Ingunn Olea Lund

• Burdzovic, Jasmina; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Martinez, Priscilla; Laslett, Anne-Marie & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2021). Parental Risk Constellations and Future Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in Offspring: A Combined HUNT Survey and Health Registries Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.  ISSN 0893-164X. . doi: 10.1037/adb0000681 Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Objective: We examined the risk of developing a future alcohol use disorder (AUD) among offspring of families with different constellations of parental risk factors. Method: We analyzed a sample of 8,774 offspring (50.2% male) from 6,696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway when offspring were 13–19 years old in 1995–1997 or 2006–2008. Based on population registry information and parental Nord-Trøndelag Health Study self-reports, families were classified via Latent Profile Analysis into fiver risk constellations reflecting parents’ education, drinking quantities and frequencies, and mental health. Information about AUD-related diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions for all offspring in the period between 2008 and 2016 was obtained from 3 national health registries and pooled to reflect any AUD. The likelihood of AUD in offspring was examined with a set of nested logistic regression models. Results: Registry records yielded 186 AUD cases (2.1%). Compared with the lowest-risk constellation, offspring from two constellations were more likely to present with AUD in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for all covariates, including offspring’s alcohol consumption and witnessing parental intoxication during adolescence, AUD risk remained elevated and statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.85) for offspring from the constellation characterized by at least weekly binge drinking, low education, and poor mental health in both parents. Conclusion: Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment.

• Andersen, Njål; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). The emerging COVID-19 research: dynamic and regularly updated science maps and analyses. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.  ISSN 1472-6947.  20, s 1- 7 . doi: 10.1186/s12911-020-01321-9 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health emergency and experts emphasize the need for rapid and a high degree of communication and interaction between all parties, in order for critical research to be implemented. We introduce a resource (website) that provides bibliometric analysis showing the current content and structure of the published literature. As new research is published daily, the analysis is regularly updated to show the status as the research field develops and matures. Methods: Two bibliometric methods were employed, the first is a keyword co-occurrence analysis, based on published work available from PubMed. The second is a bibliometric coupling analysis, based on articles available through Scopus. The results are presented as clustered network graphs; available as interactive network graphs through the webpage. Results: For research as of March 23rd, keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that research was organized in 4 topic clusters: "Health and pandemic management", "The disease and its pathophysiology", "Clinical epidemiology of the disease" and "Treatment of the disease". Coupling analyses resulted in 4 clusters on literature that relates to "Overview of the new virus", "Clinical medicine", "On the virus" and "Reproduction rate and spread". Conclusion: We introduced a dynamic resource that will give a wide readership an overview of how the structure of the COVID-19 literature is developing. To illustrate what this can look like, we showed the structure as it stands three months after the virus was identified; the structure is likely to change as we progress to later stages of this pandemic. Keywords: Bibliometrics; COVID-19; Coupling analyses; Keyword co-occurrence; Network graphs; Science mapping.

• Andersen, Njål & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). Mapping the literature on parents with mental illness, across psychiatric sub-disciplines: A bibliometric review. BMC Psychiatry.  ISSN 1471-244X.  20 . doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02825-4 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Background Research on parental mental illness is often carried out in disorder specific research silos. Drawing on the different research areas, it is possible to leverage and combine existing knowledge, and identify insights that can be transferred across research areas. In this study, we identify the overarching structure of research on parents with psychiatric disorders, and the structure of the different research areas, as defined by psychiatric disorder groups in ICD-10, and identify both topics that are commonly examined, and topics that received attention in only a few of the research areas. Methods We use bibliometric science mapping to examine keywords in 16,734 articles, showing the overarching structure of research on parents with mental illness, both overall and within ICD-10 psychiatric disorder categories. The search was conducted using the Scopus database for journal articles published between 1999 and 2018, with no restrictions on language. Results Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords in the 16,734 articles on parental mental illnesses in different psychiatric disorder categories, indicate there are six general themes in the literature: ‘expectant mothers and early motherhood’, ‘substance use and abuse’, ‘Socio-economic status’ (SES) and support practices’, ‘biomedical research‘, ‘diagnoses, symptoms and treatment’, and ‘child–parent interaction and context’. Although the same themes are covered in different areas, the contexts, in terms of content and relation to other topics, vary between the research areas. Some topics are heavily researched in some areas, but seem to be neglected in others. Conclusions This study provides data both in interactive maps and an extensive table, allowing readers to dive deep into their topic of interest, and examine how this connects to other topics, which may in turn guide identification of important gaps in the literature, and ultimately inspire and generate novel research avenues.

