Jørgen Aarhaug

• Lunke, Erik Bjørnson; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2021). Public transport competitiveness vs. the car: Impact of relative journey time and service attributes. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  s 1- 8 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101098 Show summary

  In order to give empirically based policy advice on public transport (PT) competitiveness, we have studied revealed mode choice for commuting trips. This has been done by combining data on mode choice from the Norwegian National Travel Survey (NTS) with evidence-based, as opposed to static level-of-service data, trip characteristics extracted from Google Maps’ travel planner. This combination enables us to explore the demand and market effects of relative travel times and other non-monetary PT quality factors. Our main finding is that high PT shares require that all of the studied factors; efficient travel times, direct routes or few transfers, and high service frequency is in place. If either one of these are not in place, the market share for PT is significantly reduced. The study contributes to the literature on transport mode choice by combining travel characteristics with revealed mode choice data, and showing how the relative travel time and other service attributes affect the choice of PT over car on commute trips.

• Ydersbond, Inga Margrete; Auvinen, Heidi; Tuominen, Anu; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2020). Nordic Experiences with Smart Mobility: Emerging Services and Regulatory Frameworks. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  49, s 130- 144 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.09.012 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In a time where emerging technologies bundled within “smart mobility” represent a new transformation of the mobility system, it is critical that governments pro-actively take part in these developments. This means steering measures to ensure that the benefits of innovative technologies contribute towards a sustainable mobility system and avoiding the risk of increased attractiveness and use of private motorized transport, such as private cars. New technologies, largely accelerated by the ongoing digital transformation in mobility, have the potential to disrupt existing market structures entirely. Existing legal and regulatory frameworks may not be prepared for accommodating new and innovative services. It is therefore critical to gain more a thorough understanding of how new smart mobility services need and may be governed through regulatory frameworks. This paper looks into approaches and experiences in Finland and Norway, focusing on the role the public authorities have adopted in the two countries with respect to smart mobility solutions and emerging Mobility as a Service (MaaS) offerings in particular. The paper first presents a typology of new mobility services and a review of emerging services. An analysis is then presented of the interplay between the government as a regulatory authority and the new MaaS initiatives, drawing on the frameworks by Docherty et al. (2018) on elements and challenges related to the transition to smarter mobility. Our main finding is that the services available on the street and challenges faced by the authorities in the short run are surprisingly similar, but that the toolbox available and the long run challenges may prove more diverging.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold (2019). Does Regular School Transport Influence the Provision of Public Transport Services? Evidence From Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration.  ISSN 2001-7405.  23(2), s 33- 55 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Basic education and public transport services are often provided by local or regional governments. In Norway, they fall within the remit of two different tiers of government, with public transport being the responsibility of regional government (fylke), while basic education (primary and secondary schools) is the responsibility of local government (kommune). Current efforts to consolidate and reorganize the school structure have yielded mixed results. On the one hand, such changes can help reduce public spending by exploiting economies of scale in the provision of education, for instance by having fewer and larger schools. On the other hand, they are likely to lead to cost increases by expanding the geographic coverage of school transport. Furthermore, transporting schoolchildren during peak commuting hours may exacerbate cost increases for regional governments. Our paper examines the cost effect of changing the school structure with respect to transport provision. Applying econometric analysis to panel datasets at the municipal and regional levels, we seek to identify the impact of the number of pupils and school size on the costs of providing school transport. We combine these data with data on transport provision to look at the effects of school-related transport on costs and competitive tendering in public transport. We show that a school closure can increase the cost of providing public transportation both by increasing the cost of maintaining the current level of public transport services and by necessitating the expansion of the supply. The empirical results indicate that municipalities’ economic gains from school consolidation generally outweigh the corresponding cost increases related to the provision of public transport.

• Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2019). Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport – distributional impacts. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  11(1) . doi: 10.1186/s12544-019-0386-0 Show summary

  Background and methods: This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. Results: We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than offpeak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2018). Universal Design as a Way of Thinking About Mobility, In Beate Müller & Gereon Meyer (ed.),  Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-99756-8.  Kap. 6.  s 75 - 86
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Farstad, Eivind; Fearnley, Nils & Halse, Askill Harkjerr (2018). Express coaches: An up-hill battle after liberalization?. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  72, s 82- 91 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.031 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Express coach services have thrived in Norway following the stepwise liberalization that started in the mid-1990s. However, recent years have witnessed consolidation, stagnation, and, sometimes, decline in the Norwegian express coach market. In this paper, we study this process of rapid growth which turned into gradual decline in Norway. Looking at factors contributing to this development, we investigate intermodal competition with local public transport, air, car and rail; and the effects of increased public-sector involvement - both as a passenger transport provider and as an infrastructure provider. This paper relies on three data sources and methods: 1) National travel survey data2) Historical market dataand 3) Case studies. Our main findings are that, following liberalization, express coach services were mainly established in markets underserved by other modes, where express coaches had lower operating costs as well as generalized costs than the available alternatives. These markets have gradually been provided with better alternative transport services: For the long-distance coach lines, competition from low-cost air carriers has been significant. For shorter lines, improved road infrastructure and rail services have increased competition by private cars and rail. Also, initiatives to increase and improve local public transport have impacted the express coach industry.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander & Norseng, Robert Bjørnøy (2018). 20 years of competitive tendering in the Norwegian bus industry – An analysis of bidders and winning bids. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  69(September), s 97- 105 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.05.012 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Our paper investigates the developments in the Norwegian bus industry following the ramp-up of competitive tendering since the early 2000s. We analyse a complete dataset of all 232 local bus contracts awarded through competitive tendering in Norway since 1995. We also utilize the Central Register of Establishments and Enterprises (CRE) for structural developments in the bus industry. We first present some overall tendencies, including developments in number of bids per tender, contract size and cost developments. We use the cost implied by the winning bid as our cost indicator. The average cost per kilometre in the winning bid has increased substantially more than the general rate of inflation. At the same time, the average number of bidders per contract has fallen. Second, we build regression models to identify key drivers of cost developments in the bids. Contract sizes, in terms of vehicle-kilometres are found on average to be on the low side and an increase would reduce unit prices. We find as expected a significant effect of the number of bidders on unit prices. This leads us to a further investigation of factors explaining the number of bids per tender. We find that larger contracts tend to attract more bids, as do repeated tenders in the same area.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Olsen, Silvia Johanne (2018). Implications of ride-sourcing and self-driving vehicles on the need for regulation in unscheduled passenger transport. Research in Transportation Economics.  ISSN 0739-8859.  69(September), s 573- 582 . doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.026 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The recent emergence of large-scale ride-sourcing services, such as Uber and Lyft, is a major development in passenger transport. By utilizing fleets of private cars and app technology, these services call into question the definitions of private and commercial transport and challenge the existing transport framework in multiple ways. By operating between commercial and private services, they are partly outside the control of governments and, to some extent, contravene current regulations. In this paper, we combine the literature on regulation and economic properties of the unscheduled passenger transport markets with scenario analyses for examining how ride-sourcing and automated vehicles affect these markets. Our main findings are that the underlying economic mechanisms faced in markets dominated by ride-sourcing and automated vehicles have similarities with traditional markets. Hence, regardless of how the services are offered, some need for regulation will remain. However, as the market segments are different and a shift in their relative importance is likely, the possible and suitable forms of regulation will change.

• Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2018). Public transport and people with impairments – exploring non-use of public transport through the case of Oslo, Norway. Disability & Society.  ISSN 0968-7599.  33(8), s 1280- 1302 . doi: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1481015 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Despite the attention given to universal design in recent years, many people with impairments still refrain from travelling on public transport. This explorative case study, conducted in the greater Oslo region in Norway, aims to add knowledge on why this is so. Findings indicate that insecurity while travelling and expectations of problems along the way are significant barriers. For many it is the sum of all challenges combined, from experience or anticipation that leads to non-use of public transport. The study shows that universal design policy, as of today, does not lead to accessible public transport systems that rendered impairments irrelevant. If society could safeguard the individuals’ travel needs, this might have profound societal repercussions through increased workforce participation and value added in society. Only then can society make the best use of all its inhabitants while championing inclusiveness and equality.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gundersen, Frants Henrik (2017). Infrastructure investments to promote sustainable regions. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  26, s 187- 195 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.07.019 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Transport infrastructure is often used as an instrument to reach political objectives. One such objective is to promote robust and sustainable regions. A sustainable region is often defined as a region with positive population growth. The implied mechanism between infrastructure and population growth is that infrastructure investments enlarge regions so that the labour markets increase in size. Larger regions provide a better foundation for attractive industries, leading to more jobs, influx of labour and population growth. Alternatively, and closely related, that improved infrastructure gives regions improved accessibility, and that this allow industry to remain in the region even though distance and uncertainties in transport provide pressure to relocate to regions that are more central. Our discussion and findings are based on quantitative analyses of Norwegian regions using register data on population, industry, commuting, road infrastructure and access to services of general interests (SGI). We supplement these data with data on commuting from the latest Norwegian travel survey. Our research draws on insights from a project conducted by the authors for the Norwegian National Transport Plan. The paper concludes by pointing at critical sizes and distances a typical labour market must reach in order to be sustainable in terms of population growth. We also point at the implications this gives for different kind of infrastructure investments. In particular, we discuss the threshold limit, suggesting that regions with more than 10 000 employees achieve positive population development. We also find that the qualitative improvements in the attractiveness of a region, in terms of variety of services, improves markedly for region sizes between 5 000 and 10 000 employees. This suggests that; if the objective is to maintain the population in a region or to achieve population growth; it is more important to invest in infrastructure, which increases the size of small regions rather than increasing the size of mid-sized and large regions. This results in different priorities from those usually reached by using cost benefit analyses. Which typically give higher priority to infrastructure projects in the largest regions.

• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Langeland, Ove & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2017). Work place location, transport and urban competitiveness: The Oslo case. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  26, s 196- 206 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.07.020 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper examines where firms and industries locate in the Oslo region, how this relate to land-use and transport needs and, how the interplay between localisation and transport may have impact on urban competitiveness. It focuses on why some parts of a city region or a city, seems to be more attractive for businesses and people than other parts and, discuss if and how the development can be related to location, proximity and accessibility. The paper draws on several theoretical approaches and data sources. The analytical framework builds on economic geography, agglomeration and location theory. Data comes from both quantitative and qualitative sources, such as register data on firms and industries, commuting and travel survey data, interviews with industries and policy makers and planners. The paper discusses some main factors, which may explain the complex relations between urban competitiveness, firm localisation and transport systems. Accessibility and transport system are undoubtedly important for city attractiveness and industrial development and this may vary between industries. An efficient transport system, therefore, is probably necessary but not sufficient for making specific parts of a city attractive for specific industries. Several other location factors related to labour, land, capital, and managerial and technical skills etc., will also shape firm's locations and city attractiveness and competitiveness.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Fearnley, Nils (2016). Deregulation of the Norwegian long distance express coach market. Transport Policy.  ISSN 0967-070X.  46, s 1- 6 . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.11.004 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper offers new insight to the effects of long distance express coach deregulation in Norway, which formally happened gradually between 1998 and 2003. We study data over a period that spans from the years prior to deregulation and up to 2010. We document the degree of both competition and cooperation in the market, which has taken a particular form in Norway due to historical requirements on coach operations. We also document that the market has changed character as a consequence of intermodal competition, in particular with air traffic. Our paper documents the successful development of an often neglected public transport mode, which has the potential to make long distance passenger transport more efficient more sustainable, and with hardly any subsidy requirements.

• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Taxis and crowd-taxis: sharing as a private activity and public concern. Internet Policy Review.  ISSN 2197-6775.  5(2) . doi: 10.14763/2016.2.420 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The sharing economy has generated interest among economists for its customer focus and potential to enhance competition. However, it has also caused uproar in industries which have felt competitive pressure, for example among the established stakeholders in the taxi industry. While regulations currently impose considerable costs on the taxi industry, they do not cover virtual transport innovations such as Uber. The lack of a level playing field between taxis and such ‘crowd-taxis’ has generated media attention and conflict. Taxi owners worry about decreasing revenues and taxi drivers about poor working conditions. Other concerns are related to poor transport preparedness, accessibility issues, quality assurance and tax evasion. Despite considerable media attention, there has so far been a lack of scholarly literature addressing the consequences of the sharing economy in the transport sector. Focusing on the Norwegian taxi market, we argue that crowd-taxis will likely produce a range of unanticipated effects, necessitating regulation. For example, crowd-taxis may contribute to a loss of transport preparedness in rural areas. The findings are based on first and secondary data and 19 interviews.

