Knut Inge Fostervold

• Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Brandtzæg, Petter Bae (2021). My chatbot companion – a study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies.  ISSN 1071-5819.  149:102601, s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  There has been a recent surge of interest in social chatbots, and human–chatbot relationships (HCRs) are becoming more prevalent, but little knowledge exists on how HCRs develop and may impact the broader social context of the users. Guided by Social Penetration Theory, we interviewed 18 participants, all of whom had developed a friendship with a social chatbot named Replika, to understand the HCR development process. We find that at the outset, HCRs typically have a superficial character motivated by the users' curiosity. The evolving HCRs are characterised by substantial affective exploration and engagement as the users' trust and engagement in self-disclosure increase. As the relationship evolves to a stable state, the frequency of interactions may decrease, but the relationship can still be seen as having substantial affective and social value. The relationship with the social chatbot was found to be rewarding to its users, positively impacting the participants' perceived wellbeing. Key chatbot characteristics facilitating relationship development included the chatbot being seen as accepting, understanding and non-judgmental. The perceived impact on the users' broader social context was mixed, and a sense of stigma associated with HCRs was reported. We propose an initial model representing the HCR development identified in this study and suggest avenues for future research.

• Bakke, Jan Vilhelm & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2020). Offices, In Kishi Reiko; Dan Norbäck & Araki Atsuko (ed.),  Indoor Environmental Quality and Health Risk toward Healthier Environment for All.  Springer Nature.  ISBN 978-981-32-9181-2.  4.  s 57 - 86
• Myklebust, Trond; Motland, Karoline; Garnås, Alexander; Bjørklund, Roald Arild; Bjørkli, Cato Alexander & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2020). An Empirical evaluation of the relationship between human relations climate and readiness for change. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology.  ISSN 2002-2867.  5(1) . doi: http://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.74 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Mork, Randi; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2019). Discomfort glare and psychological stress during computer work: subjective responses and associations between neck pain and trapezius muscle blood flow. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.  ISSN 0340-0131.  s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1007/s00420-019-01457-w Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Exposure to additional environmental stress during computer work, such as visual and psychological demands, is associated with increased eye and neck discomfort, altered moods, and reduced well-being. The aim of this study is to elucidate further how subjective responses in healthy, young females with normal binocular vision are afected by glare and psychological stress during computer work, and to investigate possible associations between trapezius muscle blood fow and neck pain development. Methods 43 females participated in a laboratory experiment with a within-subject design. Four 10-min computer work conditions with exposure to diferent stressors were performed at an ergonomically optimal workstation, under the following series of conditions: no additional stress, visual stress (induced as direct glare from a large glare source), psychological stress, and combined visual and psychological stress. Before and immediately after each computer work condition, questionnaires regarding diferent visual and eye symptoms, neck and shoulder symptoms, positive and negative state moods, perceived task difculty, and perceived ambient lighting were completed. Associations between neck pain and trapezius muscle blood fow were also investigated. Results Exposure to direct glare induced greater development of visual/eye symptoms and discomfort, while psychological stress exposure made participants feel more negative and stressed. The perception of work lighting during glare exposure was closely related to perceived stress, and associations between visual discomfort and eyestrain, and neck pain were observed in all conditions. Furthermore, participants with high trapezius muscle blood fow overall reported more neck pain, independent of exposure. Conclusions Exposure to visual and psychological stresses during computer work afects the development of symptoms and negative moods in healthy, young females with normal binocular vision, but in diferent ways. The results also demonstrate the complex interactions involved in symptom development and lighting appraisal during computer work. When optimizing computer workstations, the complexity

• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Effects of roadwork characteristics and drivers? individual differences on speed preferences in a rural work zone. Accident Analysis and Prevention.  ISSN 0001-4575.  132 . doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105263 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Work zone safety from a psychological perspective has received little attention in scientific literature. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the influence of roadwork characteristics and drivers’ individual differences in terms of personality traits and self-assessment of driving skills on speed preferences in a rural work zone. Eight hundred forty-five Norwegian drivers stated their preferred speed for ten pictures of a rural work zone with a 50 km/h reduced speed limit without knowing the speed limit. The results showed that the preferred speeds were greater than the actual reduced speed limit for all pictures. The standard deviations were quite high (from 11 to 14 km/h), indicating that drivers have a rather high variation in preferred speeds. A multilevel model was used to analyse the effects of the variables on speed preference. The results indicated that preferred speeds increased with age, higher scores on the normlessness scale, and higher self-assessment of own driving skills. As for the roadwork characteristics, speed increased with the presence of road markings by 11 km/h, while it decreased by 9 km/h with the presence of road delineators and by 5 km/h with barriers. Implications for respect for the reduced speed limits in work zones were discussed, and recommendations of other countermeasures were presented.

• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Speed preferences in work zones: the combined effect of visible roadwork activity, personality traits, attitudes, risk perception and driving style. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour.  ISSN 1369-8478.  62, s 390- 405 . doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.01.017 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Volden, Frode; de Alwis Edirisinghe, Viveka & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Human Gaze-Parameters as an Indicator of Mental Workload. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.  ISSN 2194-5357.  827, s 209- 215 . doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96059-3_23 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge & Halberg, Anne-Marie (2018). Subjective Evaluation of the Physical Work Environment and the Influence of Personality, In Sebastiano Bagnara; Riccardo Tartaglia; Sara Albolino; Thomas Alexander & Yushi Fujita (ed.),  Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018).  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-96089-0.  Volume II: Safety and Health, Slips, Trips and Falls.  s 578 - 582
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Koren, Peter Christian & Nilsen, Odd Viggo (2018). Defining Sustainable and “Decent” Work for Human Factors and Ergonomics, In Andrew Thatcher & Paul H.P. Yeow (ed.),  Ergonomics and Human Factors for a Sustainable Future Current Research and Future Possibilities.  Palgrave Macmillan.  ISBN 978-981-10-8071-5.  3.  s 47 - 76
• Mork, Randi; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2018). Visual and psychological stress during computer work in healthy, young females' physiological responses. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.  ISSN 0340-0131.  91(7), s 811- 830 . doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1324-5 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Among computer workers, visual complaints, and neck pain are highly prevalent. This study explores how occupational simulated stressors during computer work, like glare and psychosocial stress, affect physiological responses in young females with normal vision. Methods The study was a within-subject laboratory experiment with a counterbalanced, repeated design. Forty-three females performed four 10-min computer-work sessions with different stress exposures: (1) minimal stress; (2) visual stress (direct glare); (3) psychological stress; and (4) combined visual and psychological stress. Muscle activity and muscle blood flow in trapezius, muscle blood flow in orbicularis oculi, heart rate, blood pressure, blink rate and postural angles were continuously recorded. Immediately after each computer-work session, fixation disparity was measured and a questionnaire regarding perceived workstation lighting and stress was completed. Results Exposure to direct glare resulted in increased trapezius muscle blood flow, increased blink rate, and forward bending of the head. Psychological stress induced a transient increase in trapezius muscle activity and a more forward-bent posture. Bending forward towards the computer screen was correlated with higher productivity (reading speed), indicating a concentration or stress response. Forward bent posture was also associated with changes in fixation disparity. Furthermore, during computer work per se, trapezius muscle activity and blood flow, orbicularis oculi muscle blood flow, and heart rate were increased compared to rest. Conclusions Exposure to glare and psychological stress during computer work were shown to influence the trapezius muscle, posture, and blink rate in young, healthy females with normal binocular vision, but in different ways. Accordingly, both visual and psychological factors must be taken into account when optimizing computer workstations to reduce physiological responses that may cause excessive eyestrain and musculoskeletal load.

• Skar, Ane-Marthe Solheim; Sherr, Lorraine; Macedo, Ana; von Tetzchner, Stephen & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2017). Evaluation of parenting interventions to prevent violence against children in Colombia - a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.  ISSN 0886-2605.  s 1- 29 . doi: 10.1177/0886260517736881
• Steinbakk, Renata Torquato; Ulleberg, Pål; Sagberg, Fridulv & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2017). Analysing the influence of visible roadwork activity on drivers’ speed choice at work zones using a video-based experiment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour.  ISSN 1369-8478.  44(January), s 53- 62 . doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2016.10.003 Vis sammendrag