• Bukten, Anne; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kinner, Stuart A.; Rognli, Eline Borger; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Muller, Ashley Elizabeth & Stavseth, Marianne Riksheim (2020). Factors associated with drug use in prison – results from the Norwegian offender mental health and addiction (NorMA) study. Health & Justice.  ISSN 2194-7899.  8 . doi: 10.1186/s40352-020-00112-8 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Gabrhelik, Roman; Mahic, Milada; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bramness, Jørgen; Selmer, Randi Marie; Skovlund, Eva; Handal, Marte & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2020). Cannabis Use during Pregnancy and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. European Addiction Research.  ISSN 1022-6877. . doi: 10.1159/000510821 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Mahic, Milada; Øhman, Inger; Wikner, Birgitta Norstedt; Tjagvad, Christian; Kieler, Helle; Helmesmæki, Erja & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). Opioid maintenance treatment of pregnant women in the Scandinavian countries. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.  ISSN 1455-0725. . doi: 10.1177/1455072520914114 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Røysamb, Espen; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted & Ystrøm, Eivind (2020). Maternal Drinking and Child Emotional and Behavior Problems. Pediatrics.  ISSN 0031-4005.  145(3) . doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-2007 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Christiansen, Hanna; Bauer, Annette; Fatima, Batool; Goodyear, Melinda; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Zechmeister, Ingrid & Paul, Jean Lillian (2019). Improving identification and child-focused collaborative care for children of parents with a mental illness in Tyrol, Austria. Frontiers in Psychiatry.  ISSN 1664-0640.  10 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00233
• Handal, Marte; Nechanská, Blanka; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelík, Roman; Engeland, Anders & Mravčík, Viktor (2019). Prenatal exposure to opioid maintenance treatment and neonatal outcomes: Nationwide registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives.  ISSN 2052-1707.  7(5), s 1- 10 . doi: 10.1002/prp2.501 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Røysamb, Espen; Wood, Mollie; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted & Ystrøm, Eivind (2019). Is the association between maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy and pre-school child behavioural and emotional problems causal? Multiple approaches for controlling unmeasured confounding. Addiction.  ISSN 0965-2140.  114(6), s 1004- 1014 . doi: 10.1111/add.14573 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind & Burdzovic, Jasmina (2019). Association of constellations of parental risk with children's subsequent anxiety and depression: Findings from a HUNT survey and health registry study. JAMA pediatrics.  ISSN 2168-6203.  173(3), s 251- 259 . doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4360 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Bye, Elin Kristin; Storvoll, Elisabet Esbjerg & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use in Norway. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.  ISSN 1455-0725.  36(5), s 413- 429 . doi: 10.1177/1455072519836372 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Nordfjærn, Trond; Lind, Hans Brende; Simsekoglu, Ozlem; Jørgensen, Stig Halvard; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2019). The role of social cognition in perceived thresholds for transport mode change. Transport Policy.  ISSN 0967-070X.  83, s 88- 96 . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.09.006 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  This article is based on a study that investigated social cognitive psychological factors associated with economic thresholds related to using public or other sustainable transport modes. A survey was conducted using a random sample of the Norwegian population living in the six largest urban regions (n = 1039). The respondents were asked to indicate the monthly increase in car taxes and fees that they would perceive necessary to make them use sustainable transport modes instead of their private car. The findings revealed that those who perceived themselves as definitive car users (strongly reluctant to change transport mode) reported low tolerance of push measures, low awareness of and ascription of responsibility for the consequences of car use, and weak environmental norms. Environmental norms, attitudes towards transport and push measure tolerance were the strongest predictors of the respondents belonging to either the lowest or the highest threshold groups. The authors conclude that measures aimed at increasing the costs of car use and improving the accessibility of public transport in urban areas could be supplemented by social cognitive factors.

• Zechmeister, Ingrid; Tuchler, Heinz; Goodyear, Melinda; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Paul, Jean Lillian (2019). Reaching families where a parent has a mental disorder: Using big data to plan early interventions. Neuropsychiatrie.  ISSN 0948-6259. . doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40211-019-00323-y
• El Marroun, Hanan; Brown, Qiana L.; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Coleman-Cowger, Victoria H.; Loree, Amy M.; Chawla, Devika & Washio, Yukiko (2018). An epidemiological, developmental and clinical overview of cannabis use during pregnancy. Preventive Medicine.  ISSN 0091-7435.  116, s 1- 5 . doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.036
• Nechanská, Blanka; Mravčík, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelík, Roman; Engeland, Anders & Handal, Marte (2018). Neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to methadone and buprenorphine: national registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway. Addiction.  ISSN 0965-2140.  113(7), s 1286- 1294 . doi: 10.1111/add.14192 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2017). Worries about others’ substance use—Differences between alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs?. International journal of drug policy.  ISSN 0955-3959.  48, s 108- 114 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.014 Vis sammendrag

