Jens Egeland

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Ajo & Egeland, Jens (2026). Alcohol Use Disorder and Bariatric Surgery: An Exploratory Study of Patient Factors. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. ISSN 0734-7324. doi: 10.1080/07347324.2026.2735619. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skudal, Hilde Kristin; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Stenstad, Tore; Paulsen, Else Quist; Fevang, Børre & Jaioun, Keson [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Long-term patient-reported neurocognitive and functional outcomes after tick-borne encephalitis: a prospective controlled multicenter cohort study. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. 273. doi: 10.1007/s00415-026-14095-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To characterize cognitive symptoms the first year after tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Methods We conducted a controlled, multicenter cohort study of 109 hospitalized patients ≥16 years with confirmed TBE in Norway. At 3 and 12 months after admission, patients completed BRIEF-A (Global Executive Composite (GEC) and subscales), Everyday Memory Questionnaire-Revised (EMQ-R), and Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), assessing executive functioning, memory, and post-TBE symptoms (higher scores indicate more difficulties). The primary outcomes were within-patient change in questionnaire scores from 3 to 12 months, and 12-month scores in patients compared to controls. The secondary outcomes were BRIEF-A subscale scores and proportion with clinically significant impairment. Covariates included in the analyses were age, sex, comorbidities, acute disease severity, anxiety, and depression. Results There were no significant changes from 3 to 12 months. At 12 months, scores were within the normal range, but patients had higher EMQ-R and RPQ than controls ( p <0.001). BRIEF-A GECs did not differ, but patients had higher working memory subscale scores ( p =0.002). These differences persisted after adjustment for anxiety and depression. Clinically significant impairment was more frequent in patients (odds ratios 2.29–8.19). Comorbidities, acute disease burden, anxiety, depression and female sex were associated with unfavorable 12 month outcome. Conclusion TBE patients have an overall good one-year prognosis, but a minority—characterized by higher acute disease burden and comorbidities—have persistent cognitive difficulties that may warrant follow-up. Anxiety and depression were related to unfavorable prognosis but did not account for the cognitive differences between patients and controls.

• Waggestad, Therese Händel; Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind; Strobel, Carsten; Gjøra, Linda; Selbæk, Geir & Bekkhus-Wetterberg, Peter [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). New regression-based norms for letter and semantic fluency tests on Norwegian older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. s. 1–26. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2026.2701151. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: This study presents updated regression-based norms for verbal fluency tests: "FAS," "Animals," and "Supermarket" in older Norwegian adults. By examining the potential modulating effects and putative interaction effects of age, education, and sex, we aim to investigate cognitive aging and the effects of education. Method: The study includes 449 healthy participants, aged 70-92 years, from the NorFAST (n = 254) and HUNT (n = 195) studies. Regression-based norms for all three verbal fluency tasks were produced. Models were assessed for pertinent linear, curvilinear, or interaction effects of age, education, and sex. We compared our norms to previously published norms. Results: The task "FAS" was predicted by education (b = 0.773, partial R2 = 0.117, p < .001) and sex (b = 1.110, partial R2 = 0.037, p < .001), and the task "Animals" was predicted by education (b = 0.313, partial R2 = 0.021, p < .01) and age (b = -0.123, partial R2 = 0.045, p < .001). Higher education and being female were associated with better performance, whereas older age was associated with poorer performance. Finally, for the task "Supermarket," we found an interaction effect between age and education (b = -0.063, partial R2 = 0.034, p < .01), but the major predictor was sex (b = 1.446, partial R2 = 0.068, p < .001). Conclusions: The norms were adjusted for the demographic variables that predicted the individual tasks. The illustrative norm comparison estimated similar mean performance but larger differences between the "exceptionally low" scores. The results also indicate that only processing speed declines with age, and that higher education has minimal effect on test-performance.

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo; Diep, Lien My; Mathisen, Tove; Nielsen, Anette Søgaard & Egeland, Jens (2026). Differences Between Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder Referred to Outpatient or Residential Treatment: An Observational Study. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (NAD). ISSN 1455-0725. doi: 10.1177/14550725261463958. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims Identifying the proper treatment setting and treatment level for alcohol use disorder (AUD) is of vital importance for securing favorable treatment outcomes. Clear evidence is lacking, but available research suggests that residential treatment works best for patients with high AUD severity, comorbid mental health disorders, and other social and functional problems. However, it is not evident that patients are referred to this costly treatment option based on these characteristics. We therefore examined whether patients in outpatient and residential AUD treatment differed on key characteristics. Methods Tests of bivariate associations were used to assess group differences between outpatients and patients in residential treatment in severity of alcohol use, other drug use, mental health, cognitive functioning, personality functioning, physical health, and social functioning. Results Severity of alcohol use, as measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), differed between the outpatient and residential groups. The residential group had a higher severity of alcohol use. Patients in the residential group were also somewhat older and much less likely to be employed. Conclusions Patients in outpatient and residential treatment mainly differed in the severity of alcohol use. Potential reasons for referrals to different treatment settings and their implications for clinical practice are discussed.

• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; DAHL, HILDE MARGRETE; Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen & Hauger, Solveig L. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Effects of an individualized and goal-oriented intervention in the chronic phase of pediatric acquired brain injury: the Child in Context Intervention (CICI)—a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics. doi: 10.1186/s12887-026-06997-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skudal, Hilde Kristin; Stenstad, Tore; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Paulsen, Else Quist; Egeland, Jens & Fevang, Børre [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Tick-borne encephalitis in Norway: A cohort study of clinical course and health-related quality of life at three- and twelve-month follow-up. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0934-9723. doi: 10.1007/s10096-025-05341-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: Knowledge of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) prognosis is limited. This study aimed to describe the disease course in the first year and assess one-year outcomes, focusing on clinical recovery and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Methods: In this cohort study, we recruited hospitalized patients ≥ 16 years with confirmed TBE from hospitals in Norway’s endemic area. A composite clinical score consisting of variables on symptoms and neurological findings was scored at baseline (during hospitalization), 3- and 12 months. HR-QoL at 12 months was measured using RAND 36-item short form health survey and compared to the Norwegian reference population. Results: Among the 93 patients included, clinical improvement from baseline to 3 months was 68%, increasing to 77% by 12 months. The proportion of patients with symptoms or neurological findings influencing daily life was 98% at baseline, 52% at 3 months, and 41% at 12 months. 14% required inpatient rehabilitation, and 4/56 (7%) of active workers were on full-time sick leave at 12 months. Severe disease and comorbidities were linked to poorer outcomes. Most common symptoms influencing daily life at 12 months were fatigue (28%), concentration issues (13%) memory and sleep difficulties (12% each), while 8% had clinical findings where impaired balance and tremor dominated. Patients scored lower in physical health and social functioning regarding HR-QoL than reference population. Conclusion: Most improvements occur during the first three months; however, 41% of patients experience ongoing complaints at 12 months, impacting HR-QoL regarding physical health. Severe disease and comorbidities correlate with poorer prognoses.

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo; Diep, Lien My; Mathisen, Tove; Nielsen, Anette Søgaard & Egeland, Jens (2025). Predictors of high- and low-risk drinking after group treatment for alcohol use disorder. BJPsych Open. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2025.10047. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Waggestad, Therese Händel; Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind Seljelid; Strobel, Carsten; Gjøra, Linda; Selbæk, Geir & Wetterberg, Peter [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). New regression-based norms for the Trail Making Test on Norwegian older adults: Understanding the effect of education. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2025.2469940. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiland, Kristoffer; Raudeberg, Rune & Egeland, Jens (2025). The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) and substance use disorders: a systematic review. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s13011-025-00640-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Cognitive deficits are prevalent among substance use disorder (SUD) patients and affect treatment retention and outcome. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a well-researched instrument in diverse patient groups and has the potential to serve as an effective and accurate method for identifying cognitive impairment in SUD patients. This systematic review examines the RBANS’ ability to detect cognitive impairment in SUD patients. Limitations of knowledge and the need for further research are discussed. Methods We conducted a systematic search using PsycINFO, Medline, and Cochrane databases to identify relevant studies and articles on applying RBANS in SUD. No time limits were imposed on the search. Search words were RBANS, substance use disorder, drug use disorder, and alcohol use disorder, and the most common specific types of drugs (e.g., opiates, cannabis, and methamphetamine). Results A systematic search identified 232 articles, of which 17 were found eligible and included in the review. Most studies examined patient groups using either alcohol, methamphetamine, or opioids. The results are presented in the form of a narrative review. We identified some evidence that the RBANS can detect group differences between SUD patients and healthy controls, but the findings were somewhat inconsistent. The literature search revealed little information about cognitive profiles, reliability, factor structure, and construct and criterion validity. Conclusions The evidence concerning the validity and usefulness of the RBANS in SUD populations is scarce. Future research should investigate cognitive profiles, reliability, factor structure, and construct and criterion validity.

• Egeland, Jens; Lund, Olaf & Raudeberg, Rune (2025). Measuring working memory span with WAIS-IV: Digit sequence is the superior span test. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. 33(1), s. 65–72. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2330998. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Digit Span test has been part of the Wechsler tests from the first version. In the WAIS-IV the Digit Span Sequencing subtest (DSS) was introduced and in the forthcoming WAIS-5 working memory span will also be measured in the visual modality. The present study analyzes WAIS-IV Digit Span, Letter- Number Span (LNS) and WMS-III Spatial Span (SS) performance in a mixed clinical sample, expecting to find that Digit Span Forwards (DSF) lacks sensitivity to the Working Memory impairment evident in D-KEFS Trail Making Test-4 (TMT-4) scores ≤1 SD below normative means in the sample. The results showed DSF score above normative means, Digit Span Backwards (DSB) around mean, while SS and LNS was slightly impaired and DSS impaired at the same level as TMT- 4. A double dissociation was observed in DSF and SS performance between subjects with Language- and Non-verbal learning disorders. Most subjects scored in the average range on the LNS-span and high kurtosis reduced sensitivity. Taking LNS and TMT-4 as criterion measures of WM, regression analyses showed no unique contribution of DSF to the variance in these tests. The study supports prior critiques regarding the composite Digit Span measure and demonstrates that the DSS are more effective than the current version of LNS in identifying reduced Working Memory capacity.

