the integration process. We describe the development and validation of a new psychometric scale which assesses majority members’ attitudes toward their own proactive contribution to the integration of immigrants within three domains: cultural and structural efforts, and openness to diversity. The scale is investigated by analyses of internal structure and exploration of construct validity in relation to relevant social psychological and personality constructs in a sample of 486 Norwegian university students (28% male, mean age = 26.5, SD = 6.08). Factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure and the estimated reliability of an additive scale was satisfactory (Cronbach’s α = 0.91). The scale correlated negatively with measures of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, and positively with global identity. It was weakly related to the personality traits agreeableness, intellect, extraversion, and conscientiousness. The potential utility of the scale in both applied and experimental social psychological studies are discussed.

• Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana & Higler, Laurens (2011). Cross-national measure of fear-based xenophobia: Development of a cumulative scale. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 109(1), p. 27–42. doi: 10.2466/07.17.PR0.109.4.27-42. Show summary

  To apply a Mokken Scale Procedure in developing a hierarchical cross-national scale to measure xenophobia, a pool of 30 xenophobia-related items were collected from several sources and modified using established unidimensional criteria. The survey was administered to 608 undergraduate students in the USA, 193 undergraduate students in the Netherlands, and 303 undergraduate students in Norway. 14 items measuring perceived threat or fear and meeting the criteria of the Stereotype Content Model were selected for further analysis. A separate item analysis and subsequently Mokken Scale Procedure yielded a cumulative scale with the same five items for each of the three samples. The items and the total scale met criteria for homogeneity in all samples with H>.40.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Hristova, Plama & Ivanova, Silvia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Attitudinal predictors of potential cross-border migration. The Open Social Science Journal. ISSN 1874-9453. 3(1), p. 60–67.
• Larsen, Knud; Krumov, Krum; Van Le, Hao; Ommundsen, Reidar & Van der veer, Kees (2009). Threat perception and attitudes toward documented and undocumented immigrants in the United States: Framing the debate and conflic resolution. European Journal of Social Sciences. ISSN 1450-2267. 7(4), p. 115–134. Show summary

  The article summarizes the literature on perceived threat from legal and illegal immigration in the USA showing an increasing gap between immigration policies and opinions of the native populations. The threat to cultural and national identity is discussed, and a labor competition model advanced. Economic frustration plays a role in the hardening of attitudes. The isolation of immigrants in ghettos bodes ill for the future of integration of immigrants into society. The reemergence of nationalistic movements have coincided with large-scale immigration and poses a perceived threat to the native population from cultural heterogeneity. Individual attitudinal differences derive from relative rightwing authoritarianism and the desire for social dominance. Conflict resolution is dependent on the frames used of the immigrant as a lawbreaker or victim of exploitation. Solutions from the political right emphasize control and economic benefits of cheap labor. Solutions from the left promote economic development in source countries, and the human rights of economic and political refugees.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum; Hristova, Plama; Ivanova, Silvia & Ivanova, Damyana [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Predicting Illegal Cross-Border Migration. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration Processes and Globalization Challenges. Bryag. ISSN 978-954-8752-14-5. p. 39–58.
• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Yakushko, Oksana; Higler, Laurens & Schneider, Johann F. (2009). Measureing Xenophobia. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration Processes and Globalization Challenges. Bryag. ISSN 978-954-8752-14-5. p. 14–21.
• Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der Veer, Kees; Kalinov, Krassimir & Dineva, Evelina [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2009). Migration processes and globalization challenges: The case of Bulgaria. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration Processes and Globalization Challenges. Bryag. ISSN 978-954-8752-14-5. p. 22–37.
• Magnussen, Svein; Nilsson, Lars-Göran; Ommundsen, Reidar & Ringnes, Hege Kristin (2009). Forskningslinjer. In Gullestad, Siri Erika; Killingmo, Bjørn & Magnussen, Svein (Ed.), Klinikk og laboratorium. Psykologi i hundre år. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-01563-7. p. 207–225.
• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Krumov, Krum; Van Le, Hao & Larsen, Knud (2008). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 49, p. 357–363. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00641.x. Show summary

  This study reports on the development and cross-national utility of a Likert-type scale measuring attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country in two samples from ‘migrant-sending’ nations. In the first phase a pool of 86 attitude statements were administered to a sample of 505 undergraduate students in Bulgaria (22.5% male; M age=23, sd=4.8). Exploratory factor analysis resulted in six factors, and a reduction to 34 items. The results yielded an overall alpha of (.92) and alpha for subscales ranging from .70-.89. In the second phase the 34-item scale was administered in a survey of 180 undergraduates from Sofia University in Bulgaria (16.7% male, M age=23, sd=4.8), plus 150 undergraduates from Hanoi State University in Vietnam (14.7% male, M age=19, sd=1.8). Results yielded a 19-item scale with no gender differences, and satisfactory alpha coefficients for Vietnamese and Bulgarian sample of .87 and .89 respectively. This scale, equally applicable in both samples, includes items that reflect salient topics of concept of attitudes towards unauthorized migration. An exploratory principal component analysis of the Bulgarian and Vietnamese version of the 19-item scale yielded three factors accounting for 54 and 47 percent of the variance respectively. A procrustes analysis indicates high conceptual equivalence in the two samples for factor 1 and 2, and moderate for factor 3. This study lends support to the idea that despite different cultural meanings there is a common meaning space in culturally diverse societies.