  Background While it is well documented that many experience harm from others’ substance use, little is known about the psychological strain associated with others’ use. The aims were: (1) to describe the prevalence of worries about others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, (2) whose substance use people worry about, (3) the overlap in worries, and (4) to examine how worries about others’ use of each substance vary according to demographics, own substance use and experience of harm from others’ use. Methods A population survey was conducted among 16–64 year old Norwegians (N = 1667). Respondents’ reported on worries about others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, measures of experiences of harm from others’ use of the three substances, and own substance use. Results Worries about others’ drinking were most prevalent. Among those who worried, others’ cigarette and illegal drug use caused more frequent worry. While worry about cigarette use was mostly associated with family members’ use, worry about others’ alcohol and illegal drug use more often concerned friends’/acquaintances’ use. About half worried about others’ use of at least one substance. Across all three substances, experience of harm from others’ substance use was most strongly related to worries. Conclusion Worries about others’ substance use are common and reflect the prevalence of use of the substances in the population. In sum, the findings suggest that worry about others’ alcohol and illegal drug use is primarily related to acute harm while worry about others’ cigarette smoking is more related to chronic harm.

• Gabrhelik, Roman; Nechanska, Blanka; Mravcik, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016). A unique opportunity to study shortand long-term consequences in children prenatally exposed to illicit drugs and opioid maintenance treatment using czech and scandinavian registers. Central European Journal of Public Health.  ISSN 1210-7778.  24(3), s 248- 251 . doi: 10.21101/cejph.a4474
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Halkjelsvik, Torleif & Storvoll, Elisabet (2016). Overlap in attitudes to policy measures on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. International journal of drug policy.  ISSN 0955-3959.  28, s 60- 66 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.09.002 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Effective alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug policies reduce the harm to users and third parties. Knowledge about determinants and interrelations between attitudes held by the general public to different types of policy measures can benefit policy-makers who aim to increase acceptance for effective policy. The present study describes the level of support for various policy measures held by the general public, and investigates the association between attitudes to policy measures on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug. A sample of the Norwegian general population aged 16–64 (N = 1803) was interviewed by telephone. Respondents reported demographic information, personal substance use and attitudes to various policy measures. Associations between attitudes were assessed with correlation and regression analysis. Associations between attitudes were strongest for similar policy measures across substance groups (e.g. tax increases on alcohol and tobacco). There was a weaker association between attitudes to different policy measures aimed at the same substance (e.g. tax increase on alcohol and campaigns on alcohol). The degree to which people approve or disapprove of the use of particular types of policy measures is irrespective of the targeted substance.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Storvoll, Elisabet (2016). Harm from others’ drinking: How problematic do people with and without experience of harm perceive it to be?. International journal of drug policy.  ISSN 0955-3959.  38, s 43- 49 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.016 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Nordfjærn, Trond & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2016). Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013. Transportation planning and technology (Print).  ISSN 0308-1060.  39(6), s 586- 596 . doi: 10.1080/03081060.2016.1187809 Vis sammendrag

  Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n = 592) and 2013 (n = 1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.

• Storvoll, Elisabet; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2016). Negative consequences of other people's drinking: Prevalence, perpetrators and locations. Drug and Alcohol Review.  ISSN 0959-5236.  35(6), s 755- 762 . doi: 10.1111/dar.12376 Vis sammendrag

  While both policy makers and researchers have shown renewed interest in drinking and harm to others, several questions concerning the issue remain unanswered. The aim of this study was to address some of these questions by: (i) presenting updated figures on the prevalence of experienced harm from other people's drinking in various sub-groups; and (ii) examining in which locations such episodes most often occur and who the perpetrators usually are. Data were obtained from a general population survey among 16- to 79-year-old Norwegians (n = 1947), where experiences of five negative consequences related to other people's drinking (e.g. physical abuse and verbal abuse) were assessed. Those who reported such experiences were asked to specify at which location the last episode occurred and who the perpetrator was. Altogether, 17.3% had experienced one or more problems during the past 12 months. Persons who were young, not living with a partner, an urban resident, with low education and often intoxicated were at increased risk. The direction of statistically significant gender differences depended on the type of problem. While the episodes were spread across different locations (private homes, on-premise outlets and outdoors), perpetrators were more often strangers or friends/acquaintances than partners or family members. In a preventive perspective, increased knowledge regarding the context of episodes where people experience harm from other people's drinking is important. We have shed some light on this issue by examining the locations and perpetrators of such episodes.