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Ajo; Diep, Lien My; Mathisen, Tove; Witkiewitz, Katie & Egeland, Jens (2025). Keep on Keeping on? Patient Factors Predicting Discontinuation in Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment. Substance Use & Misuse. ISSN 1082-6084. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2025.2519404. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Ajo; Nielsen, Anette Søgaard & Egeland, Jens (2025). Gender differences in alcohol use disorder treatment: sociodemographic, mental health, personality, and neuropsychological factors. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. doi: 10.1080/08039488.2025.2508415. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lund, Olaf; Raudeberg, Rune; Johansen, Hans; Myhre, Mette Line; Walderhaug, Espen & Poreh, Amir [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Factor Structure of the Conners Continuous Performance Test Third Edition (CCPT-3): Exploratory Factor Analysis in a Mixed Clinical Sample. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 29(13), s. 1163–1176. doi: 10.1177/10870547251341928. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) is a computerized test of attention frequently used in clinical neuropsychology. In the present factor analysis, we seek to assess the factor structure of the CCPT-3 and evaluate the suggested dimensions in the CCPT-3 Manual. Method: Data from a mixed clinical sample of 931 adults referred for neuropsychological assessment across four centers were analyzed. Nine standard and eight experimental measures were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis to evaluate factor models ranging from one to six factors. Results: The analysis supported a four-factor model with one overall attention factor and three factors of distinct mechanisms underlying inattention: impulsivity, vigilance, and sustained attention. This closely aligns with the four dimensions outlined in the CCPT-3 Technical Manual and the factor analyses from the CCPT-II. There were some differences between the four-factor model and the interpretations recommended in the Technical Manual. Perseverations were associated with the inattention factor rather than the impulsivity factor, and reaction time was exclusively linked to impulsivity. Incorporating error measures into the vigilance factor suggests that decreases in responsivity, rather than decreases in correct responses, underpin vigilance decrements. Including response bias by inter-stimulus interval (ISI) and by blocks in the analysis indicates that a decrease in arousal may also explain impairments in sustained attention. Conclusion: This study supports the notion in the Technical Manual that CCPT-3 measures both overall attention and three different mechanisms that mediate inattention: impulsivity, vigilance and sustained attention.

• Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina Marit; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Røe, Cecilie; Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen & Hauger, Solveig [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). SMART-goal domains and goal attainment in an individualized, goal-oriented intervention for children with acquired brain injury and their families. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 0960-2011. 35(6), s. 1229–1253. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2402095. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) may lead to long-lasting challenges in need of rehabilitation-efforts years after the insult. The Child in Context Intervention (CICI) is an individualized, goal-oriented intervention targeting children with pABI, their families and schools in the chronic phase. This paper describes the goals that patients and families in the CICI intervention group identified to work on. The 29 participating families worked on 90 goals that were predominantly coded to the domains of Body functioning (46.6%) and Activities and participation (40.5%), according to the International Classification of functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The most frequently used codes focused on fatigue and emotional symptoms, in addition to codes in the AP domain describing the need for increased independence in everyday life at school, at home, and socially. Goal attainment in the intervention group was high, with positive progress on 94.4% of the goals and positive goal achievement for all included families. The high level of goal attainment provides promising evidence of the CICI programme’s efficacy, and highlights the need to further develop evidence-based rehabilitation programs for children with pABI in the chronic stage of recovery.

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo & Egeland, Jens (2024). Alcohol use disorder and fitness to drive: Discrepancies between health professionals’ evaluations and objective measures of alcohol use and cognitive functioning. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (NAD). ISSN 1455-0725. 41(4), s. 426–438. doi: 10.1177/14550725231219972. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo; Diep, Lien My; Mathisen, Tove; Witkiewitz, Katie & Egeland, Jens (2024). Impaired or not impaired: The accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in detecting cognitive impairment among patients with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research. doi: 10.1111/acer.15437. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Cognitive impairments are common in alcohol use disorder (AUD), but only a few studies have investigated the accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in this population. We examined the accuracy and precision of the MoCA in detecting cognitive impairment in a sample of patients with AUD. In addition, we investigated whether the MoCA predicts premature discontinuation from treatment. Method A sample of 126 persons with AUD undergoing treatment in specialist health services were administered the MoCA and a battery of 12 neuropsychological tests. Five cognitive domains were derived from the reference tests. A composite total score from these tests was used as a reference criterion for determining correct and incorrect classifications for the MoCA. We analyzed the optimal cut-off score for the MoCA and the accuracy and agreement of classification between the MoCA and the reference tests. Results Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyzes yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95% CI [0.67, 0.87]). Applying 25 as the cut-off, MoCA sensitivity was 0.77 and specificity 0.62. The PPV was 0.53. The NPV was 0.84. Using a cut-off score of 24 yielded a lower sensitivity 0.60, but specificity was significantly better i.e., 0.79. PPV was 0.68. The NPV was 0.82. Kappa agreement between MoCA and the reference tests was fair to moderate, 0.38 for the cut-off of 25, and 0.44 for the cut-off of 24. MoCA did not predict discontinuation from treatment. Conclusions Our findings indicate limitations in the classification accuracy of the MoCA in predicting cognitive impairment in AUD. Achieving the right balance between accurately identifying impaired cases without including too many false positives can be challenging. Further, MoCA does not predict discontinuation from treatment. Overall, the results do not support MoCA as a time-efficient screening instrument.

• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Stray, Liv Larsen; Pripp, Are Hugo; Stray, Torstein & Egeland, Jens (2024). The Utility of Neuromuscular Assessment to Identify ADHD Among Patients with a Complex Symptom Picture. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 28(12), s. 1577–1588. doi: 10.1177/10870547241273102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Diagnostic assessment of ADHD is challenging due to comorbid psychopathologies and symptoms overlapping with other psychiatric disorders. In this study, we investigate if a distinct pattern of neuromuscular dysregulation previously reported in ADHD, can help identifying ADHD in psychiatric patients with diverse and complex symptoms. Method: We explored the impact of neuromuscular dysregulation, as measured by The Motor Function Neurologic Assessment (MFNU), on the likelihood of being diagnosed with ADHD, affective disorder, anxiety disorder, or personality disorder among adults (n = 115) referred to a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Results: Logistic regression revealed that neuromuscular dysregulation was significantly associated with ADHD diagnosis only (OR 1.15, p < .01), and not with affective-, anxiety-, or personality disorders. Sensitivity and specificity for ADHD at different MFNU scores is provided. Conclusions: A test of neuromuscular dysregulation may promote diagnostic accuracy in differentiating ADHD from other psychiatric disorders in patients with an overlapping symptom picture. This may have important implications for clinical practice. More studies are needed.

• Skudal, Hilde Kristin; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Stenstad, Tore; Paulsen, Else Quist; Egeland, Jens & Fevang, Børre [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Clinical characteristics and factors affecting disease severity in hospitalized tick-borne encephalitis patients in Norway from 2018 to 2022. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0934-9723. 43(7), s. 1355–1366. doi: 10.1007/s10096-024-04855-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose To describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with disease severity in a Norwegian cohort of hospitalized patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Methods This observational multicenter study included hospitalized patients with TBE in the endemic area in the southeastern region of Norway from 2018 to 2022. Clinical signs and findings from laboratory tests, EEG, CT and MRI scans were recorded. Patient characteristics were compared among those with mild, moderate, and severe TBE, and factors associated with disease severity were identified. Results Nearly all eligible patients were included in the final cohort (153/189 participants, 81%). The median age was 56 years, 63% were men, and 7% were vaccinated against TBE; no participants were fully vaccinated. TBE presented as mild (meningeal) disease in 31% of patients and as moderate or severe (encephalitic) disease in 54% and 14% of patients, respectively. We found that 46% of the patients had a monophasic course, 64% had hyponatremia, and 7% presented with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms without pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Dysesthesia, a symptom previously not described, was reported in 10% of the patients. Most objective findings were related to the CNS. Preexisting comorbidities, CRP and CSF protein levels were predictors of more severe disease. Conclusion This novel presentation of a large Norwegian cohort supports TBE as a serious disease in the southeastern region of Norway. The majority of hospitalized patients presented with encephalitis, and fewer presented with meningitis. Comorbidities, CRP and CSF protein levels were associated with more severe disease.

• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Stray, Liv Larsen; Stray, Torstein; Bertelsen, Thomas Bjerregaard; Pripp, Are Hugo & Egeland, Jens (2024). ADHD-pain: Characteristics of chronic pain and association with muscular dysregulation in adults with ADHD. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. ISSN 1877-8860. 24(1). doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2024-0015. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives A high incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported in chronic pain (ChP) patients. Furthermore, an association between ChP and muscular dysregulation has been reported in adults with ADHD. The present study investigated whether ADHD was more prevalent among psychiatric outpatients with ChP than those without ChP, and if there was an association between ChP, muscular dysregulation and characteristics of pain in patients with ADHD. Methods One-hundred and twenty-one individuals remitted to an outpatient psychiatry unit took part in this naturalistic epidemiological cross-sectional study. They were assessed with a pain self-report form (localization, intensity, and onset) and a test of muscle dysregulation (the Motor Function Neurological Assessment). Prevalence of ADHD among patients with ChP, as well as the qualitative characteristics of ChP within the ADHDgroup are reported. Both ChP and pain intensity correlated with muscular dysregulation through Spearman’s rho analysis. Additionally, the relationship between various diagnostic categories (ADHD, affective disorders, anxiety, or personality disorders) and incidence of axial pain was evaluated in logistic regression. Results ADHD was significantly more prevalent in patients with ChP, than in patients without ChP. In the ADHD group, ChP and pain intensity was associated with muscular dysregulation, particularly with high muscle tone. ChP was more axial and widespread, than for the patients without ADHD, and started at an early age. ADHD diagnosis predicted axial pain, whereas affective-, anxiety-, or personality disorders did not. Conclusions The study suggests that ChP in ADHD is associated with muscular dysregulation and is qualitatively different from ChP in psychiatric patients without ADHD. These findings may lead to further understanding of potential mechanisms involved in ADHD and ChP, and in turn to new treatment strategies for both disorders.

• Øie, Merete Glenne; Storaas, Tor Amund Voll & Egeland, Jens (2023). Neuropsychological and Symptom Predictors of Diagnostic Persistence in ADHD: A 25-Year Follow-up Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 27(6), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1177/10870547231154903. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens & Raudeberg, Rune (2023). Patterns of proactive interference in CVLT-II: evidence of a low-organized, disorganized, and highly organized learning style. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. ISSN 1380-3395. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2265615. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Previous studies have interpreted proactive interference (PI) either as indicating executive dysfunction or a normal process indicating deep level encoding. We investigated these competing models of PI in a large clinical sample using cluster analyses. We expected to find clusters defined by high PI but otherwise characterized by either EF impairment or of good memory performance. Method File records of 731 patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders were analyzed. PI-scores, false positive recognition errors, and semantic organization scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) were subjected to cluster analyses. Clusters were compared regarding buildup and release from PI, memory performance and strategy measures, measures of intelligence, EF, and processing speed. Results The analyses revealed six analyzable clusters. Two clusters showed no buildup of PI and normal release from PI. Discriminability was impaired both in List A and B. Learning acquisition and speeded measures of EF were reduced. One cluster showed both buildup of PI and problems with releasing from PI, and particularly impaired discriminability of List B. Semantic organization was low. Learning consolidation and EF speeded measures were impaired. Two other clusters showed buildup of PI, but no problem with release. Learning was highly organized, and they showed good memory and normal neuropsychological performance. Conclusions Results shows differentiation between a low organized EF dysfunction pattern with no PI, a disorganized PI pattern also indicating EF dysfunction and a highly organized pattern where PI seems to be the price to pay for high effort put into the learning process.