  The present study used a video-based experimental design to investigate the influence of visible roadwork activity on speed preferences at work zones. Four videos from real work zones in Norway were used. Two roadwork areas were filmed at two moments – with and without visible roadwork activity. A total of 815 drivers watched two videos and answered a questionnaire online. Participants stated speed preferences for both videos and then evaluated the influence of 17 common work zone elements on their speed choice. The results showed lower preferred speeds for the videos with visible roadwork activity. The elements considered by drivers to influence their speed included speed regulation (e.g. speed limit signs), transient motives (e.g. time pressure), flow pressure (e.g. speed of the rear driver) and situational conditions (e.g. road situation). Results from the regression analysis showed that visible roadwork activity was the strongest predictor of lower preferred speeds. Speed regulation and transient motives were also significant predictors of preferred speeds. Those who considered speed regulation more important to influence their speed choice at work zones were likely to state lower preferred speeds, while those who considered transient motives as more important were likely to state higher preferred speeds. These findings support the hypothesis that visible roadwork activity is an important factor for lower speed preferences at work zones. The main practical implication is that road authorities should consider various countermeasures to achieve safe driving speeds at work zones, not only roadworks warning signs.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Volden, Frode & Watten, Reidulf G. (2015). Universell utforming Grunnlag og tverrfaglig inspirasjon, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  1.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Watten, Reidulf G. & Volden, Frode (2015). Ergonomi og human factors Basiskunnskap for universell utforming, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  3.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Watten, Reidulf G. & Volden, Frode (2015). Universell utforming og ergonomi Hva er forskjellen?, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  4.
• Volden, Frode; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Watten, Reidulf G. (2015). Det digitale selvbetjeningssamfunnet : for alle?, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  6.  s 92 - 95
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Rydstedt, Leif W (2015). Stress hormones in the hair: A new method for investigation of stress and work-load., In Knut Inge Fostervold; Svein Åge Kjøs Johnsen; Leif W Rydstedt & Reidulf G. Watten (ed.),  Creating Sustainable Work-environments, Proceedings of NES2015.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 9788299574754.  C6.  s 194 - 199
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (2015). Menneske, miljø og natur. En utvidet forståelse av universell utforming, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  14.  s 199 - 203
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (2015). Noen sentrale perseptuelle faktorer i universell design og miljøpsykologi, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  5.  s 61 - 90
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Watten, Reidulf G. & Volden, Frode Strand (2014). Evolutionary adaptations: Theoretical and practical implications for visual ergonomics. Work : A journal of Prevention, Assesment and rehabilitation.  ISSN 1051-9815.  47(3), s 387- 397 . doi: 10.3233/WOR-131771 Vis sammendrag

  BACKGROUND: The literature discussing visual ergonomics often mention that human vision is adapted to light emitted by the sun. However, the theoretical and practical implications of this viewpoint is seldom discussed and taken into account. OBJECTIVE: The paper discusses some of the main theoretical implications of an evolutionary approach to visual ergonomics. DISCUSSION: Based on interactional theory and ideas from ecological psychology an evolutionary stress model is proposed as a theoretical framework for future research in ergonomics and human factors. The model stresses the importance of developing work environments that fits with our evolutionary adaptations. In accordance with evolutionary psychology, the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) and evolutionarily-novel environments (EN) are used as key concepts. Using work with visual display units (VDU) as an example, the paper discusses how this knowledge can be utilized in an ergonomic analysis of risk factors in the work environment. CONCLUSION: The paper emphasises the importance of incorporating evolutionary theory in the field of ergonomics. Further, the paper encourages scientific practices that further our understanding of any phenomena beyond the borders of traditional proximal explanations.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2012). Cognitive components and the ability to ignore and adapt to irrelevant stimuli: a key factor in open plan offices?. Work : A journal of Prevention, Assesment and rehabilitation.  ISSN 1051-9815.  41, s 6024- 6030 . doi: 10.3233/WOR-2012-1055-6024 Vis sammendrag

  Employees differ in their apperception of open plan offices. Despite this, individual differences have been sparsely treated in the literature discussing effects of office design. The aim of the present study was to investigate how stimulus screening, working memory, and attention interrelate and affect important factors in the work environment. The study utilized a cross sectional design. Participants (N=35) were recruited among employees in four organizations. Working memory was assessed bye means of the Operation –Word Span Task (OSPAN) while attention was measured by the d2 test of attention. Dependent variables were job stress, job involvement, organizational commitment, and need for recovery. The results showed a main affect of stimulus screening on need for recovery and one subscale of organizational commitment. A main effect was also found for fluctuation rate across trials, a sub measure of attention, on need for recovery. The results revealed no indication of any mediator or moderator effects of either working memory or attention, on stimulus screening, for any of the dependent variables. Thus, the effect of stimulus screening seems not to be explained through individual differences in cognitive processes.

• Bjørnstad, Anne Lise; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Ulleberg, Pål (2011). Effects of Cultural Diversity on Trust and its Consequences for Team Processes and Outcomes in Ad Hoc Distributed Teams. Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology.  ISSN 1891-473X.  3(2), s 3- 15
• Halberg, Anne-Marie; Teigen, Karl Halvor & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2009). Maximum vs. minimum values: Preferences of speakers and listeners for upper and lower limit estimates. Acta Psychologica.  ISSN 0001-6918.  132(3), s 228- 239 . doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.07.007 Vis sammendrag

  Estimates about uncertain quantities can be expressed in terms of lower limits (more than x, minimum x), or upper limits (less than y, maximum y). It has been shown that lower limit statements generally occur much more often than upper limit statements (Halberg & Teigen, in press). However, in a conversational context, preferences for upper and lower limit statements will be moderated by the concerns of the interlocutors. We report three studies asking speakers and listeners about their preferences for lower and upper limit statements, in the domains of distances, durations, and prices. It appears that travellers prefer information about maximum distances and maximum durations, and buyers (but not sellers) prefer to be told about maximum prices and maximum delivery times. Mistaken maxima are at the same time regarded as more “wrong” than mistaken minima. However, this preference for “worst case” information is not necessarily shared by providers of information (advisors), who are also concerned about being blamed if wrong.