• Bukten, Anne; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Rognli, Eline Borger; Riksheim, Marianne; Lobmaier, Philipp Paul; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Clausen, Thomas & Kunøe, Nikolaj (2015). The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study – Design and implementation of a national survey and prospective cohort study. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  9, s 59- 66 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S23546 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Konijnenberg, Carolien; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Melinder, Annika Maria D (2015). Behavioural outcomes of four-year-old children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine: a test of three risk models. Early Child Development and Care.  ISSN 0300-4430.  185(10), s 1641- 1657 . doi: 10.1080/03004430.2015.1016506 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  It is still under debate whether the reported effects of opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) on child behaviour are a direct effect of prenatal exposure, or whether other factors are involved. This prospective cohort study investigated three models: the teratogenic risk model, the maternal risk model, and a combined risk model in a group of 35 children (M = 52.20 months, SD = 1.69) prenatally exposed to OMT. Results revealed support for the maternal risk model and the combined model, with the combined model predicting child internalising and externalising behaviour problems the best (R2 = .65, p = .008 and R2 = .74, p = .003, respectively). Findings suggest that behaviour problems in children of women in OMT may not be a direct exposure effect. This underscores the importance of taking into consideration multiple factors when studying the effects of prenatal OMT exposure on child behaviour.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Bukten, Anne (2015). Harm to Others from Substance Use and Abuse: The Underused Potential in Nationwide Registers. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  9, s 33- 38 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S23545 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  This article considers the potential in using nationwide registers to study harm to others from substance use and abuse. The advantages of using registry data include the opportunity to include the data on the entire population nationwide and continuously updated longitudinal datasets; they allow for studying small subpopulations and have little missing data. Personal identification numbers and family numbers enable linkage of data from different registers. Such datasets can include extensive information on individual and family levels. In this article, we provide an introduction to nationwide registers and explain how they can be applied to investigate two types of third-party harms: harm to children and harm to partners/spouses from substance use and abuse in parents and partners/spouses. Finally, we discuss challenges, benefits, and ethical considerations regarding the use of such data.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bukten, Anne; Storvoll, Elisabet; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Nordfjærn, Trond; Brunborg, Geir Scott & Rossow, Ingeborg (2015). A cohort study on long-term adverse effects of parental drinking: Background and study design. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  9, s 77- 83 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S23329 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  Although many studies have addressed adverse outcomes in children of parents with alcohol abuse/dependence, less is known about the possible long-term effects of more normative patterns of parental alcohol consumption, including drinking at lower risk levels and heavy episodic or binge drinking. The extent of harm from parental drinking may therefore be underestimated. With this research proposal, we describe a project that aims to assess possible long-term adverse effects of parental drinking by combining survey and nationwide registry data. Advantages of a longitudinal general population cohort design include that it allows for detailed information on parental drinking through survey data and identification of possible negative long-term health and social outcomes from exposure to parental drinking 1–19 years after exposure through continuously updated nationwide registers. The rich information available from combining survey and registry data allows us to take into account important confounders, mediators, and moderators.

• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet; Sundin, Erica; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bloomfield, Kim; Ann, Hope; Ramstedt, Mats; Huhtanen, Petri & Kristjánsson, Sveinbjörn (2015). Experienced harm from other people’s drinking: a comparison of Northern European countries. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  9, s 45- 56 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S23504 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  This study addresses how experienced harm from other people's drinking varies between six Northern European countries by comparing 1) the prevalence of experienced harm and 2) the correlates of harm. The data comprise 18–69-year olds who participated in general population surveys in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland during the period 2008–2013. Comparative data were available on five types of harm: physical abuse, damage of clothes/belongings, verbal abuse, being afraid, and being kept awake at night. This study shows that harms from other's drinking are commonly experienced in all six countries. Being kept awake at night is the most common harm, while being physically harmed is the least common. The proportions that reported at least one of the five problems were highest in Finland and Iceland and lowest in Norway, but also relatively low in Sweden. Across countries, the level of harm was highest among young, single, urban residents, and for some countries among women and those who frequently drank to intoxication themselves. The study revealed large differences in the prevalence of harm in countries with fairly similar drinking cultures. However, the correlates of such experiences were similar across countries. Possible explanations of the findings are discussed, including differences in study design.

• Nordfjærn, Trond; Lind, Hans Brende; Şimşekoğlu, Özlem; Jørgensen, Stig Halvard; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2015). Habitual, safety and security factors related to mode use on two types of travels among urban Norwegians. Safety Science.  ISSN 0925-7535.  76, s 151- 159 . doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.001 Vis sammendrag

  This study aims to investigate psychological factors related to mode use on urban work/education and leisure travels, and to examine such factors related to intentions of using public transport. A survey was conducted in a random representative sample of the Norwegian population living in urban regions recruited from the Norwegian population registry (n = 1039). A two-cluster solution for mode use was revealed: individuals who mainly used public or health-promoting transport, and individuals who primarily used a car on the respective travels. The results suggest that car habit strength is more strongly related to car use on work/education travels. The probability component of risk perception was related to mode use on leisure travels, and there was a weak association between the consequence component and use. High perceived probability of accidents in public transport was associated with use of public transport, while high corresponding risk estimates in private motorized transport were associated with car use. Strong car habit strength and high perceived probabilities of accidents and security issues in public transport were related to a reduced intention of using public transport. Increased worry of private motorized transport and a high demand for risk mitigation related to public modes were associated with an increased intention to use public transport. Work/education travels could be more habitual than leisure travels. Risk perception may be a result of exposure to specific modes, rather than a predictor of mode use. Safety and security factors also appeared as more relevant for leisure travels than for work/education travels.