• Egeland, Jens; Lund, Olaf; Kowalik-Gran, Iwona; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Söderlund, Göran (2023). Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: “The moderate brain arousal model” claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods: Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results: Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion: The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.

• Waggestad, Therese Händel; Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind; Strobel, Carsten; Wallin, Anders; Eckerström, Marie & Fladby, Tormod [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Improving validity of the trail making test with alphabet support. Frontiers in Psychology. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227578. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The Trail Making Test (TMT) is commonly used worldwide to evaluate cognitive decline and car driving ability. However, it has received critique for its dependence on the Latin alphabet and thus, the risk of misclassifying some participants. Alphabet support potentially increases test validity by avoiding misclassification of executive dysfunction in participants with dyslexia and those with insufficient automatization of the Latin alphabet. However, Alphabet support might render the test less sensitive to set-shifting, thus compromising the validity of the test. This study compares two versions of the TMT: with and without alphabet support. Methods: We compared the TMT-A, TMT-B, and TMT-B:A ratios in two independent normative samples with (n = 220) and without (n = 64) alphabet support using multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and education. The sample comprised Scandinavians aged 70–84 years. Alphabet support was included by adding the Latin alphabet A–L on top of the page on the TMT-B. We hypothesized that alphabet support would not change the TMT-B:A ratio. Results: After adjusting for age and years of education, there were no significant differences between the two samples in the TMT-A, TMT-B, or the ratio score (TMT-B:A). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the inclusion of alphabet support does not alter TMT’s ability to measure set-shifting in a sample of older Scandinavian adults.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Ueland, Thor; Andersen, Eivind; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Holmen, Tom Langerud [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). The relationship between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurocognitive response to physical exercise in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. ISSN 0306-4530. 157. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106356. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Physical exercise can improve neurocognition in individuals with schizophrenia, presumably by facilitating neuroplasticity. There is, however, large inter-individual variation in response. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed to mediate these effects. The current aim was to investigate the sparsely studied relationship between peripheral resting BDNF and neurocognitive response to physical exercise in individuals with schizophrenia. Method The current study reports secondary analyses of data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT), ClinicalTrials.gov number 02205684, recently reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. Eighty-two individuals with schizophrenia (mean age 37 ± 14 years old, 61% men) were randomly allocated to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or a comparison group performing low-intensity active video gaming (AVG). Both interventions consisted of 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. In previously published primary RCT analyses, HIIT and AVG showed comparable small to moderate improvements in neurocognition. We now address the inter-individual variability in neurocognitive response. We apply mediation and moderation analyses for repeated measures designs (MEMORE) and mixed effects models. Results Baseline neurocognition was not significantly correlated with baseline levels of mature BDNF (baseline-mBDNF) or the precursor proBDNF. Nonetheless, baseline-mBDNF , but not baseline proBDNF, moderated the effect of exercise on neurocognition ( p = 0.025) and explained 7% of the variance. The neurocognitive improvement increased with increasing baseline-mBDNF values. The moderating effect of baseline-mBDNF remained significant in a more complex model adding the moderating effects of exercise mode, sex, age, duration of illness and baseline VO 2 max on the outcome (neurocognition). Mean baseline-mBDNF significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention ( p = 0.036), regardless of exercise mode, differing by sex and associated with improved VO 2 max but not with change in neurocognition. A mediating role of mBDNF on the effect of physical exercise on neurocognition was not supported. Values of proBDNF mainly remained stable from baseline to post-intervention. Conclusion We found that baseline-mBDNF moderated the effect of physical exercise on neurocognition in individuals with schizophrenia and explained a small part of the inter-individual variation in neurocognitive response. Mean mBDNF decreased from baseline to post-intervention, regardless of exercise mode. A mediating role of mBDNF on the effect of exercise on neurocognition was not supported. The inter-individual variation in neurocognitive response and the complex role of peripheral BDNF in physical exercise is still to be elucidated.

• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Engh, John Bjarne Abel; Andersen, Eivind; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens & Falk, Ragnhild Sørum [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Alterations in inflammatory markers after a 12-week exercise program in individuals with schizophrenia—a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1175171. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: In individuals with schizophrenia, inflammation is associated with depression, somatic comorbidity and reduced quality of life. Physical exercise is known to reduce inflammation in other populations, but we have only limited knowledge in the field of schizophrenia. We assessed inflammatory markers in plasma samples from individuals with schizophrenia participating in an exercise intervention randomized controlled trial. We hypothesized that (i) physical exercise would reduce levels of inflammatory markers and (ii) elevated inflammatory status at baseline would be associated with improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) following intervention. Method: Eighty-two individuals with schizophrenia were randomized to a 12-week intervention of either high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 43) or active video gaming (AVG, n = 39). Participants were assessed at baseline, post intervention and four months later. The associations between exercise and the inflammatory markers soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptor 1 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were estimated using linear mixed effect models for repeated measures. For estimating associations between baseline inflammation and change in CRF, we used linear regression models. Results: Our main findings were (i) TNF and IL-6 increased during the intervention period for both groups. Other inflammatory markers did not change during the exercise intervention period; (ii) baseline inflammatory status did not influence change in CRF during intervention, except for a positive association between baseline IL-6 levels and improvements of CRF to post intervention for both groups. Conclusion: In our study, HIIT and AVG for 12-weeks had no reducing effect on inflammatory markers. Patients with high baseline IL-6 levels had a positive change in CRF during intervention. In order to increase our knowledge regarding association between inflammatory markers and exercise in individuals with schizophrenia, larger studies with more frequent and longer exercise bout duration are warranted.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Engh, John; Holst, Rene; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Andersen, Eivind [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). High-intensity interval training may reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia, putatively through improved VO 2 max: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13, s. 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.921689. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mental health. The current observer-blinded RCT investigates the sparsely studied efficiency of HIIT in reducing psychotic and non-psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and complements previous studies by investigating whether symptom reduction following HIIT is associated with, putatively partly mediated by, increased VO2max. Methods: Participants (outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia) were randomized to HIIT (n = 43) or a comparison group performing low-intensity active video gaming (AVG) to control for social interaction (n = 39). Both interventions consisted of two supervised sessions/week for 12 weeks and a 4 months follow-up. Effects on overall symptoms and symptom domains [PANSS (0–6 scale), five-factor model] were estimated using mixed-effects models (intention-to-treat, n = 82). Underlying mechanisms were analyzed using moderated mediation analyses (n = 66). We anticipated that HIIT would reduce overall symptoms, particularly depressive symptoms, more than AVG, and symptom reduction would be associated with, putatively mediated through, improved VO2max. Results: Depressive symptoms (baseline score 3.97, 95% CI: 3.41, 4.52), were −1.03 points more reduced in HIIT than AVG at post-intervention (95% CI: −1.71, −0.35, p = 0.003), corresponding to a small to moderate effect size (d = 0.37) and persisting at follow-up. There was a small reduction in overall symptoms, but no significant between-group differences were observed. Change in VO2max correlated negatively with the change in depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis showed a significant effect of change in VO2max on change in depressive symptoms within HIIT. The total effect was moderated by group, and depressive symptoms were more reduced in HIIT. Direct effects, not mediated through VO2max, were non-significant. Indirect effects, mediated through VO2max, were non-significant, but the moderated mediation test indicated a non-significant trend of 0.4 points (95% CI: −1.188, 0.087) and a larger reduction in depressive symptoms through VO2max in HIIT. Conclusion: HIIT reduced depressive symptoms more than AVG, which persisted at follow-up. HIIT may serve as a complementing treatment option targeting these symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia, even before they reach clinical depression. Depressive symptoms are important to prevent, stabilize, and treat due to their negative implications for psychological wellbeing and long-term functional outcome. Reduction in depressive symptoms was associated with improved VO2max, and non-significant trends in the data supported that improved VO2max may be part of the complex mechanisms underlying the anti-depressive effect of HIIT.

• Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Forslund, Marit Vindal & Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Feasibility and Acceptability of a Complex Telerehabilitation Intervention for Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury: The Child in Context Intervention (CICI). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 11(9), s. 1–23. doi: 10.3390/jcm11092564. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The current study is a feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial (RCT): the Child in Context Intervention (CICI). The CICI study is an individualized, goal-oriented and home-based intervention conducted mainly through videoconference. It targets children with ongoing challenges (physical, cognitive, behavioral, social and/or psychological) after acquired brain injury (ABI) and their families at least one year post injury. The CICI feasibility study included six children aged 11–16 years with verified ABI-diagnosis, their families and their schools. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of the intervention components, child and parent perceptions of usefulness and relevance of the intervention as well as the assessment protocol through a priori defined criteria. Overall, the families and therapists rated the intervention as feasible and acceptable, including the videoconference treatment delivery. However, the burden of assessment was too high. The SMART-goal approach was rated as useful, and goal attainment was high. The parents’ ratings of acceptability of the intervention were somewhat higher than the children’s. In conclusion, the CICI protocol proved feasible and acceptable to families, schools and therapists. The assessment burden was reduced, and adjustments in primary outcomes were made for the definitive RCT.

• Wormgoor, Marjon; Indahl, Aage & Egeland, Jens (2022). The impact of comorbid spinal pain in depression on work participation and clinical remission following brief or short psychotherapy. Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial with two-year follow-up. PLOS ONE. 17(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273216. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This explorative study analyses the influence of baseline comorbid long-lasting spinal pain (CSP) on improvement of long term work participation and clinical remission of mental health illness following either brief coping-focussed or short-term psychotherapy for depression. Whether type of treatment modifies outcome with or without CSP is also analysed. Design A secondary post hoc subgroup analysis of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Interventions Brief or standard short psychotherapy. Methods Based on baseline assessment, the sample was subdivided into a subgroup with and a subgroup without CSP. Work participation and clinical remission of depression and anxiety were assessed as treatment outcome at two-year follow-up. Simple and multivariate logistic regression analyses, across the intervention arms, were applied to evaluate the impact of CSP on treatment outcome. Selected baseline variables were considered as potential confounders and included as variates if relevant. The modifying effect of CSP on treatment outcome was evaluated by including intervention modality as an interaction term. Main results Among the 236 participants with depressive symptoms, 83 participants (35%) were identified with CSP. In simple logistic regression analysis, CSP reduced improvements on both work participation and clinical remission rate. In the multivariate analysis however, the impact of CSP on work participation and on clinical remission were not significant after adjusting for confounding variables. Reduction of work participation was mainly explained by the higher age of the CSP participants and the reduced clinical remission by the additional co-occurrence of anxiety symptoms at baseline. The occurrence of CSP at baseline did not modify long term outcome of brief compared to short psychotherapy. Conclusions CSP at baseline reduced work participation and worsened remission of mental health symptoms two-year following psychotherapy. Older age and more severe baseline anxiety are associated to reduced effectiveness. Type of psychotherapy received did not contribute to differences.