• Fostervold, KI & Nersveen, Jonny (2008). Proportions of direct and indirect indoor lighting - The effect on health, well-being and cognitive performance of office workers. Lighting Research and Technology.  ISSN 1477-1535.  40(3), s 175- 200 . doi: 10.1177/1477153508090917
• Fostervold, Knut Inge & Ankrum, Dennis R. (2008). Visual ergonomics for children, In Rani Lueder & Valerie J Berg Rice (ed.),  Ergonomics for children designing products and places for toddler to teens.  Taylor & Francis.  ISBN 9780415304740.  4.  s 65 - 108
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Kleiven, Jo; Fauske, Halvor & Volden, Frode (2008). Gender Profiles of Internet and Mobile Phone Use among Norwegian Adolescents. Seminar.net - Media, technology and lifelong learning.  ISSN 1504-4831.  4(3), s 1- 10
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Kleiven, Jo & Volden, Frode (2008). Barn og unges IKT-bruk - Kjønnsforskjeller og elektronisk mobbing, I: Pär Nygren & Harald Thuen (red.),  Barn og unges kompetanseutvikling.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-01346-6.  8.  s 111 - 126
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Halberg, Anne-Marie & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2007). More than, less than, or between: How upper and lower bounds determine subjective interval estimates. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.  ISSN 0894-3257.  20, s 179- 201 Vis sammendrag

  Uncertain quantities can be described by single-point estimates of lower interval bounds(X1), upper interval bounds (X2), two-bound estimates (separate estimates of X1 and X2),and by ranges (X1-X2). A price estimation task showed that single-bound estimates phrased as ‘‘T costs more than X1’’ and ‘‘T costs less than X2,’’ yielded much larger intervals than ‘‘minimum X1’’ and ‘‘maximum X2.’’ This difference can be attributed to exclusive interpretations of X1 and X2 in the first case (X1 and X2 are unlikely values), and inclusive interpretations in the second (X1 and X2 are likely values). This pattern of results was replicated in other domains where participants estimated single targets. When they estimated a distribution of targets, the pattern was reversed. ‘‘Minimum’’ and ‘‘maximum’’ values of variable quantities (e.g., flight prices) were found to delimit larger intervals than ‘‘more than’’ and ‘‘less than’’ estimates.

• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Halberg, Anne-Marie & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2007). Single- Limit Interval Estimates as Reference Points. Applied Cognitive Psychology.  ISSN 0888-4080.  21(3), s 383- 406 Vis sammendrag

  People often describe uncertain quantities by suggesting a lower or upper limit of an uncertainty interval, rather than the complete range. Five studies are reported, which demonstrate how interval limits function as provisional reference points (PRP), conferring evaluative meanings to the target objects, by suggesting downward or upward comparisons. Thus, a price above X appears expensive, whereas a price below Y appears cheap, even when Y > X. This can give rise to framing effects: a purchase can appear to be recommended or advised against, and a seller can appear as optimistic or pessimistic, and, more generally, an estimate can indicate abundance or scarcity, depending upon which boundary (upper or lower) that is selected. Furthermore, inclusive lower bounds (minimum, at least) and upper bounds (maximum, at most) differ from exclusive lower (more than, above) and upper bounds (less than, below), by suggesting possible (likely) rather than implausible (unlikely) values.

• Øvergård, Kjell Ivar; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Bjelland, Hans Vanhauwaert & Hoff, Thomas (2007). Knobology in use: an experimental evaluation of ergonomics recommendations. Ergonomics.  ISSN 0014-0139.  50(5), s 694- 705 . doi: 10.1080/00140130601168046 Vis sammendrag

  The scientific basis for ergonomics recommendations for controls has usually not been related to active goal-directed use. The present experiment tests how different knob sizes and torques affect operator performance. The task employed is to control a pointer by the use of a control knob, and is as such an experimentally defined goal-directed task relevant to machine systems in general. Duration of use, error associated with use (overshooting of the goal area) and movement reproduction were used as performance measures. Significant differences between knob sizes were found for movement reproduction. High torques led to less overshooting as opposed to low torques. The results from duration of use showed a tendency that the differences between knob sizes were reduced from the first iteration to the second iteration. The present results indicate that the ergonomically recommended ranges of knob sizes might differently affect operator performance.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Aarås, Arne & Lie, Ivar (2006). Work with visual display units: Long-term health effects of high and downward line-of-sight in ordinary office environments. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.  ISSN 0169-8141.  36(4), s 331- 343
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2003). VDU-work with downward gaze: the emperor's new clothes or scientifically sound?. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.  ISSN 0169-8141.  31(3), s 161- 167 Vis sammendrag