• Pernice, Regina E.; Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar & Larsen, Knud (2008). On the use of student samples for scale construction. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 102(2), p. 459–464. doi: 10.2466/PRO.102.2.459-464. Show summary

  This research note responds to the question of whether a convenience sample of undrgraduate students may be successfully utilized in concept development and in scale construction, and in what way the results are comparable to the findings of a represetative national sample. The results of a Mokken analysis in both sample support the hypothesis that convenience samples have utility in concept development and in developing measures that can also be used in represetative samples.

• Pernice, RE; van der Veer, K; Ommundsen, Reidar & Larsen, K (2008). On use of student samples for scale construction. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 102(2), p. 459–464. doi: 10.2466/PR0.102.2.459-464.
• Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar & Van der veer, Kees (2007). The global migration crisis and the two-way damage paradox. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISSN 978-954-638-143-9. p. 8–29.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum & Van Le, Hao (2007). Attitudes toward illegal immigration: the case of "migrants-sending" countries. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISSN 978-954-638-143-9. p. 88–100.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Nordvik, Jan Egil & Barreira Meneu, Pablo (2007). Influencing attitudes toward illegal immigrants. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISSN 978-954-638-143-9. p. 80–87.
• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Krumov, Krum; Hao, Van Le & Larsen, Knud (2007). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized nigration into a foreign country. In Krumov, Krum & Larsen, Knud (Ed.), Migration: Current Issues and Problems. SOFI-R. ISSN 978-954-638-143-9. p. 101–108.
• Krumov, Krum; Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der veer, Kees; Antanasova, Margarita & Schneider, Johan [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2007). Cultural change as a motivating factor for migration behavoiur in the sending countries. Zeitschrift fur Sozialmanagement. ISSN 1612-8389. 5(1/2), p. 114–123. Show summary

  Reports survey data indicating that economic motives are not a dominant factor in emigration intentions amonng young Bulgarians, particularly students. Rather the young react to what they see as corruption of the political class, and the cynicism of the newly creeated oligarchy.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud; Van der veer, Kees; Krumov, Krum & Van Le, Hao (2007). Developing attitude statements toward illegal immigration: transcultural reliability and utility. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 100, p. 901–914. doi: 10.2466/PR0.100.3.901-914. Show summary

  This is a report on the utility of a scale measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants in two samples from nations that have more people moving out of the country than moving into the country. The Attitude toward Illegal Immigrations Scale was administred to 219 undergraduates from Sofia University in Bulgaria, and 179 undergraduates from Hanoi State University in Vietnam. Results yielded a scale with no sex differences, and acceptable alpha coefficients. Item analysis indetified the most contribtory and least contributory items, with considerable overlap in the two samples. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was carried out to examine the structure.

• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Krumov, Krum; Van Le, Hao & Larsen, Knud (2007). Scale development to measure attitudes toward unauthorized migration into a foreign country (In Cyrillic alphabet). Journal of Education (in Cyrillic). ISSN 0861-475X. 16(1), p. 92–100.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Van der veer, Kees & Wessels, Mike (2006). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of child soldiers. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work and Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict. ISSN 1571-8883. 4(3), p. 185–259. Show summary

  Excerpt from the editorial: This special issue on disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of child soldiers contains five papers. First article gives an overview and analysis of the work conducted by multiple agencies to support to reintegrate child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Second article documents the impact of traditional cleansing rituals in Northern Sierra Leone on former girl soldiers. Third contribution, using narrative evidence from Liberia describes the diversity of experiences of girls and women inside armed greoups, and later as demobilized. Fourth paper critically analyse the perspectives and strategies of a Christian NGO in Northern Unganda. Fifth paper presents findings of the first longitudinal (1998-2004)study of former child soldiers in Mozambique.

• Hak, Tony; Van der veer, Kees & Ommundsen, Reidar (2006). An application of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI): A validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the "Illegal Aliens Scale". International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice. ISSN 1364-5579. 9(3), p. 215–227. Show summary

  In this paper the results of a validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the Illegal Aliens (IA) Scale are discussed. The main objective is to evaluate the usefullness of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI) as a pretesting method in a validation study. The TSTI is a new technique specifically developed to detect problems with self-completion questionnaires. The study's aims were twofold: (1) to evaluate the usefullness of the TSTI for detecting problems regarding attitude measurement; and (2) to identify potentioal problems with the IA Scale. The IA Scale is a Likert-type attitude scale consisting of 20 parallel interval items. Its main purpose is for large comparative sample studies of political and ideological attitudes, for example between subgroups within populations or between countries. The TSTI procedure appeared to be very productive in terms of the number and kind of problems that were found regarding the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the IA Scale. It is concluded that the TSTI is useful as a diagnostic tool in validation studies of instruments that are aimed at measuring attitudes.