• Egeland, Jens; Lund, Olaf & Andreassen, Tor H (2022). Klinisk utprøving av WISC-V. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 59(3), s. 198–205. doi: 10.52734/e4t74RZ6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiland, Kristoffer & Egeland, Jens (2022). Behandling av alkoholbrukslidelse: pasientfaktorers betydning for gjennomføring og utfall. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 59(9), s. 798–808. doi: 10.52734/dX5j39y5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the three most common mental disorders in Norway. In general, treatment is provided by interdisciplinary specialized substance use disorder clinics. However, a substantial portion of AUD patients do not receive effective treatments, and we need to develop more efficient treatments that are tailored to the patient. This article presents findings from a clinically situated literature search on the significance of patient factors for completion and outcomes of AUD treatment. We found that severity of alcohol dependence, social network, personality disorders and cognitive impairments were significant factors for completion and outcomes in AUD treatment. Demographic factors such as gender and age were of minor importance. This can be useful hands-on knowledge for clinicians working in the field of addiction treatment when providing and adapting treatment to AUD patients.

• Egeland, Jens (2021). Following H.N. over 21 years: recency change and reduced retention predict later impairment in memory, and recency ratio may combine both effects. Neurocase. ISSN 1355-4794. 27(2), s. 147–154. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1893339. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Andreassen, Tor & Lund, Olaf (2021). Factor structure of the new Scandinavian WISC-V version: Support for a five-factor model. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 63(1). doi: 10.1111/sjop.12780. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The fifth version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is designed to measure five distinct aspects of intelligence, incorporating a new fluid reasoning index to the four indexes of the previous fourth version. Several factor analyses, however, have failed to support the fifth factor. The Scandinavian version is the only national version not showing clear superiority for the five-factor solution in the Manual. In the present study, we analyze WISC-V protocols from a clinical sample of 237 children tested with the new Scandinavian version. We perform six confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing three hierarchical-, two bifactor-, and one correlated candidate factor models. The study shows that the three-factor model does not fit the data, and that all four- and five-factor models showed good fit. The four-factor bifactor model was somewhat better than the five-bifactor and hierarchical models, but the correlated five-factor model was the superior model. Finding support for five-factors in a clinical sample representative of those most probable to be tested with the test, strengthen the claim that also the Scandinavian version measure a distinct fluid factor as intended by the test owners, and thus that clinicians may use the index scores as their main level of analysis. Review of previous CFAs show that the choice of statistical methods for CFA, bifactor or hierarchical/correlated, influence whether second order factor models are better than g-factor models.

• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Fredriksen, Mats; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Elevated levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a low-grade inflammation marker in schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 228, s. 190–192. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.051. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Engh, John; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Exploring low grade inflammation by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in schizophrenia: a sex-dependent association with depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 21(1), s. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03522-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background There is evidence of increased low grade inflammation (LGI) in schizophrenia patients. However, the inter-individual variation is large and the association with demographic, somatic and psychiatric factors remains unclear. Our aim was to explore whether levels of the novel LGI marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated with clinical factors in schizophrenia and if such associations were sex-dependent. Method In this observational study a total of 187 participants with schizophrenia (108 males, 79 females) underwent physical examination and assessment with clinical interviews (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT)). Blood levels of suPAR, glucose, lipids, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used adjusting for confounders, and sex interaction tested in significant variables. Results Adjusting for sex, age, current tobacco smoking and BMI, we found that levels of hsCRP and depressive symptoms (CDSS) were positively associated with levels of suPAR (p < 0.001). The association between suPAR and CDSS score was significant in females (p < 0.001) but not in males. Immune activation measured by hsCRP was not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for BMI. Conclusion Our findings indicate that increased suPAR levels are associated with depressive symptoms in females with schizophrenia, suggesting aberrant immune activation in this subgroup. Our results warrant further studies, including longitudinal follow-up of suPAR levels in schizophrenia and experimental studies of mechanisms.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Andersen, Eivind & Mordal, Jon [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). High-intensity interval training and active video gaming improve neurocognition in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. ISSN 0940-1334. 271(2), s. 339–353. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01200-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a need for treatments targeting neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurocognitive effect of aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A comparison group performed sport simulating active video gaming (AVG). We anticipated that HIIT would improve neurocognition beyond any effect of AVG, due to engagement in higher intensity cardiorespiratory demands. Recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive effect of AVG challenges this expectation but added new relevance to comparing the two interventions. This is an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eighty-two outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were allocated to HIIT (n = 43) or AVG (n = 39). Both groups received two supervised sessions per week for 12 weeks. The attrition rate was 31%, and 65% of the participants were defined as protocol compliant study completers. Intention-to-treat analyses showed significant improvements in the neurocognitive composite score from baseline to post-intervention and from baseline to 4 months follow-up in the total sample. The same pattern of results was found in several subdomains. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no interaction effects of time and group, indicating equal effects in both groups. Separate within-group analysis unexpectedly showed trends of differential effects in the learning domain, as HIIT showed post-intervention improvement in verbal but not visual learning, while AVG showed improvement in visual but not verbal learning. HIIT and AVG improve neurocognition equally, suggesting that both interventions may be applied to target neurocognition in schizophrenia. Future research should investigate trends towards possible differential effects of exercise modes on neurocognitive subdomains

• Egeland, Jens & Follesø, Knut (2020). Offering Alphabet Support in the Trail Making Test: Increasing Validity for Participants With Insufficient Automatization of the Alphabet. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. 29(4), s. 478–485. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1774377. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Insufficient automatization of the alphabet may falsely impair performance on the Trail Making Test among persons with dyslexia or persons not accustomed to the Latin alphabet. We analyze whether writing the alphabet on top of the test sheet changes performance in these risk groups, and whether alphabet support reduces the complexity of the set-shifting task.One-hundred and seventy patients referred to neuropsychological assessment participated and were given both a TMT-version offering alphabet support and the D-KEFS TMT. The discrepancy between the D-KEFS subtask where lines are drawn successively between numbers only, and the task where lines are drawn between letters only, was operationalized as measuring insufficient alphabet automatization.Both the possible dyslexia group, and persons taught to read with another alphabet, had a larger discrepancy score than the remaining sample. Regression analyses showed that the discrepancy scores explained 3.4% of the variance beyond age and speed when giving alphabet support. The corresponding percentage for the D-KEFS Switching task was 17.5%. The findings indicate that alphabet support alleviated effects of non-automatization. The TMT-B-NR: TMT-A ratio score was equivalent to what is found when not applying alphabet support, showing that alphabet support did not contaminate the test as a EF-measure.

• Andersen, Eivind; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and body composition in people with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 20, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02827-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Exercise may improve cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia, however, possible condition-specific cardiorespiratory disadvantages, a scarcity of methodologically sound studies, and conflicting results raise questions about the effect of exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in this group. The primary aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on VO2max in people with schizophrenia. Second, we sought to determine whether the intervention would have an effect on general physical activity (PA) level and body composition. Methods Eighty-two patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to supervised high-intensity interval training or computer gaming skills training, performed twice a week for 12 weeks. Oxygen uptake was measured directly, during a maximum exercise session on a treadmill. PA level were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometer, and body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance using a univariate general linear model. Results There were no significant differences between the groups on any of the cardiorespiratory variables neither at baseline nor after the program. There were also no significant within-group differences in any of the cardiorespiratory fitness variables between the baseline and post-program time points, despite that 61% of the participants performing high-intensity interval training showed a significant increase in workload on the treadmill. However, 47% of the participants in the high-intensity interval training group had a ≥ 5% increase in VO2max. Participants supervised by mental health care providers with PA competence (e.g. rehabilitation center staff, sport scientist, physical trainer) had a much larger increase in VO2max compared to participants supervised by mental health workers without such competence, and when adding PA competence to the model, the intervention group increased VO2max significantly compared to the comparison group. The intervention had no significant effect on PA level or body composition. Conclusions The intervention did not improve VO2max, PA level or body composition but succeeded in increasing workload on the treadmill. With regard to VO2max, approximately half of the patients may be considered responders.

• Egeland, Jens (2019). Emotion Perception in Members of Norwegian Mensa. Frontiers in Psychology. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00027. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Are people with superior intelligence also superior in interpreting the emotions of others? Some studies find that an underlying g-factor links all mental processes leading to an expectation of a positive answer to the question, while other studies find that there is a cost to giftedness. No previous study have tested social cognition among highly gifted, or the Mensa society specifically. The study measures emotion recognition in 63 members of the Norwegian Mensa and 101 community controls. The Mensa group had a higher total score on the EmoBio test and was specifically better at differentiating the anger emotion, otherwise hypothesized to be mediated by subcortical processes. There was no difference in heterogeneity between the groups, contrary to the expectation of an autistic subgroup in Mensa. The study indicate that the positive manifold extends also to social cognition, and runs counter to the concept of a cost to giftedness.

• Fredriksen, Mats; Egeland, Jens; Haavik, Jan & Fasmer, Ole Bernt (2019). Individual Variability in Reaction Time and Prediction of Clinical Response to Methylphenidate in Adult ADHD: A Prospective Open Label Study Using Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 25(5), s. 657–671. doi: 10.1177/1087054719829822. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether reaction time parameters in adult patients with ADHD could predict their response to methylphenidate (MPH). Method: Previously unmedicated patients (N = 123) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II) at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment with immediate-release MPH. In addition to traditional CPT measures, we extracted intraindividual raw data and analyzed time series using linear and nonlinear mathematical models. Results: Clinical responders, assessed with the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale, showed significant normalization of target failures, reduced variability and skewness, and increased complexity of reaction time series after 6 weeks of treatment, while nonresponders showed no significant changes. Prior to treatment, responders had significantly higher variability and skewness, combined with lower complexity, compared with nonresponders. Conclusion: These results show that the CPT test is useful in the evaluation of treatment response to MPH.

• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Mordal, Jon; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Ueland, Thor [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition appears neither related to current physical activity nor mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10:785, s. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00785. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: We investigated whether levels of current physical activity (PA) contribute to the established relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cognition in schizophrenia and whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or its precursor proBDNF mediates this relationship. Method: Sixty-one outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and nine subtests from the MATRICS battery comprising a neurocognitive composite score (NCS). CRF was assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) measured directly during a maximum exercise test. Current PA levels were objectively assessed by an accelerometer worn for four consecutive days. BDNF and proBDNF were measured in fasting blood. Four serial parallel mediation analyses and two additional parallel mediation analyses were conducted, while controlling for age and sex at all levels. Results: No direct effects were found between PA measures and WAIS or NCS. No significant mediating effects of CRF or BDNF/proBDNF were detected. Conclusion: The results do not support the hypothesis that PA contributes to the naturally occurring relationship between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia or the hypothesis that BDNF or proBDNF mediates this relationship. The results arguably support the assumption that the association between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia is established developmentally early.

