Maja Dyhre Foldal

• Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Anaïs; Knight, Robert T.; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Endestad, Tor (2020). The brain tracks auditory rhythm predictability independent of selective attention. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  10, s 1- 13 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64758-y Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  The brain responds to violations of expected rhythms, due to extraction- and prediction of the temporal structure in auditory input. Yet, it is unknown how probability of rhythm violations affects the overall rhythm predictability. Another unresolved question is whether predictive processes are independent of attention processes. In this study, EEG was recorded while subjects listened to rhythmic sequences. Predictability was manipulated by changing the stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA deviants) for given tones in the rhythm. When SOA deviants were inserted rarely, predictability remained high, whereas predictability was lower with more frequent SOA deviants. Dichotic tone-presentation allowed for independent manipulation of attention, as specific tones of the rhythm were presented to separate ears. Attention was manipulated by instructing subjects to attend to tones in one ear only, while keeping the rhythmic structure of tones constant. The analyses of event-related potentials revealed an attenuated N1 for tones when rhythm predictability was high, while the N1 was enhanced by attention to tones. Bayesian statistics revealed no interaction between predictability and attention. A right-lateralization of attention effects, but not predictability effects, suggested potentially different cortical processes. This is the first study to show that probability of rhythm violation influences rhythm predictability, independent of attention.

• Llorens, Anaïs; Funderud, Ingrid; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Lubell, James; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Leske, Sabine Liliana; Huster, Rene; Meling, Torstein Ragnar; Knight, Robert T; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Endestad, Tor (2020). Preservation of Interference Effects in Working Memory After Orbitofrontal Damage. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.  ISSN 1662-5161.  13, s 1- 15 . doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00445 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in multiple cognitive processes, including inhibitory control, context memory, recency judgment, and choice behavior. Despite an emerging understanding of the role of OFC in memory and executive control, its necessity for core working memory (WM) operations remains undefined. Here, we assessed the impact of OFC damage on interference effects in WM using a Recent Probes task based on the Sternberg item-recognition task (1966). Subjects were asked to memorize a set of letters and then indicate whether a probe letter was presented in a particular set. Four conditions were created according to the forthcoming response ("yes"/"no") and the recency of the probe (presented in the previous trial set or not). We compared behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) responses between healthy subjects (n = 14) and patients with bilateral OFC damage (n = 14). Both groups had the same recency pattern of slower reaction time (RT) when the probe was presented in the previous trial but not in the current one, reflecting the proactive interference (PI). The within-group electrophysiological results showed no condition difference during letter encoding and maintenance. In contrast, event-related potentials (ERPs) to probes showed distinct within-group condition effects, and condition by group effects. The response and recency effects for controls occurred within the same time window (300-500 ms after probe onset) and were observed in two distinct spatial groups including right centro-posterior and left frontal electrodes. Both clusters showed ERP differences elicited by the response effect, and one cluster was also sensitive to the recency manipulation. Condition differences for the OFC group involved two different clusters, encompassing only left hemisphere electrodes and occurring during two consecutive time windows (345-463 ms and 565-710 ms). Both clusters were sensitive to the response effect, but no recency effect was found despite the behavioral recency effect. Although the groups had different electrophysiological responses, the maintenance of letters in WM, the evaluation of the context of the probe, and the decision to accept or reject a probed letter were preserved in OFC patients. The results suggest that neural reorganization may contribute to intact recency judgment and response after OFC damage.

• Aminihajibashi, Samira; Hagen, Thomas; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Laeng, Bruno & Espeseth, Thomas (2019). Individual differences in resting-state pupil size: Evidence for association between working memory capacity and pupil size variability. International Journal of Psychophysiology.  ISSN 0167-8760.  140, s 1- 7 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.03.007 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Mäki-Marttunen, Verónica; Hagen, Thomas; Aminihajibashi, Samira; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Stavrinou, Maria; Halvorsen, Jens; Laeng, Bruno & Espeseth, Thomas (2018). Ocular signatures of proactive versus reactive cognitive control in young adults. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience.  ISSN 1530-7026.  s 1- 15 . doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-0621-5

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• Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Anaïs; Knight, Robert Thomas; Solbakk, Anne-Kristin & Endestad, Tor (2019). The brain tracks global temporal regularity in auditory patterns.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Lubell, James Isaac; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Anaïs; Funderud, Ingrid; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Larsson, Pål Gunnar; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Meling, Torstein Ragnar; Knight, Robert Thomas; Danielsen, Anne; Endestad, Tor & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin (2019). Auditory prediction and prediction error in self-generated tones.
• Leske, Sabine Liliana; Lubell, James; Blenkmann, Alejandro Omar; Llorens, Anaïs; Funderud, Ingrid; Foldal, Maja Dyhre; Larsson, Pål Gunnar; Ivanovic, Jugoslav; Meling, Torstein Ragnar; Knight, Robert Thomas; Danielsen, Anne; Endestad, Tor & Solbakk, Anne-Kristin (2019). Action-based auditory predictions. Vis sammendrag

  Sensory consequences of actions are predicted by the brain via an internal forward model to prepare sensory cortical areas, referred to as motor prediction. In a similar vein, the predictive coding framework suggests that perception is based on internal models making predictions about sensory events, based on statistical probabilities of the stimuli. In the current study we investigated action-based sensory predictions. We used a self-paced, two-choice random generation task, infrequently inducing deviant outcomes of voluntary action. Participants repeatedly pressed a right and a left button normatively associated with a 70 ms long 1 kHz and 2 kHz tone, respectively. Occasional deviants occurred, inverting the learned button-tone association. Participants were instructed that their button presses should be random, at a regular but self-paced tempo of one press per 1-2 s, and that they should press both buttons with equal probability. They were informed that the tones are task-irrelevant. We used intracranial EEG (iEEG) data recorded from 10 adult patients with electrodes localized in frontal and temporal lobes. The patients had drug resistant epilepsy and were undergoing presurgical monitoring via implanted stereotactic electrodes. Electrode coordinates and anatomical labels were obtained from coregistered MRI and CT images using iElectrodes toolbox. Initial results indicate that violations of action intentions modulated high frequency band activity (HFA, 75-145 Hz) in distributed brain regions including temporal and prefrontal cortices.

• Stavrinou, Maria; Asko, Olgerta; Hagen, Thomas; Foldal, Maja Dyhre & Espeseth, Thomas (2017). The long term effects of reward on spatial priority maps studied with Electroencephalography and Pupillometry.

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