• Ramstedt, Mats; Sundin, Erica; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bloomfield, Kim; Hope, Ann; Kristjánsson, Sveinbjörn & Tigerstedt, Christoffer (2015). Harm experienced from the heavy drinking of family and friends in the general population: a comparative study of six Northern European countries. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  9, s 107- 118 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S23746
• Brendryen, Håvar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Johansen, Ayna; Riksheim, Marianne; Nesvåg, Sverre & Duckert, Fanny (2014). Balance-a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of an online intensive self-help alcohol intervention. Addiction.  ISSN 0965-2140.  109(2), s 218- 226 . doi: 10.1111/add.12383 Vis sammendrag

  Aims To compare a brief versus a brief plus intensive self-help version of ‘Balance’, a fully automated online alcohol intervention, on self-reported alcohol consumption. Design A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Participants in both conditions received an online single session screening procedure including personalized normative feedback. The control group also received an online booklet about the effects of alcohol. The treatment group received the online multi-session follow-up program, Balance. Setting Online study in Norway. Participants At-risk drinkers were recruited by internet advertisements and assigned randomly to one of the two conditions ( n = 244). Measurements The primary outcome was self-reported alcohol consumption the previous week measured 6 months after screening. Findings Regression analysis, using baseline carried forward imputation (intent-to-treat), with baseline variables as covariates, showed that intervention significantly affected alcohol consumption at 6 months (B = 2.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.02–5.90; P = 0.049). Participants in the intensive self-help group drank an average of three fewer standard alcohol units compared with participants in the brief self-help group. Conclusions The online Balance intervention, added to a brief online screening intervention, may aid reduction in alcohol consumption compared with the screening intervention and an educational booklet

• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2014). Characteristics of a national sample of victims of intimate partner violence (IPV): Associations between perpetrator substance use and physical IPV. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.  ISSN 1455-0725.  31(3), s 25- 40 . doi: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0021 Vis sammendrag

  This paper provides a characterisation of a national sample of intimate partner violence (IPV) victim shelter residents. The study also examines whether perpetrator substance use contributed to physical IPV in 2 subsamples: 1) Norwegian victims and perpetrators, and 2) immigrant victims and perpetrators. Method: A national sample (N=1363) of women at IPV shelters in Norway in 2011. The majority (62.2%) of the women had immigrant background, and social security was the most common employment/income status (42.6%). A combination of psychological and physical IPV was most frequently reported (56.1%). Perpetrator substance use was common in the Norwegian sample (57.5%). while many in the immigrant sample (47.1%) were unsure about perpetrator substance use. Perpetrator substance use was associated with physical IPV in both subsamples. Immigrant IPV victims are overrepresented in the shelter population, as are women on social security. While substance use is associated with physical IPV among Norwegians and immigrants, the association is more obvious in the Norwegian sample. The high rates of immigrant women stating they are unsure about perpetrator substance use underscore the importance that future studies address this question in a culturally sensitive matter.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Brendryen, Håvar & Ravndal, Edle (2014). A longitudinal study on substance use and related problems in women in opioid maintenance treatment from pregnancy to four years after giving birth. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  8, s 35- 40 . doi: 10.4137/SaRt.S15055 Vis sammendrag

  Women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) have a past characterized by drug abuse, which is a challenging start for parenthood. Studies of mothers in OMT are typically limited to pregnancy and early infancy. Knowledge about how they cope with substance use and related problems in the years following birth is therefore important. The aims of the study were to examine changes in mothers' substance use, psychological problems, and other challenges; from one to four years after their children were born, and describe kindergarten attendance and prevalence and type of child protective services involvement when the children were four years old. A four-year prospective cohort study of mothers in OMT. The European severity index was used to map substance use and related problems during the third trimester of pregnancy, one and four years after birth. At the four-year follow-up, use of illegal substances remained low (4%) and use of legal substances (39%) was similar to the one-year follow-up. The proportion of women with psychological problems was significantly higher than at one-year follow-up (69 vs. 39%, P = 0.009). At age four, most children (89%) attended kindergarten, and the child protective services were following 73% of the families, mostly with voluntary measures. Mothers in OMT cope well with substance use over time, given access to sufficient support. The findings imply that a preventive governmental strategy with close support of mother and child, have a positive impact contributing to making OMT and motherhood more compatible.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle & Handal, Marte (2013). Prescription drug use among pregnant women in opioid Maintenance Treatment. Addiction.  ISSN 0965-2140.  108(2), s 367- 376 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04049.x
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2013). A 2-year prospective study of psychological distress among a national cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use.  ISSN 1465-9891.  18(2), s 148- 160 . doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.642928
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Fischer, Gabriele; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle; O'Grady, Kevin; Debelak, Kimber; Morrone, William & Jones, Hendree E. (2012). A Comparison of Buprenorphine+Naloxone to Buprenorphine and Methadone in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence during Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  7, s 61- 74 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S10955 Vis sammendrag