• Van der veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud; Krumov, Krum; Pernice, Regina E. & Pastor Romans, Gerardo (2006). The structure of attitudes toward illegal immigratio: development of a cross-national cumulative scale (in Cyrillic). Journal of Psychological Investigations (in Cyrillic). ISSN 1311-4700. p. 111–122.
• Ommundsen, Reidar & Teigen, Karl Halvor (2005). Social psychology in Norway. European Bulletin of Social Psychology. ISSN 1563-1001. 17(1), p. 31–38.
• Veer, Kees Van der; Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud S.; Va Lee, Hao; Krumov, Krum & Pernice, Regina E. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). The structure of attitudes toward illegal immigration: the development of cross-national cumulative scales. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 94, p. 897–906. Show summary

  This research examined the possibility of developing Mokken cumulative scales measuring attitudes toward illegal immigrants in a nin-nation sample. A total of 1,407 respondents primarily from national and regional universities participated in the surveys including the 20 item Illegal Immigration Scale. The scales displayed acceptable reliability with alpha coefficients ranging from .79 to .93. A Procrustes analysis yieldes coefficients of congruence to the previously established factor solution. The amount of variance accounted for varied between 33.1 to 55.7 percent, supporting the presence of other factors in attitudes toward illegal immigrants. Mokken scale analysis yielded robust and economical scales in tw clusters of national samples.

• Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, KS; Van Le, H; Krumov, K & Pernice, RE [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Structure of attitudes toward illegal immigration: Development of cross-national cumulative scales. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 94, p. 897–906.
• Nielsen, Geir Høstmark; Berge, Torkil; Axelsen, Eva; Nordhus, Inger Hilde & Ommundsen, Reidar (2003). Innledning - med samtalen som verktøy. In Berge, Torkil; Axelsen, Eva; Nielsen, Geir Høstmark; Nordhus, Inger Hilde & Ommundsen, Reidar (Ed.), Samtaler som forandrer. Psykologisk teori i praksis. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 82-7674-817-1. p. 9–14.
• Veer, Kees Van der; Ommundsen, Reidar; Hak, Tony & Larsen, Knud S. (2003). Meaning shift of items in different language versions. A cross-national validation study of the Illegal Aliens Scale. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology. ISSN 0033-5177. 37, p. 193–206. Show summary

  The 20-item Illegal Aliens Scale, which was developed and validated by Ommundsen and Larsen at Oregon State University (1997), has been translated into Norwegian and Dutch. Cross-national comparisons of attitudes require equivalence of measurement instruments (Rogler, 1999). The results of a translation � back translation procedure and a split sample study by (Ommundsen, R., van der Veer, K., Mørch, S., Hak, T. & Larsen, K.S. (2002) suggests that linguistic equivalence may not be sufficient to detect other non-equivalence of meaning in cross-cultural research. The present paper discusses a follow-up study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of this scale. This study consisted of two parts: (a) A �cognitive� test by means of the three-step test-interviews (Hak et. al., 2001) with Dutch and Norwegian subjects. (b) A comparative study of differences in political salience of the items of the scale between Norway and the Netherlands. Results show that differences in historical, political and cultural context result in different interpretations of seemingly straightforward concepts and that this affects how responses are constructed to attitude items.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der; Mørch, Svend; Hak, Tony & Larsen, Knud S. (2002). Attitudes toward illegal immigration: A cross-national methodological comparison. Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0022-3980. 136(1), p. 103–110. Show summary

  The research reported examines a Likert-type scale originally measuring attitudes in the U.S. toward illegal immigrants (IA). The scale was employed across four natioanl samples using several methodological procedures. Undergraduate students responded to the IA scale (Ommundsen & Larsen, 1997) at the University of Oslo, Oregaon State University, University of Copenhagen, and Vrije University of Amsterdam. The overall sample (N=631) had a mean age 23.32 and was 36.64% male. The main objective was to evaluate the adequacy of the 20 item IA scale by examining possible methodological and /or translation problems. A translation study carried out in the Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch samples (N=299); mean age = 23.54; 34.57% male) supports the national versions as fairly accurate, and largely containing the same meanings. Employing procrustes analysis of the IA scale yielded three factors in all four samples. The coefficient of congruence of these three othogonally rotated factor matrices, using the U.S. sample factor matrix as target, varied from .80 to .95 supporting cross-national robustness of the scale. In the search for a more economical cumulative scale, a Mokken analysis yieldes a five item scale containing the aforementioned three factors, and stable across national samples.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (2000). Social Identity threat, Identification, and Attitudes toward Etnic Minorities in Norway. In Jern, Stefan & Olsson, Eric (Ed.), Studies of Groups and Change. Lunds universitet, Lund, Sverige. ISSN 91-631-0899-2. p. 175–182. Show summary

  According to Social Identity Theory our self-esteem may partly be derived from our membership in social groups. The theory postulates that people strive to maintain positive self-esteem, and if the group we belong to happens to be evaluated negatively, this may constitute a threat to our social identity or collecive self-esteem. According to the theory one option we have to restore self-esteem is by derogating or discrimminating against some out-group, thus increasing own goup status, comparatively speaking. However, it has been argued that people must identify sufficiently with the in-group for threat to affect self-esteem. Futhermore, Hinkle and Brown (1990) suggest that there may be a general relation between in-group identification and discrimmination, however less attention has been paid to the possible effect of social identity threat on in-group identification. The present study is intended to fill this gap. The experiment explores the effect of "induced" positive or negative social (national) identity on level of identification with Norway and Norwegian culture. 146 undergaduate students at the University of Oslo (mean age 23.2 years; 72 % women) participated in a paper and pencil survey experiment with two groups with an equal number of subjects in each. Social identity threat was manipulated by having the subjects read either negative or positive descriptions purportedly collected from the media of Norway and Norwegian culture. Results from the experimental part of the study showed that social identity threat had a significant effect on level of national identification, but not on attitudes toward ethnic minorities. However, correlation analysis showed that higher levels of national identification was associated with more negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities. The finding suggest that even weak threats to social identity may affect in-group identification, which in its turn may be related to out-group prejudice.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Larsen, Knud S. (1999). Attitudes toward illegal immigration in Scandinavia and United States. Psychological Reports. ISSN 0033-2941. 84, p. 1331–1338. Show summary