• Engh, John; Egeland, Jens; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Holmen, Tom Langerud [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Objectively Assessed Daily Steps—Not Light Intensity Physical Activity, Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time—Is Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00082. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  People with schizophrenia often have an unhealthy sedentary lifestyle with low level of physical activity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness—an important predictor of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the relations between cardiorespiratory fitness and both sedentary time and different aspects of physical activity, such as daily steps, light intensity physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Using accelerometer as an objective measure of sedentary time and physical activity we estimated their relations to cardiorespiratory fitness in 62 patients with schizophrenia with roughly equal gender distribution, mean age of 36 and 15 years illness duration. We found a significant association between daily steps and cardiorespiratory fitness when accounting for gender, age, sedentary time, light intensity physical activity, and respiratory exchange ratio (maximal effort). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was not significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, the amount of steps throughout the day contributes to cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia, independently of light intensity physical activity and sedentary time. We did not find a significant relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. This may have implications for the choice of strategies when helping patients with schizophrenia improve their cardiorespiratory fitness.

• Wormgoor, Marjon; Indahl, Aage; Andersen, Eivind & Egeland, Jens (2019). Effectiveness of Briefer Coping-Focused Psychotherapy for Common Mental Complaints on Work-Participation and Mental Health: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial with 2-Year Follow-Up. Journal of occupational rehabilitation. ISSN 1053-0487. 30(1), s. 22–39. doi: 10.1007/s10926-019-09841-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose The aim of this study was to assess short and long-term effectiveness of brief coping-focused psychotherapy (Brief-PsT) compared with short-term psychotherapy (Short-PsT) on work-participation (WP) and mental health. Both treatments were preceded by group education. Methods All participants were on, or at risk of, sick leave due to common mental complaints. Patients were selected for inclusion in this study based on levels of self-reported symptoms (‘some’ or ‘seriously affected’) of anxiety and depression. They were randomized to Brief-PsT (n = 141) or Short-PsT with a more extended focus (n = 143). Primary outcome was the transition of WP-state from baseline to 3 months follow-up. In addition, WP at 12 and 24 months follow-up were assessed. The secondary outcome, clinical recovery rate (CR-rate) was obtained from the Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventories, at 2-year follow-up. In addition, self-reported mental health symptom severity, self-efficacy, subjective health complaints and life satisfaction were assessed. Results At 3 months follow-up, the increase in WP was significantly greater in Brief-PsT than in Short-PsT (p = 0.039). At 3 months, 60% in Brief-PsT and 51% in Short-PsT was at work, partial or full. Thereafter, these differences diminished, 84% and 80% were at work at 2-year follow up. The 2-year follow-up of the secondary outcome measurements was completed by 53% in Brief-PsT and 57% in Short PsT. CR-rate was significantly greater in Brief-PsT compared with the Short-PsT (69% vs. 51%, p = 0.024). Furthermore, there was a greater reduction in the number of subjective health complaints in Brief-PsT (4.0 vs. 1.9 p = 0.012). All other measurements favoured Brief-PsT as well, but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Brief coping-focused psychotherapy added to group education for persons with depression or anxiety complaints seemed more effective in enhancing early work participation compared with additional short-term psychotherapy of standard duration with more extended focus. Clinical recovery rate and decline of comorbid subjective health complaints at 2-year follow-up were also in favour of the brief coping-focused program.

• Walderhaug, Eirik Paulsen; Gjestad, Rolf; Egeland, Jens; Havik, Odd E. & Nordgreen, Tine (2019). Relationships between depressive symptoms and panic disorder symptoms during guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 73(7). doi: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1646803. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: The current study explore the relationship between the trajectories of primary panic disorder symptoms and secondary depressive symptoms during guided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder. Materials and methods: The patients (N=143) were recruited from an ongoing effectiveness study in secondary mental health outpatient services in Norway. Weekly self-reported primary panic disorder symptoms and secondary depressive symptoms were analysed. Results: primary panic disorder symptoms and secondary depressive symptoms improved significantly during the course of treatment, and at six months follow-up. Parallel process latent growth curve modelling showed that the trajectory of depressive symptoms and trajectory of panic disorder symptoms were significantly related. A supplementary analysis with cross-lagged panel modelling showed that (1) pre-treatment depressive symptoms predicted a positive effect of panic disorder symptoms early in treatment; (2) high early treatment panic disorder symptoms predicted low depressive symptoms at post-treatment. Conclusions: Guided ICBT for panic disorder is effective for both primary panic disorder symptoms and secondary depressive symptoms. Patients with high pre-treatment secondary depressive symptoms may constitute a vulnerable subgroup. A high level of panic disorder symptoms early in treatment seems beneficiary for depressive symptoms outcome. A time-dependent model may be necessary to describe the relationship between PAD symptoms and depressive symptoms during the course of treatment.

• Brøndbo, Per Håkan & Egeland, Jens (2019). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V). PsykTestBarn. 9(utg. 1), s. 1–7. doi: 10.21337/0064. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V) ble publisert i USA i 2014 og den norske versjonen kom i 2017. Norsk og internasjonal rettighetshaver er Pearson Assessment. Oversettelsesarbeidet, inkludert kulturell tilpasning, ble gjennomført av Pearson Assessment med hjelp fra klinisk ekspertise i Norge, Danmark og Sverige. WISC-V er en individuelt administrert test av intellektuelle evner hos barn og ungdom i alderen 6:0-16:11 år. Testen består av 15 deltester, ti primære og fem sekundære deltester. Testtiden er beregnet til 45–80 minutter, avhengig av antall deltester og barnets alder. Psykologer og fagpersoner med mastergrad i pedagogikk med fordypning i pedagogisk-psykologisk rådgivning eller spesialpedagogikk fra UiO er kvalifisert til å kjøpe testen. For personer med mastergrad i pedagogikk eller psykologi fra andre læresteder er det et eget sertifiseringsprogram. Søket førte til 1119 norske, respektive 1865 svenske og danske treff. Ingen av treffene var relevante. Manualens skandinaviske normering er det eneste grunnlaget for vurdering av testens psykometriske egenskaper. Normer for aldersgrupper, validitet og reliabilitet, samt gjennomsnittsskårer for barn med lett intellektuell funksjonsnedsettelse og for særlig evnerike barn, ble rapportert i manualen. Normeringsutvalget bestod av 660 barn fra 6:0 til 16:11. Resultatene ble presentert som skalerte skårer fra 1 til 19, med et gjennomsnitt på ti og et standardavvik på tre. Indeksskårer ble konstruert med et gjennomsnitt på 100, et standardavvik på 15 og et skåreintervall på 45–155, respektive 40–160. Reliabilitetskoeffisienter (indre konsistens) på deltestnivå og indeksnivå var fra gode til utmerkede. Goodness-of-fit-analyse i forbindelse med konfirmatorisk faktoranalyse ga CFI 0,97-0,98 og RMSEA 0,05 for valgt femfaktormodell. Mønsteret av interkorrelasjoner mellom deltest, prosesskår og indeks viser store likheter med resultatene fra den amerikanske standardiseringen. Korrigerte rangkorrelasjonene for FSIQ og på indeksnivå mellom WISC-V og WISC-IV er høye (0,67-0,91). Kriterierelatert validitet som predikerer både intellektuell funksjonsnedsettelse og særlige evner var dårligere enn forventet og spesielt for gruppen særlig evnerike barn. Det er behov for mer dokumentasjon av måleegenskapene i en klinisk skandinavisk kontekst. Basert på dokumentasjonen som finnes fremstår WISC-V i hovedsak som et reliabelt instrument for vurdering av evnenivå og kognitiv profil. Foreliggende data er utilstrekkelige til å vurdere hvorvidt WISC-V også er et valid instrument for vurdering av kognitiv profil. Klinisk profiltolkning bør dermed gjøres med forsiktighet.

• Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Vaskinn, Anja & Engh, John (2019). Body language reading of emotion and outcome in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 24(1), s. 54–64. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1568234. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Although considered a promising design for testing social cognition, it is not clear to what extent the EmoBio test of emotion recognition actually predicts community functioning. It is also not clear whether the test measures something unique or different from nonsocial cognition. The present study tests whether EmoBio accounts for GAF function score and two operationalised community outcome measures. The study also analyses cognitive predictors of EmoBio performance, testing whether stimulus modality affects prediction. Methods: Eighty-three patients with schizophrenia were tested with EmoBio, the cognitive battery MCCB and WAIS-IV. Results: EmoBio accounted for a significant portion of variance in all three outcome measures. Only EmoBio predicted Lifetime Relationship status, and EmoBio remained a significant predictor of Independent living beyond non-social cognition. All cognitive measures contributed significantly to the variance in EmoBio, but entered together explained only a third of total variance. Conclusion: The study shows that emotion recognition accounts for community outcome. There was no clear effect of test-modality in predicting EmoBio performance, indicating no method invariance problem with EmoBio. It also indicates that the mechanisms underlying impaired social cognition in schizophrenia are different from the hypothesised non-verbal learning deficits in the disorder.

• Skogan, Annette Holth; Ørbeck, Beate; Christiansen, Cathrine; Lande, Hilde Lillian & Egeland, Jens (2018). Updated developmental norms for fine motor functions as measured by finger tapping speed and the Grooved Pegboard Test. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 43(7), s. 551–565. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1495724. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Eivind; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Physical activity pattern and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with schizophrenia compared with a population-based sample. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 201. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.038. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Thorough description of objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in people with schizophrenia is lacking, and previous studies comparing PA and cardiorespiratory fitness levels with healthy controls are limited by their small sample size and/or poor methodology. Method: PA, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness level were assessed in 67 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia (EPHAPS study) and compared with a population-based sample of 2809 adults (NPASS study). Results: Fifty-five percent of the participants with schizophrenia had the unhealthy combination of not meeting the PA recommendations and sitting >7.5 h per day compared to 32% in the population-based sample. The PA level was especially low on weekday afternoons and evenings and throughout most of the day on weekends. The peak oxygen uptake for EPHAPS women was on average 23% lower than that for NPASS women, while EPHAPS men achieved on average 34% lower oxygen uptake on the exercise test compared with NPASS men. Conclusion: People with schizophrenia are significantly less physically active, more sedentary, and have a poorer cardiorespiratory fitness level compared with the general population. Tailor-made PA interventions for people with schizophrenia should target their PA and sedentary behavior on afternoons and weekends especially.

• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Engh, John (2018). The association between cardio-respiratory fitness and cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 193, s. 418–422. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.015. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with reduced cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF), and impaired cognition is a core feature of the disorder. Despite their particular significance to schizophrenia disparately, the relationship between these two variables has not yet been thoroughly assessed. In this study we aimed to investigate naturally occurring associations between CRF and all cognitive domains within this patient population. Method: Eighty outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated in the study. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version 4 General Ability Index (WAIS GAI) and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Oxygen uptake was measured directly by analyzing O2 and CO2 content in expired air during a maximum exercise session on a treadmill using a modified Balke protocol. Clinical symptom load was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted, controlling for sex and age, and negative psychotic symptom levels. Results: CRF explained a significant 8.2% and 9.1% of the variance in general intellectual ability and state-sensitive cognitive functioning respectively, beyond the impact of negative psychotic symptom load. Conclusion: The study indicates a direct relation between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia. Impaired cognition is a difficult-to-treat expression of the disorder, and identifying modifiable factors possibly mediating cognition, such as CRF, is of great clinical value.

• Matre, Martin Engen; Løvstad, Marianne; Egeland, Jens; Hessen, Erik & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2018). Historiske røtter, fagets utvikling og veien videre – en samtale mellom pionerer i norsk nevropsykologi. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. 1, s. 4–12. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Engh, John (2018). Category fluency in schizophrenia: opposing effects of negative and positive symptoms? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 23(1), s. 28–42. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1418306. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Engh, John; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Bigseth, Therese Torgersen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Cardio-respiratory fitness is associated with a verbal factor across cognitive domains in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.033. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Objective We investigated whether the relationship between cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) and cognition in schizophrenia is general, or due to selective relationships between CRF and specific aspects of cognitive function. Method Eighty outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version 4 General Ability Index (WAIS GAI), the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Emotion in Biological Motion (EBM) test. CRF was assessed with peak oxygen uptake measured directly during maximum exercise using a modified Balke protocol. Partial correlations, controlling for sex and age, were obtained for the perceptual and the verbal indices of WAIS GAI, six cognitive domains of MCCB, and the EBM total score. A factor analysis was conducted on all 15 subtests of the WAIS GAI and the MCCB, and the factors were subjected to separate regression analyses with CRF as predictor. Results Significant, moderately sized correlations were found between CRF and all cognitive domains except processing speed. The correlation appeared strongest for CRF and the Verbal Comprehension Index of WAIS GAI (r = 0.29, p = .005). The factor analysis identified three factors: one speed/attention/executive function factor, one verbal factor, and one perceptual factor. Regression analyses showed that VO2peak explained a significant amount of variance in the verbal factor only (R2 = 0.06, β = 0.329, p = .03). Conclusion The results indicate that the relationship between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia is selectively tied to a modality-specific association with verbal cognitive abilities. These findings have implications for understanding the relation between cognitive factors and physical health in schizophrenia.

• Ness, Elisabeth; Dahl, Hanne-Sofie Johnsen; Tallberg, Björn Peter Urban; Amlo, Svein; Høglend, Per Andreas & Thorén, Agnetha [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Assessment of dynamic change in psychotherapy with asdolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH). 12:39, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13034-018-0246-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Diagnostic interviews and questionnaires are commonly used in the assessment of adolescents referred to child and adolescent mental health services. Many of these rating scales are constructed for adults and focus on symptoms related to diagnosis. Psychodynamic Functioning Scales (PFS) focus on relational aspects and how the patients handle affects and solve problems, rather than manifest symptoms. As these aspects are considered important for mental health, the PFS were developed to assess change in adults, consistent with the relational and intrapsychic concepts of dynamic psychotherapy. The scales describe internal predispositions and psychological resources that can be mobilized to achieve adaptive functioning and life satisfaction. PFS consist of six subscales; the relational subscales Family, Friends and Romantic/Sexual relationships and the dynamic subscales Tolerance for Affects, Insight and Problem-solving Capacity. PFS has been used for the first time as a measure of change in adolescent psychotherapy. This study examines the reliability of PFS when used to assess adolescents’ level of relational functioning, affective tolerance, insight, and problem-solving capacities. Methods Outpatient adolescents 16–18 years old with a major depressive disorder were included in the First Experimental Study of Transference work in Teenagers (FEST-IT). They were evaluated before and after time-limited psychodynamic psychotherapy with an audio-recorded semi-structured psychodynamic interview. Based on the audio-tapes, raters with different clinical background rated all the available interviews at pre-treatment (n = 66) and post-treatment (n = 30) using PFS. Interrater reliability, the reliability of change ratings and the discriminability from general symptoms were calculated in SPSS. Results The interrater reliability was on average good on the relational subscales and fair to good on the dynamic subscales. All pre-post changes were significant, and the analyses indicated discriminability from general symptoms. The interrater reliability on PFS (mean) and Global Assessment of Functioning were good to excellent. Conclusion Based on the interrater reliability in our study, PFS could be recommended in psychotherapy with adolescents by experienced clinicians without extensive training. From the post-treatment evaluations available, the scales seem to capture statistically and clinically significant changes. However, the interrater reliability on dynamic subscales indicates that subscales of PFS might be considered revised or adjusted for adolescents. Trial registration First Experimental Study of Transference-Work-In Teenagers (2011/1424 FEST-IT). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01531101

• Skule, Cecilie; Berge, Torkil; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara & Egeland, Jens [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Levels of alcohol use and depression severity as predictors of missed therapy sessions in cognitive behavioral psycho-educational group treatment for depression. Addiction Research and Theory. ISSN 1606-6359. 25(1), s. 11–16. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2016.1173683. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isguith,, Peter K.; Gioia, G; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Distinct Patterns of Everyday Executive Function Problems Distinguish Children With Tourette Syndrome From Children With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 21(10), s. 811–823. doi: 10.1177/1087054714550336. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The aim is to investigate the everyday executive function (EF) in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), Inattentive or Combined presentations of ADHD (ADHD-I/ADHD-C), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and typically developing children (TDC). Method: Nineteen TS, 33 ADHD-C, 43 ADHD-I, 34 ASD, and 50 TDC participated (8-17 years). Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Results: TS, ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD were rated with significantly more regulation problems on all scales compared with TDC. Considerable overlap of symptoms between clinical groups made differentiation difficult on individual scales. Scale configurations showed children with TS to have more problems with emotional control (EC) than cognitive flexibility in relation to children with ASD, more problems with EC than inhibitory control in relation to ADHD-C, and more problems with EC than planning/organizing in relation to ADHD-I. Conclusion: Paired BRIEF scales dissociated EF problems in children with TS from children with ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD. Clinical relevance is discussed.

• Evers, Arne; McCormick, Carina M; Hawley, Leslie R; Muniz, Jose; Balboni, Giulia & Bartram, Dave [Vis alle 33 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Testing Practices and Attitudes Toward Tests and Testing: An International Survey. International Journal of Testing. ISSN 1530-5058. 17(2), s. 158–190. doi: 10.1080/15305058.2016.1216434. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2017). Interventions for Subjects with Depressive Symptoms with or without Unhealthy Alcohol Use: Are There Different Patterns of Change? Frontiers in Psychology. 8(MAY). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00788. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: It has been suggested that alcohol problems negatively affect therapeutic interventions for depression. This study examines the patterns of change in depressive symptoms following an intervention for depression, in participants with or without comorbid unhealthy alcohol use. Methods: Depressive symptoms (BDI–II), perceived control of depressive symptoms (UNCONTROL) and unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT) were assessed in 116 patients before and after attending a cognitive behavioral psychoeducational intervention for depression. At pretest the mean score of AUDIT was 8.1, indicating a, on average, risk of harmful level of alcohol abuse. At pretest the majority of the total sample had a moderate degree of depressive symptoms, with a mean BDI–II score of 25.1 and 36.2% had a risky use of alcohol as measured with AUDIT score at 8 points or above. To assess the relationship between depressive symptoms, perceived uncontrollability of depression and alcohol use across time, a cross-lagged panel model was estimated. Results: A clinical significant reduction of depressive symptoms, and a parallel and statistically significant increase in the perceived control of depressive symptoms, was identified after attending a cognitive behavioral psychoeducational intervention for depression. At posttest, the mean BDI–II score was 17.8, demonstrating a statistically significant decrease of 7.3 points in depressive symptoms from before starting the course to 6 months later. The effect size (d-value) of 0.83 can be interpreted as a large decrease in depressive symptoms. In this sample alcohol use and depressive symptoms seemed to be unrelated. The cross-lagged correlation panel analysis indicated that a high degree of perceived control of depressive symptoms leads to a reduction in depressive symptoms, and not vice versa. Conclusion: We found that this intervention for depression were effective in reducing depressive symptoms. The patterns of change seemed to be independent of risky use of alcohol, although leaving the study was systematically associated with higher AUDIT-scores. As participants with or without unhealthy alcohol use show the same patterns of change regarding reduction of depressive symptoms and perceived control of depression, both groups could be offered the same cognitive behavioral psychoeducational interventions for depression.

• Norup, Anne; Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Education, training, and practice among nordic neuropsychologists. Results from a professional practices survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. 31, s. 20–41. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1291857. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Norup, Anne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Questionnaire Use Among Nordic Neuropsychologists: Shift From Assessing Personality to Checking Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological Assessments? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. ISSN 0735-7028. 48(4), s. 227–235. doi: 10.1037/pro0000119. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Norup, Anne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Following international trends while subject to past traditions: neuropsychological test use in the Nordic countries. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. 30, s. 1479–1500. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1237675. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogan, Annette Holth; Egeland, Jens; Zeiner, Pål; Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig; Ørbeck, Beate & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Factor structure of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF-P) at age three years. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 22(4), s. 472–492. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2014.992401. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The preschool period is an important developmental period for the emergence of cognitive self-regulatory skills or executive functions (EF). To date, evidence regarding the structure of EF in preschool children has supported both unitary and multicomponentmodels. The aimof the present study was to test the factor structure of early EF as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version (BRIEF-P). BRIEF-P consists of five subscales and three broader indexes, hypothesized to tap into different subcomponents of EF. Parent ratings of EF from a nonreferred sample of children recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (N = 1134; age range 37–47 months) were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Three theoretically derived models were assessed; the secondorder three-factor model originally proposed by the BRIEF-P authors, a “true” first-order one-factor model and a second-order one-factor model. CFA fit statistics supported the original three-factor solution. However, the difference in fit was marginal between this model and the second-order one-factor model. A follow-up exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported the existence of several factors underlying EF in early preschool years, with a considerable overlap with the five BRIEF-P subscales. Our results suggest that some differentiation in EF has taken place at age 3 years, which is reflected in behavior ratings. The internal consistency of the BRIEF-P five clinical subscales is supported. Subscale interrelations may, however, differ at this age from those observed in the preschool group as a whole. Keywords: Executive function; BRIEF-P; Preschool; Factor analysis; Development.