  Given that buprenorphine + naloxone is prescribed for opioid-dependent pregnant women, it is important to examine the extent to which it differs from buprenorphine alone, methadone, or methadone-assisted withdrawal on neonatal and maternal outcomes. Summary statistics on maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected from 7 previously published studies examining treatment for opioid-dependent pregnant women that represented a range of research methodologies. Outcomes from these studies were compared to the same outcomes for 10 women treated with the combined buprenorphine + naloxone product. There were no significant differences in maternal outcomes for buprenorphine + naloxone compared to buprenorphine, methadone, or methadone-assisted withdrawal. Preliminary findings suggest no significant adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes related to the use of buprenorphine + naloxone for the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. However, further research should examine possible differences between buprenorphine + naloxone and buprenorphine alone or methadone in fetal physical development.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Fitzsimons, Heather; Tuten, Michelle; Chisolm, Margaret; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree E. (2012). Comparing methadone and buprenorphine maintenance with methadone-assisted withdrawal for the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation.  ISSN 1179-8467.  3, s 17- 25
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kirtadze, Irma; Otiashvili, Dato; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree E. (2012). Female partners of opioid-injecting men in the Republic of Georgia: an initial characterization. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment.  ISSN 0740-5472.  7 . doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-7-46
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Nordfjærn, Trond & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2012). Associations between risk judgments and demand for transport risk mitigation. Journal of Risk Research.  ISSN 1366-9877.  15(9), s 1171- 1182 . doi: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705317 Vis sammendrag

  The present study tested a hypothesized model regarding associations between risk sensitivity, risk perception, transport priorities, worry and demand for risk mitigation in transport. An additional aim was to investigate differences in risk perception, worry, risk sensitivity, transport priorities and demand for risk mitigation in age-groups, gender and educational levels. A mail survey was conducted in a representative sample of the Norwegian public over 18 years (n=1947) in 2008. The response rate was 31 per cent. The results showed that transport priorities were the strongest predictor of demand for risk mitigation. Risk perception seems to be mediated by worry. Risk sensitivity was directly associated with transport risk perception and, not as predicted, also directly with demand for risk mitigation. The two youngest age-groups (18-30 and 31-50 years) perceived the probabilities of transport accidents in private transportation as significantly larger and also judged other non-transport risks to be larger than those over 50 years of age . The youngest age-group was more worried about injuries from private transportation but reported lower demands for risk mitigation. The findings merit further research into the relationship between risk perception and demand for risk mitigation. The results indicated that younger individuals were more worried about injuries and assessed the probability of accidents to be larger, while they report a lower demand for risk mitigation compared to older age-groups.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2012). A 2-year prospective study of psychological distress in pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use.  ISSN 1465-9891. . doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.642928
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2012). Substance use during and after pregnancy among a national cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use.  ISSN 1465-9891.  17(3), s 277- 286 . doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.580415
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2009). Cross-cultural comparisons of traffic safety, risk perception, attitudes and behaviour. Safety Science.  ISSN 0925-7535.  47(4), s 547- 553 . doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.07.008 Vis sammendrag

  The core aim of the present study is to examine cultural differences in risk perception and attitudes towards traffic safety and risk, taking behaviour in the Norwegian and the Ghanaian public. An additional aim is to discuss the applicability of various traffic measures, suited for low and middle income countries in Africa. Sample: The results of the present study are based on two self-completion questionnaire surveys carried out in February and March 2006. The first was a representative sample of the Norwegian public above 18 years of age (N = 247). The second was a stratified sample of Ghanaian respondents (N = 299). In Ghana the data was collected in Accra and Cape Coast. The results showed that there is potential for further improvement of safety attitudes and risk behaviour among Ghanaians as well as Norwegians. There were also differences in the respondents’ evaluation of attitudes, risk perception and behaviour. Perceived risk and attitudes also significantly predicted risk behaviour and accidents/collisions. The implications of these results for traffic safety will be discussed.