  5331 undergraduate students (M age= 23.4 yr.)from the universities of Copenhagen, Oslo, and Oregon participated in a survey on attitudes toward illegal immigration, radicalism-conservativism, Machiavellianism, and anomie. Also a scale on relative optimism-pessimism, past, present and future, was included. The range of coefficents alpha for the Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigration Scale was .92 to . 93. Pearson product-moment correlations for the over-all sample were significant for these scores and on radicalism-conservativism, Machiavellianism, and anomie. Correlational and regression analysis identify radicalism-conservativism as a primary predictor. National sample differences are discussed.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Larsen, Knud S. (1997). Attitudes Toward Illegal Aliens: The Reliability and Validity of a Likert-Type Scale. Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0022-4545. 137(5), p. 665–667. Show summary

  The study reports on a Likert type scale measuring attitudes toward illegal aliens (IA). From an item selection study 32 items (16 positive , 16 negative) were selected. Part-whole correlations ranged from .59 to .76 (p< .001. 100 undergraduate participated in phase 2 to assess reliability, and construct validty. The corrected split-half coefficient is .95 (p < .001). The AI scale also correlated significantly to F scale (.35, p < .oo1), and a scale to measure political correctness (.28, p < .001). A third phase examined scale relationship to attitudes toward other minorities. In conclusion, the study yielded a unidimensional scale of acceptable homogeneity. The respondents who displayed negative attitudes toward illegal aliens were generally male, authoritarian, and disapproving of other minorities as well.

• Larsen, Knud S.; Groberg, David D.; Krumov, Krum; Andrejeva, Ludmilla; Kashlekeva, Nadi & Russinova, Zlatka [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (1995). Ideology and identity: A national outlook. Journal of Peace Research. ISSN 0022-3433. 32, p. 165–179. Show summary

  The aim of the current studies was to identify ideological and identity componenst of national outlook. Phase 1 focused on components and structure of the US national outlook. 1867 US, international students, and domestic group respondents participated in the 60-item check-off survey. Few differences were found between groups, supporting the presence of a common US national outlook with shared content and structure. In phase 2 755 social science students from the USA, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Norway responded to each og the 60 items on a five-point scale varying from "completely meaningful" (5) to "completly meaningless" (1). Differences in ratings by the samples were determined, and varimax rotated factor analyses were completed. The greatest over-all differences were found, as predicted, between US and Bulgarian respondents, and the greatest similarities between US and Norwegian participants. Finally, the relationship of the national outlook to peace is discussed.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1995). Health Psychology in Norway. EHPS Newsletter. 10, p. 3–8. Show summary

  På gunnlag av egen innsamlet informasjon gis det en oversikt over helsepsykologisk forskning i Norge per 1995.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Steinbakk, Eva & Vildalen, Stephane (1993). Be good! - and if you can't be - be careful! The HIV/AIDS situation and Norwegian students. Some cognitive, behavioral and motivational aspects. In Schrøder, Harry; Reschke, Konrad; Jonston, Marie & Maes, Stan (Ed.), Health Psychology: Potential in diversity. S. Roderer Verlag, Regensburg. ISSN 3-89073-656-4. p. 101–107. Show summary

  The report addresses three questions: To what extent have the media information campaigns succeeded in conveying more finegrained information about the communication of HIV, and is there any improvement in knowledge over time. To what extent will possession of more elaborate knowledge be associated with lower levels of sexual risk behavior. Can it be that students have an understanding of what constitutes "casual sex" which is at odds with health education messages. The report also raise the question about the potenial usefulness of reintroducing something akin to the "personal norm" variable which has been left out of the Model of Reasoned Action. The report is based on two anonymous questionnaires mailed to two random samples of students from the registry at the University of Oslo.

• Larsen, Knud S.; Groberg, David D.; Simmons, Dale D. & Ommundsen, Reidar (1993). Perspectives on the environment among social science students in former socialist and western societies. International Journal of Environmental Studies. ISSN 0020-7233. p. 13–15. Show summary

  This is a study on differences between national samples on optimism-pessimism on the environment. 755 undergraduate students in social science from the U.S.A., Bulgaria, Hungary, and Norway responded to a survey. 29% were male, 70% female, with a mean age of 22.8. Results yielded high significant differences with respondents from former "socialist" societies scoring significantly higher on environmental pessimism.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1990). Kan gamle hunder lære å sitte? Metodiske spørsmål ved helseopplysning og legemiddelinformasjon. Norges apotekerforenings tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-8400. 98(4), p. 71–81. Show summary