  Lower monitor placements, with gaze angles to the centre of the screen 30�45 below the horizontal line are proposed as an alternative to higher monitor placements advocated by prevailing guidelines. A scientific basis for this proposition has been established within a comprehensive theoretical framework, founded on an ecological systemic approach to vision. A review of the literature shows reduced visual strain and a strong tendency towards reduced symptomatology in subjects working with downward gaze. Increased musculoskeletal load is not evident in m. trapezius, while a clinically insignificant increase might be present in some other neck and shoulder muscles. Research studying subjective preferences is inconclusive at present. The evidence indicates that lower monitor placements result in less strain on the total network of muscles involved in visual display unit (VDU) work.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Buckmann, Erik & Lie, Ivar (2001). VDU-screen filters: Remedy or the ubiquitous Hawthorne effect?. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.  ISSN 0169-8141.  27(2), s 107- 77 Vis sammendrag

  The claim that VDU-screen filters improve health by reducing exposure to electrical fields and/or improving screen legibility was investigated by introducing VDU screen filters into an office environment. The study design was quasi-experimental, with the first part conducted according to a simulated control group design with one intervention and one control group. In the second part, which served as a partly switched replication, the control group also received screen filters. The first group continued their use. The dependent measures were sick leave, productivity. subjective symptoms, and musculoskeletal condition. Subjectively-reported symptom improvement was found in the group that received screen filters during the initial part of the study, but that was followed by an aggravation of symptoms during the second part for the same group. No effect was observed in the control group in either part of the study. The discontinuity observed between the study parts indicates that factors other than VDU-screen filter use were respon-sible for the results. However, the results appear to be explained by subject reactivity, i.e. the Hawthorne effect. The results caution against premature con-clu-sions drawn from short-term interventions and emphasise the need for a better understanding of the various psychological and task-related factors that influence subjects.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2000). Ergonomi i et nytt årtusen, utfordringer og muligheter. Arbete Människa Miljö & Nordisk Ergonomi.  ISSN 1402-859X.  (1), s 52- 54
• Lie, Ivar; Watten, Reidulf G. & Fostervold, Knut Inge (1998). Accommodation/vergence/-fixation disparity and synergism of head, neck and shoulders, In O. Frantzén; H. Richter & L. Stark (ed.),  Accommodation/-Vergence Mechanisms in the Visual System.  Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel..
• Aarås, Arne; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Ro, Ola; Thoresen, Magne & Larsen, Stig (1997). Postural load during VDU work. A comparison between various work postures. Ergonomics.  ISSN 0014-0139.  40(11), s 1255- 1268

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• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Johnsen, Svein Åge Kjøs; Rydstedt, Leif W & Watten, Reidulf G. (ed.) (2015). Creating Sustainable Work-environments, Proceedings of NES2015. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 9788299574754.  255 s.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Matusiak, Barbara Szybinska; Forberg, Lars-Fredrik; Bjørke, Charlotte Wettre; Mizda, Reidun; Kvassheim, Mona; Lillelien, Erlend & Husby, Thor (2015). Lys i læringsmiljø. Lyskultur.  ISBN 978-82-93319-05-4.  70 s.
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (red.) (2015). Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  235 s.
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (red.) (2015). Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge; Husby, Thor & Olsen, Kai (ed.) (2010). Proceedings of NES 2010 "Proactive Ergonomics Implementation of ergonomics in planning of jobs, tasks, systems and environments". Norwegian Society for Ergonomics and Human Factors.  ISBN 978-82-995747-2-3.
• Veiersted, Bo; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Gould, Kristian S. (ed.) (2005). Ergonomics as a tool in future development and value creation. Nordic Ergonomics Society.  ISBN 8299574714.  416 s.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2001). Psykologiens forskningsmetoder. Aktivitetsperm. NKIForlaget.  ISBN 82-562-5354-1.  61 s. Vis sammendrag

  Aktivitetspermen inngår i materiellet til fjernundervisningens kurs i psykologiens forskningsmetoder. Aktivitetspermen bygger på veiledningsheftet Psykologiens forskningsmetoder og læreboka Science and Behavior av Liebert og Liebert. Permen gir en oversikt over hvordan man bør arbeide med stoffet og inneholder øvingsoppgaver og innsendingsoppgaver knyttet til stoffet.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2001). Psykologiens forskningsmetoder. Studieveiledning kommentar. NKI forlaget.  ISBN 82-562-5072-0.  57 s. Vis sammendrag

  Studieveiledningen er byggd på læreboka Science and Behavior. An Introduction to methods of Psychological Research av Liebert og Liebert. Veiledningen inngår i fjernundervisningsstudiet for Psykologi Grunnfag. Veiledningen gir en innføring i forskningsmetoder innefor psykologifaget. Den behandler de viktigste prinsippene i forskningsprosessen og skal gi grunnlag for å forstå hovedtrekkene i metoden som presenteres i vitenskapelige artikler.