• Skogan, Annette Holth; Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig; Baumgartner, Nina; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe; Ørbeck, Beate & Aase, Heidi [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Eksekutiv funksjon i tidlig førskolealder-funn fra den norske ADHD-studien. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. 18(1), s. 4–13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Geurts, Hilde; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a 2-year longitudinal study. Autism. ISSN 1362-3613. 19(4), s. 443–450. doi: 10.1177/1362361314524844. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to analyse the development of verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. A total of 34 children with high-functioning autism, 72 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 45 typically developing children (age 9–16 years) were included at baseline and followed up approximately 25 months later. The children were given a letter/number sequencing task to assess verbal working memory. The performance of children with high-functioning autism on verbal working memory did not improve after 2 years, while improvement was observed in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. The results indicate a different developmental trajectory for verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. More research is needed to construct a developmental framework more suitable for children with autism spectrum disorder.

• Skogen, Annette; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted & Aase, Heidi (2015). Parent ratings of executive function in young preschool children with symptoms of attention-deficit/-hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 11. doi: 10.1186/s12993-015-0060-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Annette Skogen heter egentlig Annette Skogan men hun er feilregistrert i navne databasen og den er vanskelig å endre i cristin når en person er registrert med P-nummer. 15.02.16 Ørjan Berg Anne-Margrethe Urnes er det fulle navnet til Anne-Grethe Urnes. Får ikke endret navn. 17.02.16 Ingvild Follestad

• Engh, John; Andersen, Eivind; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Mordal, Jon & Morken, Gunnar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise on psychotic symptoms and neurocognition in outpatients with schizophrenia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 16(557). doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-1094-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The focus in recent years on physical inactivity and metabolic disturbances in individuals with schizophrenia raises the question of potential effects of physical activity. Physical activity has shown beneficial effects on cognition in healthy older individuals as well as on symptom severity in depression. However, opinions diverge regarding whether aerobic high-intensity interval training reduces cognition and key symptoms in schizophrenia. The main objective for the trial is to investigate the potential effects of aerobic high-intensity interval training on neurocognitive function and mental symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. Methods/Design The trial is designed as a randomized controlled, observer-blinded clinical trial. Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms with 12-week duration: aerobic high-intensity interval training or computer gaming skills training. All participants also receive treatment as usual. Primary outcome measure is neurocognitive function. Secondary outcome measures will be positive and negative symptoms, wellbeing, tobacco-smoking patterns and physiological/metabolic parameters. Patient recruitment takes place in catchment area-based outpatient clinics.

• Egeland, Jens (2015). Measuring Working Memory With Digit Span and the Letter-Number Sequencing Subtests From the WAIS-IV: Too Low Manipulation Load and Risk for Underestimating Modality Effects. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. 22(6), s. 445–451. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2014.992069. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Associations among symptoms of autism, symptoms of depression and executive functions in children with High-Functioning Autism; a two year follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. ISSN 0162-3257. 45(8), s. 2497–2507. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2415-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Personality Disorder and Changes in Affect Consciousness: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study of Patients with Avoidant and Borderline Personality Disorder. PLOS ONE. 10(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145625. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Egeland, Jens; Hummelen, Benjamin & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Avoidant personality disorder versus social phobia: The significance of childhood neglect. PLOS ONE. 10(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122846. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Solli, Hans Magnus; Silva, Antonio Barbosa da & Egeland, Jens (2015). Usefulness of an ability-based health model in work ability assessments provided by psychiatrists and psychology specialists writing social security certificates. Disability and Rehabilitation. ISSN 0963-8288. 37(7), s. 571–578. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.935491. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogen, Annette; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Baumgartner, Nina Marit; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Inhibition and working memory in young preschool children with symptoms of ADHD and/or oppositional-defiant disorder. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 20(5), s. 607–624. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2013.838213. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Andersson, Stein; Sundseth, Øyvind Østberg & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2014). Types or Modes of Malingering? A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Performance and Symptom Validity Tests. Applied Neuropsychology. ISSN 0908-4282. Oct 2, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2014.910212. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Egeland, Jens; Øygarden, Bjørg; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Løvdahl, Hans & Pripp, Are Hugo [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Differentiating between comorbidity and symptom overlap in ADHD and early onset bipolar disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 39(4), s. 249–261. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2014.886692. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Brennen, Tim [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Depressive Symptoms in People with and without Alcohol Abuse: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Across Groups. PLOS ONE. 9(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088321. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study explored differences in the factor structure of depressive symptoms in patients with and without alcohol abuse, and differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between the two groups. In a sample of 358 patients without alcohol problems and 167 patients with comorbid alcohol problems, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the same factor structures, Beck et al.’s two-factor Somatic Affective-Cognitive (SA-C) model, and Buckley et al.’s three-factor Cognitive-Affective- Somatic (C-A-S) model, demonstrated the best fit to the data in both groups. The SA-C model was preferred due to its more parsimonious nature. Evidence for strict measurement invariance across the two groups for the SA-C model was found. MIMIC (multiple-indicator-multiple-cause) modeling showed that the level of depressive symptoms was found to be highest on both factors in the group with comorbid alcohol problems. The magnitude of the differences in latent mean scores suggested a moderate difference in the level of depressive symptoms between the two groups. It is argued that patients with comorbid depression and alcohol abuse should be offered parallel and adequate treatment for both conditions.

• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin; Skogen, Annette & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Does IQ influence Associations between ADHD Symptoms and other Cognitive Functions in young Preschoolers? Behavioral and Brain Functions. 10(1). doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-16. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2014). Alcohol use is not directly related to the perceived control of depressive symptoms in patients with depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00031. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Treatment-seeking patients (N = 233) were recruited as they started a course of relapse prevention and coping with depression. The mean Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) score was 26 points, indicating a moderate degree of depression. The sample was recruited from different outpatient clinics and screened for alcohol-related problems with the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Almost half of the total sample had a score on AUDIT >8 indicating an alcohol problem. The participants in this study did not undergo a clinical interview to check out if their symptoms, as assessed with BDI-II and AUDIT, were part of a formal diagnosis in accordance with the criteria in ICD 10 or DSM IV. A specific instrument, perceived uncontrollability of depression (UNCONTROL), was used to measure the persons’ perceived control of depressive symptoms; a set of statements about coping with depressive symptoms where high scores indicate lack of coping with the symptoms. Alcohol problems were not found to be significantly associated with the perceived control of ongoing depressive symptoms and did not moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms and the perceived control of depressive symptoms. The results question the assumption that alcohol use is related to coping with depressive symptoms in patients with alcohol abuse and depressive symptoms.

• Egeland, Jens (2014). Klinisk utprøving av WAIS-IV : bleddanalyser, stopp-kriterier og arbeidsminnemåling. Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening (Psykologtidsskriftet). ISSN 0332-6470. 51(11), s. 911–919. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Eadie, Patricia; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin Brun & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Language Delay in 3-Year-Old Children With ADHD Symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. doi: 10.1177/1087054713497253. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Saunes, Brit (2013). Few Effects of Far Transfer of Working Memory Training in ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE. 8(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075660. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Few differences in hot and cold executive functions in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 20(1), s. 38–48. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.753998. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Eadie, Patricia; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Language delay in 3-year-old children with ADHD symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 20(10), s. 867–878. doi: 10.1177/1087054713497253. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Is low affect consciousness related to the severity of psychopathology? A cross-sectional study of patients with avoidant and borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 54(2), s. 149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aarlien, Anne-Kristine; Saunes, Brit & Egeland, Jens (2013). Arbeidsminnetrening - overføringseffekt til matematikk og leseferdigheter for barn med ADHD. Spesialpedagogikk. ISSN 0332-8457. s. 40–54. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Saunes, Brit; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Egeland, Jens (2013). RCT of working memory training in ADHD: long-term near-transfer effects. PLOS ONE. 8(12:80561). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080561. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Symptoms of ADHD in children with high-functioning autism are related to impaired verbal working memory and verbal delayed recall. PLOS ONE. 8(5:e64842). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064842. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sjåstad, Hege Nordem; Gråwe, Rolf W. & Egeland, Jens (2012). Affective Disorders among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. PLOS ONE. 7(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050930. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens (2012). Cutting corners: Neuropsychological Research into the Energetics of ADHD. I Norvilitis, Jill M. (Red.), Contemporary Trends in ADHD research. IntechOpen. ISSN 9789533078588. s. 69–84. doi: 10.5772/30006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Evers, Arne; Muniz, Jose; Bartram, Dave; Boben, Duscia; Egeland, Jens & Fernandez-Hermida, José R. [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Testing practices in the 21st century: Developments and European psychologists' opinions. European Psychologist. ISSN 1016-9040. 17(4), s. 300–19. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen; Egeland, Jens & Wade, Shari L. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Families´self-reported challenges in daily life in the chronic stage of pediatric brain injury. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Strand-Saugnes, Anine; Røe, Cecilie & Wade, Shari L. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The Child in Context Intervention (CICI) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Goal-Oriented and Individualized Rehabilitation for Children With Chronic Acquired Brain Injury. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Røe, Cecilie; Egeland, Jens & Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury in the Child in Context Intervention (CICI) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 23. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06048-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) is associated with long-term cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional problems, which may affect the quality of life, school, and family functioning. Yet, there is a lack of evidence-based community-centered rehabilitation programs for chronic pABI and these children do not systematically receive comprehensive rehabilitation. The Child In Context Intervention (CICI) study is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) for children with chronic pABI, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized and goal-oriented intervention targeting everyday functioning of the child and family. Methods: Children aged 6–16 years with MRI/CT-verified intracranial abnormalities will be included in the CICI study if they have persistent self- or parent-reported cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral challenges 1 year or more after insult and attend school regularly. A total of 70 families will be randomized 1:1 to an intervention or a control group. The intervention consists of seven family sessions, one parent seminar, and four school sessions delivered over approximately 6 months. The parent seminar will be held in person, and the other sessions will mainly be video based. The children’s and families’ self-reported major challenges in everyday life will be targeted using SMART goals. Evidence-based strategies, when available, will be applied to achieve the goals, combined with psychoeducation. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) will be used to evaluate goal attainment. Data is collected at baseline and after approximately 6 and 9 months. External assessors are blinded to group allocation. Primary outcomes are parent-reported brain injury symptoms in children and parenting self-efficacy at 9 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes include child-reported brain injury symptoms, quality of life, executive functioning in daily life, parent emotional symptoms, family functioning, and unmet family health care needs. A process evaluation will be conducted. Discussion: The current study provides an innovative approach to rehabilitation for children in the chronic phase of ABI and their families. This complex intervention may contribute to the development of evidence-based, high-quality rehabilitation for a large patient group, which is underrepresented in clinical research. It may also improve collaboration between specialized rehabilitation facilities, schools, and local health care services. Inclusion for the trial started in April 2021.

• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Strand-Saugnes, Anine; Røe, Cecilie & Wade, Shari L. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). The Child in Context Intervention (CICI) Study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a goal oriented and individualized rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Andersen, Eivind; Ulleberg, Pål & Bigseth, Therese Torgersen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Shared and differential neurocognitive effects comparing high-intensity interval training and active video-gaming in schizophrenia - results from an rct. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 46, s. S9–S9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens (2019). Response: Commentary: Emotion Perception in Members of Norwegian Mensa. Frontiers in Psychology. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02337. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Reply by the current author to the comments made by A. Vaskinn (see record 2019-31702-001) on the original article (see record 2019-06987-001). My colleague Vaskinn published recently a commentary on my study on Emotion Perception in Norwegian Mensa. My study is the first to actually test social cognition in Mensa Members, although self-ratings have been published previously. Vaskinn questions the validity of the finding that Mensa members score superior to community controls on the EmoBio test of emotion recognition. Her point is important, and that is why all research has to be replicated with new community samples as well as new experimental groups. There are, however, two possible reasons for the difference in scores. The first is related to the distribution of age in her study compared to the Mensa study. The community sample in the Mensa study was graduate students from a local high school and employees in a national governmental agency. There were no exclusion criteria. They were tested in a group session, everyone was given a scoring sheet and a pen. The testing was incorporated in a guest lecture on psychology in the High School and on social abilities in the governmental agency.

• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Skogan, Annette Holth; Zahl, Per-Henrik & Urnes, Anne-Grethe [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Gender differences in associations between expressive language skills, verbal IQ, and ADHD symptoms in young preschoolers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isquith, Peter; Gioia, Gerard; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Distinct Patterns of Executive Dysregulation Distinguish Children with Tourette’s from Children with ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther; Geurts, hilde; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with ADHD; Results from a two-year longitudinal study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Solli, Hans Magnus; Silva, Antonio Barbosa da & Egeland, Jens (2013). The need for a holistic model of functioning in WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egeland, Jens; Saunes, Brit & Aarlien, Anne-Kristine (2012). Successful Working Memory Training: Initially inattentive but not hyperactive, or merely regressing to the mean? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens & Engh, John Bjarne Abel (2026). The efficiency and mediating and moderating mechanisms of physical exercise in enhancing neurocognition, clinical symptoms and physical fitness in individuals with schizophrenia: an observer-blinded RCT. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Schizophrenia is associated with a broad spectrum of symptoms and impairments, some insufficiently responsive to or addressed by existing or available treatment. These include neurocognitive deficits, negative symptoms, depressive symptoms and low physical fitness. Given their negative effects on daily functioning and well-being, long-term functional outcome and even lifespan expectancy, there is a need to expand treatment options. Physical exercise has received growing attention for its beneficial effects on physical- and mental health. It represents a potential treatment targeting multiple aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Investigation of physical exercise as a potential clinical treatment to enhance physical and mental health in different populations spans three core themes: i) The efficiency of physical exercise in improving core aspects of physical and mental health, ii) the mechanistic pathway(s) linking physical exercise to mental health and iii) moderating factors that may contribute to explain response variability. The current thesis aimed at addressing these overall research foci. The four included papers address the efficiency and efficacy of physical exercise in improving neurocognition (primary outcome), alleviating clinical symptoms and enhancing physical fitness (secondary outcomes) in individuals with schizophrenia. They proceed by exploring mechanistic pathways and moderating factors, focusing on the Brain Derived-Neurotropic Factor (BDNF; secondary outcome) and Volume of Oxygen consumed (VO2max). Methods: The four papers included in this thesis build on the clinical trial “Effects of Physical Activity in Psychosis” (EPHAPS), organized at Vestfold Hospital Trust (ClinicalTrials.gov, number 02205684, 31.07.14). Designed as an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), it compares the High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) to an active comparison intervention consisting of computerized sport-simulation (Active-Video-Gaming, AVG), serving to control for time spent and the possible effects of social interaction due to supervision. Both were provided as supervised sessions twice a week for twelve consecutive weeks. Eligible for participation were individuals fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorder, recruited from two outpatient clinics at Vestfold Hospital Trust (n=82) and randomly allocated to HIIT (n=43) or AVG (n=39). Assessments were performed at baseline, post-intervention and follow up (four months after the intervention ceased). The primary RCT analyses were performed by Mixed Effects Models, according to intention-to-treat (efficiency) and per protocol (efficacy) principles. We hypothesized that HIIT was more efficient than AVG in improving physical fitness (Paper I), neurocognition (Paper II) and overall clinical symptoms (Paper III). We proceeded by testing if statistical models of two core mechanistic hypotheses, the BDNF hypothesis (Paper IV) and the cardiovascular fitness hypothesis (Paper III), were supported by the data from the trial. Through this we also addressed variability in response. These secondary post-hoc analyses were performed by MEdiation and MOderation for REpeated measures (MEMORE). Attrition rate was 13% at post-intervention, cumulating to 31% at follow-up. At study end, 65% of the participants were defined as protocol-Compliant study-Completers (CC), excluding participants with protocol-violation (n=10) and/or lost to attrition. The mean attendance to sessions was 71% (82% in CC). The mean attendance to HIIT intervals was 73% (80% in CC). Results: We estimated no significant changes in mean levels of VO2max or supplementary measures of physical fitness (body composition and lung function), from baseline to post-intervention. In post-hoc exploratory analyses we observed that 47% of the participants in HIIT, versus 27% in AVG, increased their VO2max by ≥5%. VO2max increments correlated positively with number of intervals performed at an intensity of ≥85% of maximum heartrate. Participants supervised by exercise-competent personnel, compared to other personnel, showed significantly larger increase in VO2max. Post hoc analyses indicated that HIIT improves VO2max significantly more than AVG if supervised by exercise-competent personnel. The subgroup with VO2max response (>1 metabolic equivalent of tasks) had higher age and lower physical fitness at baseline compared to the non-response group. Within the HIIT group, 61% showed significant increase in work capacity (measured as inclination and speed on the treadmill). We found a significant increase in the neurocognitive composite score from baseline to post-intervention and follow-up in both groups, reaching small to moderate pre-post effect sizes, albeit with no significant difference between HIIT and AVG. A similar pattern of change was estimated for most of the neurocognitive subdomains. We observed variability in response. Baseline levels of peripheral mature(m)BDNF significantly moderated the effect of physical exercise on neurocognition, regardless of group, and explained 7% of the variance in neurocognitive change. Higher baseline values of mBDNF, compared to lower, were associated with larger increase in the neurocognitive composite score. From baseline to post-intervention and follow-up, the mean level of mBDNF decreased: independently of group, differing by sex and associating negatively with change in VO2max. Change in BDNF was not significantly related to change in neurocognition. More specifically, our data did not support a mediating role of mBDNF on exercise effects on neurocognition. Beyond the decrease in mBDNF on group level, we estimated different pathways of change in BDNF moderated by its baseline value. For the clinical symptoms, we estimated a small reduction in overall levels (PANSS total), with no significant between-group difference. On a subfactor level (PANSS five factor), we found that HIIT reduced depressive symptoms (PANSS depressed factor) significantly more than AVG, reaching mild to moderate between-group effect size. Change in depressive symptoms associated negatively with change in VO2max. When testing a mediating role of VO2max on exercise effects on depressive symptoms, moderated by group, data tended to support this, but the moderated mediation index did not reach statistical significance. Change in overall symptoms was also negatively associated with change in VO2max. No significant association was found between change in neurocognition and change in VO2max. Discussion: Findings from EPHAPS show that physical exercise may enhance both physical and mental aspects of schizophrenia. They also underscore the need to address variability in response to refine knowledge about how to prescribe exercise if used as adjunctive treatment in a clinical setting. The strict answer to the aims and hypotheses is: HIIT is more efficient than AVH in alleviating depressive symptoms, but not in improving neurocognition, alleviating overall clinical symptoms or increasing physical fitness. These treatment effects are based on between-group comparisons of average responses. Beyond this, we found improved neurocognition in both groups, supported by concurrent research, reaching a small to moderate pre-post effect size. Improvements spanned across multiple neurocognitive subdomains frequently affected in schizophrenia. This holds large clinical value. Baseline levels of mBDNF had a moderating role of exercise effects on neurocognition and explained a small part of the observed variability in response. The mBDNF hypothesis was not supported by the current data, albeit cannot be disclaimed. Neurocognitive response was neither related to change in BDNF nor VO2max. The findings support that neurocognition can be improved by various exercise modes (HIIT and AVG) also in absence of improved VO2max. Overall clinical symptoms were alleviated in the total sample, but HIIT was more efficient than AVG in alleviating depressive symptoms, corresponding to a mild to moderate effect size. Reduction in depressive symptoms, and overall clinical symptoms, were associated with improved VO2max, tending to support the cardiorespiratory hypothesis but not reaching significance in a mediation model. Relationships with mBDNF were not explored. HIIT may potentially be used to alleviate mild to moderate depressive symptoms, also before they reach clinical depression. Effects on both neurocognition and clinical symptoms sustained four months after the intervention ceased. While the mean level of VO2max did not improve in the HIIT group, change in VO2max correlated positively with number of intervals at sufficiently high intensity and was larger if supervised by exercise-competent personnel compared with other mental health staff. Variability in response was observed for both physical and mental outcomes. Going beyond efficiency to build knowledge about mediating and moderating factors may contribute to refining interventions, understanding variability in responses, explaining discrepancies across studies and guiding clinical prescriptions. Potentially, this may facilitate more consistent responses and/or advance individualized treatment principles within the field of physical exercise and health. More detailed recommendations for prescription (mode, dose, intensity – potentially depending on the outcome) are needed to guide clinical choices. Apart from being under-powered, the design and methodology in EPHAPS is evaluated as robust, with low risk of biases, and the main results are regarded as trustworthy. Explorative results must be interpreted with caution and preferably used to generate new research hypotheses. If provided as e directed clinical treatment, physical exercise should be supervised, preferentially by exercise-professionals, and responses need to be monitored. Integrating exercise clinics into mental health services may facilitate this and promote integrated treatment of mental and physical aspects associated with schizophrenia. Conducted in a realistic clinical outpatient setting, both HIIT and AVG appeared safe, feasible and applicable. Few exclusion criteria facilitate the generalisability of results. Overall, EPHAPS supports the use of physical exercise as an adjunctive treatment for individuals with schizophrenia. The current findings comply with the emerging guidelines, recommending supervised physical exercise as part of multimodal treatment for individuals with schizophrenia to target both physical and mental health.

• Baumgartner, Nina; Aase, Heidi & Egeland, Jens (2015). Neurocognitive functions and ADHD symptoms in young preschoolers, with a particular focus on language skills. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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