  Diskuterer grunnlaget for helseopplysning og legemiddelinformasjon med utgangspunkt i analysemodeller og forskningsresultater fra sosial- og helsepsykologien.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Forskning som premisslevrandør for forebyggende arbeid. In Ommundsen, Reidar & Myklebust, Jan Petter (Ed.), Psykologprofesjonen mot år 2000. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 82-00-18480-3. p. 172–199. Show summary

  Utgangspunket er at forebyggende tiltak ofte angår motstridende verdier, normer og interesser, og at dette må regnes inn når en skal vurdere behov for og art forebyggende tiltak. Videre gjøres det rede for ulike forskningsoppgaver, metoder og design innen forebyggingsfeltet. Kapitlet avsluttes med en diskusjon av hva forskningsresultater kan fortelle oss om valg av virkemiddler i forebygging.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Kan gamle hunder lære å sitte? Metodiske spørsmål ved helseopplysning. Nordisk Psykologi: teori, forskning, praksis. ISSN 0029-1463. p. 216–224. Show summary

  Argumenterer for at helseopplysning må "skreddersyes" ut fra en analyse av gruppers psykososiale situasjon. En teoretisk modell for slik analyse skisseres.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Aarø, Leif Edvard (1986). Samfunns- og Atferdsvitenskapelig helseforskning. Impuls : Tidsskrift for psykologi. ISSN 0801-2911. 40(4), p. 22–31.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1985). Forebyggende helsepsykologi. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 22, p. 483–496. Show summary

  Outlines some conceptual models and research in helath psychology, arguing that prevention of psychosocial and life-style generated illnesses is the future direction in public health pshilosophy. Social support and individual prevention behaviors are described

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Stone, William F. (1985). The structure of ideology in Norway and the United States. Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0022-4545. 125(2), p. 169–179. Show summary

  273 Norwegian and 286 US university students completed questionnaires containing a heterogeneous set of 60 items from scales of political and social attitudes related to the leftight and though-tender ideological dimensions. Factor analysis revealed similar factors in the two countries, but the order of importance of components varied; for example, the 1st factor found for Norwegians was a clear conservative-liberal factor. A similar factor was found for the American students, but it ranked 4th in importance. The Norwegian attitudes fit H.J. Eysenck's (1954) 2-factor description of social attitude structure. American attitudes seemed to fit the more diffuse leftight dimension described by S.S. Tomkins (1964) as humanism vs normativism. It is suggested that sinlge leftight dimension seems to hold the most promise for describing political attitudes. Although Norwegian students were more politically sophisticated than American students, they were more left-wing in realtion to their own society.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Engvik, Harald & Myklebust, Jan Petter (1984). Psykologprofesjonen i Norge ved inngangen til 1980-årene. In Holter, Peter Andreas; Magnussen, Svein & Sandsberg, Sigrid (Ed.), Norsk psykologi i 50 år. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 82-00-06209-0. p. 239–272. Show summary

  Kapitlet rapporterer resultater fra en spørreundersøkelse i 1983 blant 1656 psykologer; svarprosent: 90. Resultatene gir et bilde av ulike sider ved psykologers yrkesutøvelse, arbeidsmiljø, etterutdanning, spesialistgodkjenning, vurdering av behov og muligheter for oprettelse av flere stillinger på eget arbeidssted etc.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Ottesen, Leiv (1981). Psychiatric labeling and vocational rehabilitation: An experimental simulation. Psychiatry and Social Science. ISSN 0333-1032. 1, p. 249–256. Show summary

  Forty male sudents of personnel administration served as subjects interviewing a confederate job applicant. To half of the subjects the interviewee was presented as an ex-mental depressive patient, to the other half as an ex-somatic patient recovered from a leg fracture. The results indicated that subjects tended to form more negative impressions of the psychiatrically labeled job applicant, and consider him less fit for certain functions in the job. However, no differences were found in e.g. duration of the subjects' looking or in the number of gazes that they directed at the applicant.

• Larsen, Knud S.; Larsen, Kurt & Ommundsen, Reidar (1978). The role of social cost in preference choices of selective cross-national and cross-ethnic samples. Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0022-4545. 104, p. 137–138. Show summary

  Theory building in the area of prejudice has suggested the importance of social cost, belief incongruence, and social categorization. This article reports on the relative importance of these variables as dimensions of prejudice among samples varying in age, sex, racial-ethnic, and national background. The relative importance of these variables is dependent on the background of the sample. The confounding and generic nature of social cost however, is suggested by several factors in the study. To understand prejudice, one must understand the pressures of society as mediated by significant others.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Ekeland, Tor-Johan (1978). Psychiatric labeling and social perception. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 19(3), p. 193–197. Show summary

  Explored the effects of 3 types of psychiatric labeling on attribution of causality and impression formation in 142 high school students (mean age 18 yrs). Ss tended to be more person-oriented in their arributions when explaining an accident of a person being labeled formerly mentally ill and formerly psychiatrically hospitalized, as compared to a nonpsychiatric control label. No such tendency in causal attribution was found for a problems-of-living label. These effects were independent of variation in amount of neutral context information about the person being labeled. The effects of labeling on impression formation was inclonclusive, and reasons for this are discussed. Context information affected impression formation in that the person was evaluated more positively. No sex differences were found in attribution of causality and impression formation.