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• Raeder, Sabine; Klein, Felix Anker & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2020). Time to Help? Contextualizing Trajectories of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Vis sammendrag

  Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has been found to vary over time, but its longitudinal development has remained unexplored. Drawing from event system theory and human capital theory, we investigate the development of OCB over time and contextualize it with events in the organization that affect employees and their work tasks and with resources provided through human resource management (HRM) practices. The longitudinal growth model was tested in a sample of 205 employees with monthly measures over one year. For each event, we found distinctive trajectories of OCB. Furthermore, the HRM practices of selective staffing and training influenced OCB at the onset of an event, whereas the HRM practices of decision making, performance management, and promotional opportunities determined the level and the development of OCB after the event reorganization. Our contextual view of the development of OCB helps in understanding what motivates employees to perform OCB and what resources support discretionary behavior.

• Rabbing, Lillis; Lau, Bjørn; Bjørkelo, Brita & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2019). Norwegian Police Service Employee Study.
• Bakke, Jan Vilhelm; Becher, Rune; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Nielsen, Morten Birkeland (2018). Er aktivitetsbaserte kontorarbeidsplasser egnet for individuelt konsentrasjons-krevende arbeid?. Helserådet.  ISSN 0806-7457.  26(18), s 4- 8
• Bakke, Jan Vilhelm; Becher, Rune; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Nielsen, Morten Birkeland (2018). Utredningsinstruksen og KMDs utredning om helsekonsekvensene av «aktivitetsbaserte kontorarbeidsplasser» (ABW). Helserådet.  ISSN 0806-7457.  26(18), s 8- 13
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2017). COMPUTER WORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS.
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2017). The importance of optimal vision and lighting during near-visual work.
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2016). Exposure to Direct Glare during Computer Work and increased Muscle Blood Flow in the Neck.
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2016). How does Direct Glare and Psychological Stress affect young women during computer work?.
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Falkenberg, Helle Kristine & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2016). How does Direct Glare and Psychological Stress affect young women during computer work?, In Susanna Järvelin-Pasanen (ed.),  Ergonomics in theory and practice, Proceedings of NES2016.  University of Eastern Finland.  ISBN 978-952-61-2192-5.  Abstract.  s 242 - 244
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2015). Visual and Psychological Stress during Computer Work.
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2015). Visual and Psychological Stress during Computer Work, In Knut Inge Fostervold; Svein Åge Kjøs Johnsen; Leif W Rydstedt & Reidulf G. Watten (ed.),  Creating Sustainable Work-environments, Proceedings of NES2015.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 9788299574754.  Chapter.  s B4-3 - B4-5
• Mork, Randi; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Thorud, Hanne Mari Schiøtz (2015). Visual and Psychological Stress during Computer Work. Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science.  ISSN 1891-0882.  8(2), s 2- 3
• Mysen, Mads; Hammer, Hugo Lewi; Nersveen, Jonny & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2012). Kampen School - Evaluation of pupils' performance and perceived health and well-being before and after school retrofitting, In [Mangler fornavn] et.al (ed.),  Healthy Buildings 2012 : 10th International Conference 8-12 july 2012 Brisbane, Australia.  Queensland University of Technology.  ISBN 978-1-921897-40-5.  7C.2.
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode Strand (2012). Ungdom, sensation seeking, skole og adferd. En positiv og en negativ form for sensation seeking?.
• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode Strand (2011). State and Trait-Anxiety: Lifetime Profiles for Men and Women.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2009). Åpne Kontorlandskap: en litteraturgjennomgang. Ramazzini: norsk tidsskrift for arbeids- og miljømedisin.  ISSN 0805-5238.  16(1), s 13- 15
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Halberg, Anne-Marie & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2008). A study of asymmetrical frames.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2006). Eye symptom in the office - why?.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2006). Fleksible arbeidsplasser : myter og fakta.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2006). Lighting av VDU work.
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Halberg, Anne-Marie & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2006). How lower and upper limit estimates influence judgments and evaluations. Vis sammendrag

  Uncertain or approximate quantities are in daily life often described by lower or upper limit estimates: ?more than 120 people killed?, ?a maximum 100-words abstract?. These estimates can be exclusive (more than, less than) or inclusive (minimum, maximum), leading to widely different intervals, dependent upon whether the estimates concern a single value or a distribution. Lower and upper limits pragmatically function as reference points, leading to framing effects. Shoes that cost ?more than X? are considered expensive, ?less than Y? implies that they are cheap, even when Y > X. Sales ?above X? indicate a rising trend, regardless of X.

• Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Volden, Frode & Volden, Frode (2006). Life span profile of sensation seeking.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Fjernarbeid og virtuelle organisasjoner : hvorfor, hvordan og for hvem?.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Health consequenses and behavioural changes associated with work with visual display units Helbredskonsekvenser og adfærdsændringer ved skærmarbejde – en empirisk undersøgelse.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Team og åpne kontorlandskap : problemer og muligheter.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Åpne kontorlandskap, hvordan har de ansatte det ved slik organisering? ; Psykososialt arbeidsmiljø sin påvirkning av muskel og skjelettplager ; Faktorer som kan påvirke utvilkling av muskelplager ved skjermarbeid, som bl.a. skjermplassering, belysning og skjermfiltre.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Åpne kontorlandskap, kontorløse arbeidsplasser, fjernarbeid - ideer og realiteter.
• Halberg, Anne-Marie & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2005). Person-environment fit: a modern organizational theory that bridge the needs of the organization and their employees.
• Veiersted, Bo; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Gould, Kristian S. & Bakkeli, Willy (ed.) (2005). Ergonomics as a tool in future development and value creation : proceedings.
• Heim, Jan; Haugen, Olav; Helland, Magne & Fostervold, Knut Inge (2004). Sluttrapport fra prosjektet "Syn og lesing hos elever i grunnskolen".
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2003). Health consequenses and behavioural changes associated with work with visual display units (VDU) � an empirical investigation. Vis sammendrag

  The implementation of information technology (IT) in modern work life has lead to a growing concern about negative health effects associated with visual display units (VDU). Despite abundant research and honourable ergonomic effort within this field, it has proven difficult to obtain substantial health effects from traditional ergonomic optimisations. The aim of this dissertation was to further the understanding of some specific factors associated with health problems in VDU work. Further, the aim was to contribute to the general understanding of the aetiology behind health problems and behavioural changes associated with VDU work. To accomplish this, four empirical studies were conducted, one laboratory study and three field studies. Paper I addressed questions about workstation design. The results show that forearm support reduces musculoskeletal load for both mouse work and keyboarding. Moreover, shifting between sitting and standing appears to be beneficial for the musculoskeletal system. Paper II discussed possible health effects from protective VDU screen filters. The results did not demonstrate any remedial effect of such filters. The results point to participant reactivity as a plausible explanation for positive findings previously reported in short-term studies. Paper III addressed questions about vertical monitor placement. That study supported previous laboratory research by showing a range of positive health effects from lower monitor placements. Paper IV discussed the importance of office lighting. The results revealed that proportions of indirect and direct lighting did not affect health and behaviour, provided that glare was removed as a source of environmental stress. The results of the four papers were interpreted within a new theoretical framework, the Evolutionary Stress Model (ESM). The ESM stresses the importance of developing work environments that fits with our evolutionary adaptations. Taken together, the presented results concur with predictions made from this model. On this basis, it seems pertinent to recommend the model as a theoretical framework for future research in ergonomics and human factors.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2003). VDU-work and the preferred line-of-sight after long term exposure to different monitor placements. Vis sammendrag

  Inconsistent results are reported by studies investigating subjective preference of vertical line-of-sight during nearwork. However, these studies are constrained by the short time allocated to familiarisation with unusual target/monitor locations. In the present work, subjective preferences were studied two years after the termination of a one-year field experiment, investigating the effect of different line-of-sight angle in VDU work. The results showed that most participants preferred to leave the desktop and monitor adjustments as they were set in the original experiment. The result stress the decisive importance of psychological factors and adjustment time and, thereby, questions the validity of the short time periods usually given to become accustomed to new monitor placements in studies investigating preferred line-of-sight in VDU-work.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (2000). VISION AND BODY, INTEGRATED SYSTEMS IN SYSTEMIC INTERPLAY. Vis sammendrag

  Based on an ecological analysis of the visual system, a systemic model is proposed linking visual stress and symptoms in other parts of the body. The model links the interaction between the oculo-motor system and other body muscles to the slow-acting mechanism of Scohr's two-step theory of vergence control. Implications of the model have been examined in a field study. The results indicate that increased closeness between natural near work and VDU-work yield reduced symptoma-tology not only for eye symptoms but also for visually related symptoms in a broader sense.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge (1999). En ny modell for skjermarbeidsplassen -en todelt intervensjonsstudie.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge (1999). VDU-work with downward gaze. The emperor's new clothes or scientifically sound?. Vis sammendrag

  Lower monitor placements, with gaze angles to the centre of the screen 30º- 45º below the horizontal line are proposed as an alternative to higher monitor placements advocated by prevailing guidelines. A scientific basis for this proposition has been established within a compre-hensive theoretical framework, founded on an ecological systemic approach to vision. A review of the literature shows reduced visual strain and a strong tendency toward reduced symptomatology in subjects working with downward gaze. Increased musculoskeletal load is not evident in m. trapezius, while a clinically insignificant increase might be present in some other the neck and shoulder muscles. Research studying subjective preferences is inconclusive at present. The evidence indicates that lower monitor place-ments result in less strain on the total network of muscles involved in VDU work.