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• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Andersen, Njål (2021). Hvordan lykkes med livet på delt hjemmekontor?. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.).  ISSN 0804-3116.
• Pettersen Kiserud, Sigbjørn & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020, 06. august). Barn fikk atferdsproblemer av mors drikking. [Internett].  https://avogtil.no.
• Spilde, Ingrid; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Wiig, Eli Marie (2020, 07. mars). Barn fikk adferdsproblemer selv om mor bare drakk litt for mye. [Internett].  Forskning.no.
• Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Odsbu, Ingvild; Kieler, Helle; Nørgaard, Mette; Öztürk, Buket; Lupatelli, Angela; Nordeng, Hedvig Marie Egeland; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia; Wood, Mollie & Mahic, Milada (2019). In utero opioid exposure and risk of ADHD in childhood: A Scandinavian registry study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.  ISSN 1053-8569. . doi: 10.1002/pds.4864
• Andersen, Njål & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). The structure of research on Children of Mentally Ill Parents (COPMI): a bibliometric science mapping review.
• Burdzovic, Jasmina; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Alcohol use disorder (AUD) in offspring following exposure to parental risk constellations during adolescence: A combined HUNT survey and health registries study.
• jacobsen, siw ellen & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 04. april). Ny studie: Mors drikking i svangerskapet er sannsynligvis ikke grunnen til at barn får atferdsproblemer. [Internett].  forskning.no.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Bidrar foreldres alkoholbruk til psykiske problemer hos barn?.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 05. april). Mors drikking i svangerskapet er sannsynligvis ikke grunnen til at barn får atferdsproblemer. [Internett].  forskning.no.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 10. april). Ny studie: Alkoholbruk tidlig i svangerskapet «fører trolig ikke til adferdsproblemer» hos barn.  Aftenposten.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 09. januar). Parental Drinking Linked to Anxiety and Depression in Children. [Internett].  MedicalResearch.com.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Andreas, Jasmina Burdzovic & Torvik, Fartein Ask (2019). Ny innsikt om foreldres drikking og barns psykiske plager. Dagensnæringsliv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Scholz Nærø, Sturle; Breian, Åshild & Riaz, Wasim K. (2019, 10. april). Ny studie: Alkoholbruk tidlig i svangerskapet «fører trolig ikke til adferdsproblemer» hos barn.  Aftenposten.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind & Burdzovic, Jasmina (2019). Association of Constellations of Parental Risk With Children's Subsequent Anxiety and Depression: Findings From a HUNT Survey and Health Registry Study.
• Rapaport, Lisa & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 08. januar). Even `non-problem' drinking by parents tied to mental health problems in kids. [Internett].  Reuters.
• Swan, Norman & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019, 28. januar). Parental risk factors for anxiety, depression in children. [Radio].  Health report, ABC radio.
• Wood, Mollie; Mahic, Milada; Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia (2019). Risk of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Following Prenatal Exposure to Methadone vs Buprenorphine. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.  ISSN 1053-8569. . doi: 10.1002/pds.4864
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind & Andreas, Jasmina Burdzovic (2018). Parental drinking and child long-term depression and anxiety: A longitudinal combined survey and registry study.
• Handal, Marte; Nechanska, Blanka; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelik, Roman; Mahic, Milada; Engeland, Anders; Mravcik, Viktor & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2017). OMT or drug abuse during pregnancy - does it affect the offspring? Results from Nationwide registry studies in the Czech Republic and Norway.
• Handal, Marte; Nechanská, Blanka; Mravčík, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelík, Roman & Engeland, Anders (2017). Neonatal Outcomes after fetal exposure to methadone and buprenorphine: national registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Røysamb, Espen; Wood, Mollie; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted & Ystrøm, Eivind (2017). Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C. & Ystrøm, Eivind (2017). Maternal alcohol consumption during 1st trimester and child internalizing and externalizing problems: A sibling control study.
• Nechanska, Blanka; Mravcik, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelik, Roman; Engeland, Anders & Handal, Marte (2017). Condition of newborns of women received OMT and opiates during pregnancy: comparison of Czech and Norwegian cohorts.
• Bukten, Anne; Stavseth, Marianne Riksheim; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Kunøe, Nikolaj; Lobmaier, Philipp Paul; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Clausen, Thomas (2016). Rusmiddelbruk og helsesituasjon blant innsatte i norske fengsel. Resultater fra The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study (NorMA). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Handal, Marte; Mahic, Milada; Hjellvik, Vidar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Øhman, Inger; Wikner, Birgitta Nordstedt; Kieler, Helle; Nørgaard, Mette; Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Ravndal, Edle; Halmesmæki, Erja & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2016). Background and design: A Scandinavian cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy: long term consequences for the child (ScopeOMT).
• Handal, Marte; Mahic, Milada; Hjellvik, Vidar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Øhman, Inger; Wikner, Birgitta Norstedt; Kieler, Helle; Nørgaard, Mette; Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Ravndal, Edle; Halmesmaki, Erja & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2016). Background and design: A Scandinavian cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy: long term consequences for the child (ScopeOMT).
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016, 29. februar). Den beste behandlingen vi har.  Bergens Tidende.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016, 03. mai). Fornuft og følelser i LAR-behandling.  Bergens Tidende.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Sundin, Erica; Konijnenberg, Carolien; Rognmo, Kamilla; Martinez, Priscilla & Fielder, Andrea (2016). Introductory Editorial: Harm to Others From Substance Use and Abuse. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment.  ISSN 1178-2218.  s 119- 124 . doi: 10.4137/SART.S39722
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Storvoll, Elisabet (2015). How problematic do victims of harm from others’ drinking and people in general perceive such harm?.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana & Handal, Marte (2015). Commentary on Raitasalo et al. (2015): The great potential in nation-wide registers to study prescription drug use and abuse. Addiction.  ISSN 0965-2140.  110(4), s 644- 645 . doi: 10.1111/add.12856
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2014). Rus og partnervold: en studie om kvinner på krisesentre. popNAD.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Brendryen, Håvar & Ravndal, Edle (2014). Mødre i LAR: Rus og relaterte problemer over tid?. Rus & samfunn.  ISSN 1500-8614.  8. årgang(4), s 16- 18
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Halkjelsvik, Torleif & Storvoll, Elisabet (2014). Attitudes towards tobacco, drug and alcohol policy in the Norwegian population.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). A national sample of intimate partner violence (IPV) victim shelter residents: an initial characterization.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). Medikamenter og gravide i LAR. popNAD.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013, 02. april). NRK morgennytt "Rusmidler under svangerskapet" - gjest:Ingunn Olea Lund. [TV].  NRK Morgennytt.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). Pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) : maternal and neonatal outcomes. Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. 1515. Vis sammendrag