• Larsen, Knud S.; Nuttin, Joseph & Ommundsen, Reidar (1978). Social cost and prejudice. Journal of Social Psychology. ISSN 0022-4545. 104, p. 137–138. Show summary

  Theory building in the area of prejudice has suggested the importance of social cost, blief incongruence, and social categorization. This brief article reports on the relative importance of these variables as dimensions of prejudice among samples varying in age, sex, racial-ethnic, and national background. The relative importance is dependent on the background of the sample. The confounding and generic nature of social cost however, is suggested by several factors in the study. To understand prejudice, one must understand the pressures of society as mediated by significant others.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1976). Er personlighets begrepet ubrukelig? En kommentar til Rognes. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 13(10), p. 26–28. Show summary

  Et forsøk på å imøtegå en avvisning av nytten å operere med et personlighetsbegrep i psykologien.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1975). Institusjoner: Design og sosialt liv. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 12(11), p. 2–13.

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• Larsen, Knud; Van der Veer, Kees; Ommundsen, Reidar & Krumov, Krum (2011). Organizational Behavior in a Discontinuous World. Managerial and Workers Perspectives. Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 978-90-3610-229-2. 339 p.
• Larsen, Knud; Ommundsen, Reidar & Van der veer, Kees (2008). Being Human: Relationships and you. A Social psychological analysis. Rozenberg Publishers. ISBN 9789051709940. 550 p.
• Berge, Torkil; Axelsen, Eva; Nielsen, Geir Høstmark; Nordhus, Inger Hilde & Ommundsen, Reidar (2003). Samtaler som forandrer. Psykologisk teori i praksis. Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 82-7674-817-1. 285 p.
• Ommundsen, Reidar & Havik, Odd E. (1997). Helsepsykologi. Norsk psykologforening. ISBN 0332-6470. 33(8). 90 p. Show summary

  10 artikler innen ulike felter av helsepsykologien.

• Ommundsen, Reidar & Myklebust, Jan Petter (1987). Psykologprofesjonen mot år 2000. Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-00-18480-3. 586 p. Show summary

  Boken inneholder 47 artikler hvor over 50 forfattere redegjør for psykologiens stilling i Norge. Boken er et festskrift til professor Bjørn Christiansen.

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• Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud & Van der veer, Kees (2008). Framing immigrants: How they are labelled affects how they are evaluated.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud & Van der veer, Kees (2007). Framing immigrants: How they are labelled affects how they are evaluated.
• Phelps, Joshua Marvle; Eilertsen, Dag-Erik; Türken, Salman & Ommundsen, Reidar (2007). Attitude-based promoting and inhibiting factors for integration: A new scale.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (2004). Raushet kontra kravstorhet i sosial kategorisering. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 41(5), p. 393–394.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (2004). Opp er "topp", ned er "bånn". Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 41(9).
• Ommundsen, Reidar (2004). Attitude scale development in countries which send illegal immigrants.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (2001). "Double Role Relationships" between professors and students of psychology in Norway. Findings from two surveys.
• Hak, Tony; Veer, Kees van der & Ommundsen, Reidar (2001). An Application of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI): A validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian version of the Illegal Aliens Scale. Show summary

  In this paper we discuss the results of a validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the Illegal Aliens (IA) Scale. The main method of investigation in this study was the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI), which is a new technique specifically developed to detect problems with self-completion questionnaires. The study's aims were twofold: (1) to ascertain the usefulness of the TSTI for detecting problems regarding attitude measurement (2) to identify potential problems with the IA Scale. The phenomenon of illegal immigration evokes negative attitudes towards who are considered 'illegal' immigrants, a broad and vague category of (black) immigrants, including legal political refugees and asylum seekers. Given a context in which the issue of illegal immigration has become more and more salient in the Western world, it is relevant to find out how people in different countries react to this immigration situation and what attitudes they express towards 'illegal aliens'. Ommundsen & Larsen (1997) have developed the IA Scale, which is a Likert-type attitude scale consisting of 20 parallel interval items. The main purpose of this scale is to be used in large sample comparative studies of political and ideological attitudes, e.g. between several groups within populations or between countries. The TSTI procedure appeared to be very productive in terms of the number and kind of problems that were found regarding the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the IA Scale. It is concluded that the TSTI is useful as a diagnostic tool in validation studies of instruments that are aimed at measuring attitudes.

• Veer, Kees van der; Ommundsen, Reidar & Hak, Tony (2001). Meaning shift of items in different language versions. A cross-national validation study of the Illegal Aliens Scale. Show summary

  The 20-item Illegal Aliens Scale, which was developed and validated by Ommundsen and Larsen at Oregon State University (1999), has been translated into Norwegian and Dutch. Cross-national comparisons of attitudes require equivalence of measurement instruments (Rogler, 1999). The results of a translation - back translation procedure and a split sample study by (Ommundsen et al., in print) suggest that linguistic equivalence may not be sufficient to detect other non-equivalence of meaning in cross-national research. This paper discusses a follow-up methodological study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of this scale. This study consisted of two parts: (a) A 'cognitive' test by means of the three-step test-interviews (Hak, Van der Veer & Ommundsen, 2001) with Dutch and Norwegian subjects. (b) A comparative study of differences in political salience of the items of the scale between Norway and the Netherlands. Results show that differences in historical, political and cultural context result in different interpretations of seemingly straightforward concepts and that this affects how responses to attitude items are constructed.