• Fostervold, Knut Inge & Lie, Ivar (1999). Variation of sitting posture in work with VDUs. The effect of downward gaze.
• Nersveen, J. & Fostervold, Knut Inge (1999). Significance of various lighting concepts on health and well-being.
• Lie, Ivar & Fostervold, Knut Inge (1998). En ny modell for skjermarbeidsplassen En todelt intervensjonsstudie. Vis sammendrag

  Intervensjonsstudien "Den elektroniske skjermarbeidsplassen" har vært gjennomført som en toårig eksperimentell feltstudie der formålet har vært å utvikle kunnskap om faktorer som påvirker belastningsforholdene ved skjermarbeid. Konkret har man har undersøkt helse-effekter av optimalisering av kontormiljø med nedsenket skjerm versus optimalisering av kontormiljø med normalplassert skjerm. I tillegg har man undersøkt helse-effekter av optisk fullkorrek-sjon versus standard optometrisk korreksjonsprosedyre. Intervensjonene har vært gjennomført serielt, noe som har gitt muligheter for å be-regne enkelt-effekter av hver faktor i tillegg til even--tuelle sam-spillseffekter. Resultatene har vært samlet inn ved følgende metoder: Et selv-administrert spørreskjema, en klinisk helse-undersøkelse, en optometrisk undersøkelse samt EMG-opptak under 45 minutter normal-arbeid. Resultatene fra skjermintervensjonen viser redusert plageut-vikling blant skjermarbeidere med nedsenket skjerm både på subjektive og objektive kriterier. Når det gjelder gruppen med standard skjermplassering finner vi endringer i begge retninger. Det er derfor mer usikkert om optimaliseringen i henhold til gjeldende standard har gitt redu-sert plage-utvikling. Resul-tatene fra den optiske intervensjonen viser at effekten av arbeids-plass-briller er hovedsakelig knyttet til synsplager, med mest markert effekt i arbeids-situa-sjonen. Når det gjelder forskjeller mellom de to korreksjons-regimene gjorde forhold i intervensjonsstudien det umulig å foreta en slik sammenligning på en tilfredsstillende måte. Det ble ikke påvist noen interaksjonseffekt mellom korreksjon og skjermposisjon.

• Lie, Ivar; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Horgen, Gunnar (1998). En ny modell for skjermarbeidsplassen -en todelt intervensjonsstudie Sluttrapport. Vis sammendrag

  Intervensjonsstudien "Den elektroniske skjermarbeidsplassen" har vært gjennomført som en toårig eksperimentell feltstudie der formålet har vært å utvikle kunnskap om faktorer som påvirker belastningsforholdene ved skjermarbeid. Konkret har man har undersøkt helse-effekter av optimalisering av kontormiljø med nedsenket skjerm versus optimalisering av kontormiljø med normalplassert skjerm. I tillegg har man undersøkt helse-effekter av optisk fullkorrek-sjon versus standard optometrisk korreksjonsprosedyre. Intervensjonene har vært gjennomført serielt, noe som har gitt muligheter for å be-regne enkelt-effekter av hver faktor i tillegg til even--tuelle sam-spillseffekter. Resultatene har vært samlet inn ved følgende metoder: Et selv-administrert spørreskjema, en klinisk helse-undersøkelse, en optometrisk undersøkelse samt EMG-opptak under 45 minutter normal-arbeid. Resultatene fra skjermintervensjonen viser redusert plageut-vikling blant skjermarbeidere med nedsenket skjerm både på subjektive og objektive kriterier. Når det gjelder gruppen med standard skjermplassering finner vi endringer i begge retninger. Det er derfor mer usikkert om optimaliseringen i henhold til gjeldende standard har gitt redu-sert plage-utvikling. Resul-tatene fra den optiske intervensjonen viser at effekten av arbeids-plass-briller er hovedsakelig knyttet til synsplager, med mest markert effekt i arbeids-situa-sjonen. Når det gjelder forskjeller mellom de to korreksjons-regimene gjorde forhold i intervensjonsstudien det umulig å foreta en slik sammenligning på en tilfredsstillende måte. Det ble ikke påvist noen interaksjonseffekt mellom korreksjon og skjermposisjon.

• Lie, Ivar; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Aarås, Arne & Larsen, Stig (1997). Gaze Inclination and Health in VDU-operators.
• Fostervold, Knut Inge & Lie, Ivar (1997). The Ecological Viewpoint - ¿A new Ergonomic Construct.

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