  The Norwegian Health Care system significantly diffe rs from international setti ngs such as the U.S., where the majority of research on pregnant opio id dependent women is conducted. Hence results from international research may not be generalized to the Norwegian setting. Therefore, to be able to offer the best possible care, it is of great importance to investigate how pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) in Norway are farin g in regards to continued substance use and psychiatric problems both during pregnancy and so metime after the children are born. Secondly, the partners of pregnant opioid de pendent women may contribute to the woman’s drug use relapses as well as to improved treatment outcomes and how th e woman will cope as a mother. However, they are rarely included in studies on pregnant opioid dependent women. Moreover, there is a lack of studies offering a compete overview of use of pres cription drug use prior to, and during pregnancy among OMT women. Lastly, maternal and neonatal outcomes after exposure to buprenorphine + naloxone has not been compared to other medici nal treatments for opioid dependence such as buprenorphine, methadone and meth adone assisted withdrawal. Despite the lack of research on this, buprenorphine + naloxone is prescribed to pr egnant opioid dependent women several places in the U.S. Study aims The aims of the present thesis were to investig ate substance abuse and psychiatric problems in a national cohort of pregnant OMT women and their partners. Moreover, to investigate use of prescription drugs among women in OMT prio r to, and during pregnancy. Furthermore, to investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes from use of buprenorphine + naloxone versus methadone, buprenorphine and methadone-assisted withdrawa

• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2012). Pregnant women in opioid maintenance in Norway: prescription drug use before and during pregnancy.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle; Skurtveit, Svetlana & Handal, Marte (2012). Prescription Drug Use among Pregnant Women in Opioid Maintenance Treatment. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.  ISSN 1053-8569.  21, s 388- 388
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kirtadze, Irma; Otiashvili, Dato; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree (2012). Female partners of opioid-injecting men in the Republic of Georgia.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Handal, Marte; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2011). USE OF PRESCRIBED DRUGS FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AMONG WOMEN IN OPIOID MAINTENANCE TREATMENT BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN NORWAY, 2004-2008. Drug and Alcohol Review.  ISSN 0959-5236.  30, s 57- 57
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Tuten, Michelle; Fitzsimons, Heather; Chisolm, Margaret & Jones, Hendree E. (2011). CONTINGENT INCENTIVES REDUCE CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG METHADONE-MAINTAINED PREGNANT WOMEN. Drug and Alcohol Review.  ISSN 0959-5236.  30, s 57- 57
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). A prospective follow-up study of pregnant women in Opioid maintenance Treatment (OMT) and their partners: substance use during pregnancy and one year after.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). A prospective study of pregnant women in Opioid maintenance Treatment (OMT) and their partners: substance use during pregnancy and one year after.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). En 4 års prospektiv studie av gravide kvinner i LAR og deres partnere. Rus og psykopatologi i graviditet og et år etter.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). Prevalence of psychopathology in pregnant OMT women and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). Psychopathology in pregnant women in OMT and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Ravndal, Edle (2010). Prevalence of psychopathology in pregnant OMT women and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study. Vis sammendrag

  Background: The prevalence of psychiatric problems among substance abusers is high, and patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) are no exception. It is important to assess possible psychopathology among pregnant women in OMT and their partners as psychiatric problems may reduce parental skills. Methods: A 2-year national cohort (2005-2006) of pregnant women in OMT (n=37) and their partners (n=23) were interviewed with the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), Symptom Checklist 25 (SCL-25) and Millon Multiaxical Inventory III to map psychopathology. Results: The prevalence of lifetime psychiatric problems was substantial both among the women and their partners. A considerable reduction in psychiatric problems was reported during pregnancy and even less were reported after one year. Conclusion: Results indicate that psychiatric problems among the cohort is low and stable, probably affecting their parental skills in a positive way.

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