• Larsen, Knud S.; Veer, Kees van der; Ommundsen, Reidar & Hak, Tony (2001). A Two Nations Validation Study of the "Illegal Aliens Scale". Show summary

  The 20-item Illegal Aliens Scale, which was developed and validated by Ommundsen and Larsen at Oregon State University (1997), has been translated into Norwegian and Dutch. Cross-national comparisons of attitudes require equivalence of measurement instruments (Rogler, 1999). The results of translation-back translation procedure and a split-sample study by Ommundsen, van der Veer, Mørch, Hak, & Larsen (in print) are briefly summarised. It is concluded that these studies of linguistic equivalence may not be sufficient to detect other factors that may explain differences in attitudes in cross-national research. A follow-up methodological study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of the scale is then discussed. This study consisted of two parts: (a) A 'cognitive' test by means of the "three-step test interviews" (Hak & van der Veer, 2000) with Dutch and Norwegian respondents. (b) A comparative study of differences in political salience of the items of the scale between Norway and the Netherlands. Results show that diffrences in historical, political and cultural context result in different interpretations of seemingly straightforward concepts and that this affects how the responses are constructed to attitude items.

• Butera, Fabrizio; Depuiset, Marie-Aude & Ommundsen, Reidar (2000). Changing discrimminatory attitudes in blind and constructive patriots. Show summary

  Rapporterer et eksperiment som undersøker betydningen av ulike former for nasjonal patriotisme som en moderator på effekter av normativ påvirkning fra en sentral normsender (egalitær. pro-etnisk minoritet, eller diskrimminerende). Slik påvirkning, f.eks. i form av politiske avgjørelser kan skape normative konflikter hos mottakere. Dette kan igjen føre til holdningsendring avhengig av hvilken patriotisme-profil en person har.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der & Hak, Tony (2000). Differences in interpretation and cultural background. A two nations comparison of the results of a validation study of the "Illegal Aliens Scale". Show summary

  The 20-item Illegal Aliens Scale, which was developed and validated by Ommundsen and Larsen at Oregon State University (1997), has been translated into Norwegian, Danish and Dutch. In this paper we discuss the results of a validation study of the Dutch and Norwegian versions of this scale, which consisted of the following parts: * In a "translation - back translation procedure", it appeared that the concept of "food stamps" is not meaningfully translatable to both Norwegian and Dutch, because such stamps are not in use in either country. * In a "split sample study", in which half of the sample completed the U.S. version of the scale and the other half the Norwegian and Dutch versions, respectively, results for the Norwegian and Dutch "food stamp" item were systematically different from the American one. Furthermore, the Dutch results for an item with the word "refugee" differed systematically between the U.S. and Dutch version. *Transcrips of the Three-step test-interviews (Hak & vand der Veer, 2000) indicated that interpretations by Norwegian respondents differed systematically from interpretations by Dutch respondents. * A follow-up "split sample study", in which the two groups were asked to indicate to what extent the associated each item with a hostile or friendly social discourse or idelologcal position concerning illegal immigrants, respectively. Our results show that difference in historical, political and cultural context result in diffrent interpretations of seemingly straightforward concepts. Attitude statements were more often associated with political or idelogical discourses by Norwegian respondents, as compared to Dutch respondents. The results are mainly discussed in relation to Social Identity Theory.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der & Hak, Tony (2000). A two nations comparison of the results of a validation study of the "Illegal Aliens Scale". Show summary

  The 20-item Illegal Aliens Scale,which was developed and validated by Ommundsen and Larsen at Oregon State University (1997) has been translated to Norwegian, Danish, and Dutch. In this paper we discuss the results of a validation study of the Dutch and the Norwegian versions of this scale, particularily focusing on the following parts: * Think-aloud and cognitive interviews: Dutch and Norwegian respondents were asked to think aloud while completing the scale and were afterwards interviewed. Transcripts indicated that interpretations by Norwegian respondents differed systematically from interpretations by Dutch respondents. * A follow-up split sample study, in which the two groups wre asked to indicate to what extent they associated each item with a friendly or hostile social discourse or ideological postion concerning illegal immigrants, respectively. Our results indicate that Norwegian, as compared to Dutch respondents more often associated attitude statements with political or ideological discourses. The results are discussed in relation to Social Identity Theory.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Veer, Kees van der; Hak, Tony & Larsen, Knud S. (2000). Attitudes toward illegal immigration: A cross-national methodological comparison. Show summary

  The research reported examines a Likert-type scale originally measuring attitudes in the U.S. toward illegal immigration (IA). The scale was employed across four national samples using several methodological procedures. Undergraduate students responded to the IA scale at the University of Oslo, Oregon State University, University of Copenhagen, and Vrije University of Amsterdam. The overall sample (N = 631) had a mean age 23.32 and were 36.64% male. The main objective was to evaluate the adequacy of the 20-item scale by examining possible methodological and/or translation problems. A translation study was carried out in the Danish, Norwegian, and Dutsh samples (N = 299; mean age 23.54; 34.57 percent male) support the national vesrions fairly accurate, and largely containing the same meanings. Employing procrustes analysis of the IA scale yielded three factors in all four national samples. The coefficient of congruence of these three orthogonally rotated factor matices, using the U.S. factor matrix as target, varied from .80 to .95 supporting the cross-national robustness of the scale. In search for a more economical cumulative scale, a Mokken analysis yielded a five-item scale covering the aforementioned three factors, and stable across national samples.

• Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud S.; Døpping, Jesper; Kuschel, Rolf; Kragh, Lotte & Andersen, Helle [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (1998). Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigration in Scandinavia and the United States.
• Ommundsen, Reidar; Larsen, Knud S.; Mørch, Svend & Døpping, Jesper (1997). A Cross-national study of attitudes toward illegal aliens. Show summary

  One hundred three Danish undergraduates from the University of Copenhagen, and one hundred ten undergarduates from University of Oslo participated in the survey. Item analysis yielded 20 items with part-whole correlations < .30 (p < .001). No significant differences were found between national samples on the Illegal Alien Scale. The Spearman-Brown and Alpha coeficients were .88 and .91 respectively supporting the unidimensionality of the scale. A varimax factor analysis produced four factors which focused on economic outcomes, humanitarian concerns, sympathy, and social intrusion as elements in attitudes toward illegal immigrants.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1995). Exploring safe sex among university students. Their success stories and images of ideal procedures for introducing condoms when having sex with a new partner. Show summary

  De fleste studier av sikker sex tar sikte på å forstå usikker sex. Den foreliggende studien ser isteden på unge menneskers erfaringer med faktisk å ha praktisert sikker sex, og deres syn på hvordan dette best kan gjennomføres.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1995). Some findings from two surveys on "multiple relationships" between professors and psychology students in Norway. Show summary

  Reports the results from two surveys: Spring 1994 an anonymous questionnaire was mailed to all Norwegian psychologist graduated in the years 1990-1993. Return rate 65%; N=274. Fall 1994 301 full-time educators and part-time teachers at the universities of Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Tromsø completed an anonymous mailed questionnaire. Return rate 67%. Approx 18 % of the female psychologistes reported having experienced sexual advances from their teachers. 76% reported having reacted negatively. 18 educators reported having made sexual advances toward their students; 86% thought the student reacted very positively. 6% of the female psycholgists and 7% of the educators reported having actually had a sexual relationship with a teacher or student, respecively. It is concluded that even if it is only a minority of educators who get involved in multiple relationships with their students it may reflect a failure of the educational institution to affirm importan ethical values concerning professional relationships.

• Johnsen, J. E.; Ekgren, J. P.; Færøyvik, E.; Ommundsen, Reidar; Schioldborg, Per & Bjørgum, K. E. (1988). Making a Workplace Smoke-Free. The University as Health Promotor in Society. Show summary

  The University of Oslo, which is one of the largest places of work in Norway (nearly 30.000 persons), has established a smoke.free workplace and developed special smoking cessation courses. The effects of these actions have been examined. Information about the results has been distributed locally, nationally and internationally. This seems to have encouraged similar actions eleswhere, initiated publication of guidelines, and contributed to legislation. Our experience is that a university is in the position to play an important role with regard to health promotion in a community and society as a whole; teaching and research recources give decided advantage in this respect. This article is written from a practical viewpoint and contains advice which can be used elsewhere.

• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Attribusjon. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Innstilling. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Normdannelse. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Sosial realitetskonstruksjon. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Sosial sammenligning. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Diskriminering. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Flertallsmisforståelse (pluralistisk ignorans). In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Forebyggende helsearbeid. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Forventninger. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Hawthorne-effekten. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Helseatferd. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Lært hjelpesløshet. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Stereotypier. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Sykdomsatferd. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8. p. 413–414.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Type A- og B-atferd. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1987). Sosial tiltrekning. In Bojer, Hilde & Heidar, Knut (Ed.), Norsk Samfunnslekikon. Pax Forlag. ISSN 82-530-1419-8.
• Ommundsen, Reidar & Gardsjord, Åsne (1977). Psykologers arbeidssituasjon i lys av begrepene "kompetanse" og "innflytelse". Show summary

  Begrepene "kompetanse" og "innflytelse" nyttes til å analysere psykolgers arbeidssituasjon, med særlig henblikk på psykolgers arbeid i skolepsykologien.

• Albrecht, Hilje; Kvalem, Ingela Lundin & Ommundsen, Reidar (2004). "Brukerundersøkelsen" - Nyutdannede psykologers evaluering av profesjonsstudiet i Oslo. Del II. En analyse av åpne spørsmål. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Ommundsen, Reidar & Schioldborg, Per (1987). Attitudes toward Preventive Health Behavior. A Norwegian extention of the MHLC-Scale. 7Letras.
• Ommundsen, Reidar (1986). Social Perception of Deviant Behavior of different severity: Does Information about Increasing Prevalence have an impact on Attribution, prediction, and preferred Focus of prevention? 7Letras.
• Solberg, Sigurd; Ommundsen, Reidar & Hagen, Roger (1983). Opplevelse av bygningsisolering og skjerming mot vegtrafikkstøy. Oslo Helseråd. ISSN 82-7309-014-0. Show summary

  En retrospekti spørreundersøkelse blant 224 beboere 1/2-1 år etter støyskjerming. Resultatene sammenfalt med en før-og-etter undersøkelse i et annet boligområde. En fant signifikante sammenhenger mellom opplevd bedring av støyforholdene og objektive støymålinger.

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