• Tennøy, Aud; Wangsness, Paal Brevik; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander (2016). Experiences with capacity reductions on urban main roads – rethinking allocation of urban road capacity?. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  19, s 4- 17 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.063 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper presents results from a study concerning effects and consequences of a temporary (one year) capacity reduction on an urban main road tunnel in Oslo, Norway. The main findings are that reduction of the road capacity from in total four to two lanes in the Smestad tunnel, carrying about 50 000 vehicles per workday, caused few or no effects or consequences. Three months after the capacity reduction was implemented, traffic volumes were about the same as before, there are only small increases in delays, and the road users (commuters and freight traffic) have not made significant adaptions.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2015). Competitive tendering in an entry regulated market—an accident waiting to happen?. European Transport Research Review.  ISSN 1867-0717.  7(2), s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1007/s12544-015-0166-4 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Introduction Competitive tendering was introduced in the contract segment of the Norwegian taxi industry in 2005; a market characterised by entry regulation. Using this reform as a natural experiment this research looks into how competitive tendering has resulted in different outcomes in different segments of the taxi market and which explanations are best at describing the results. Methods The main sources of data are the taximeter data and case studies, conducted as part of a study of the rural taxi industry in Norway. This data have been supplemented by interviews with key stakeholders and data on prices and volumes from various purchasers of transport services, such as health corporations and county governments. Results The empirical data shows a lot of variation. There are very different outcomes in the different cases studied. However, the research shows that competitive tendering has mostly worked according to intention in the most central regions. These are characterised by many potential suppliers and that the tendered contracts are relative small compared with the total size of the market. I rural areas the results differ, with poor results from tendering in the intermediate areas and mostly satisfactory results in the most rural areas. Conclusions Experience from the Norwegian taxi industry shows that competitive tendering is possible within entry-regulated markets. Still, there are issues that remain to be solved, in particular in rural areas. This is due to both interdependency between the purchaser and the service provider, and the size of the markets. For other sectors, the main lessons are that competitive tendering can work, even with regulated entry, but that it needs to be adapted to suit the characteristics of each market. This research shows that there is significant variation within a sector. A tool such as competitive tendering can be well suited in one area, but inappropriate in another. This research suggests that the outcome is related to both hard factors such as market size and number of entrants, but also to factors like interdependency and negotiation climate.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2015). Hva mener brukere om universell utforming i kollektivtrafikken?, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  13.  s 220 - 235
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2015). The impact of Universally accessible public transport–a before and after study. Transport Policy.  ISSN 0967-070X.  44, s 143- 150 . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.08.003 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The article studies the effects of universal design measures in public transport. It is based on an eva-luation conducted by the authors in 2010-2012 - a before and after study of measures partfunded by a Norwegian government funding program for improved accessibility in six different cities. The article employs a two-pronged empirical approach; quantitative surveys of all passengers on the affected routes (supplemented by interviews with drivers and personnel), and qualitative case studies with individual public transport users with disabilities. The first part of the article describes how universal design measures are perceived by and affect passengers in general, and discuss whether such measures may lead to an increase in the number of passengers. The second part considers how such measures influence the experience of travelling for passengers with disabilities, and what it takes for disabled passengers to be able to use public transport on par with other citizens. We conclude that previous surveys, which have not included control cases and questions, have probably overestimated passenger effects of universal design measures, as the results are affected by demographic factors. We still find that the measures have a positive impact on patronage. Like earlier studies, we find that the majority of respondents having trouble using public transport, report that this is due to bringing a pram or heavy luggage. We hy-pothesize that positive effects on passenger numbers due to reduced expulsion, (i.e. that certain groups are able to continue using public transport for a longer period when it is universally designed) may mean that effects on passenger numbers can increase over time. We find that in terms of social economics, universal design is profitable even with fairly low passenger numbers. The case studies demonstrate that although universal design measures contribute to enabling persons with disabilities to use public transport, such measures should be analyzed as parts of a transport system, not separately . The various elements of the system, including the people employed in it, must continuously work together to maintain universality. This goes for maintenance as well as for services provided by drivers. To secure mobility for people with disabilities, it is also essential that the systemis predictable and that accessibility is from door-to-door, not only from bus-stop to bus-stop.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils & Leiren, Merethe Dotterud (2015). Universell utforming i kollektivtransporten, I: Reidulf G. Watten; Knut Inge Fostervold & Frode Volden (red.),  Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver.  Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF.  ISBN 978-82-995747-4-7.  12.  s 187 - 219 Full text in Research Archive.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Skollerud, Kåre H. (2014). Taxi: Different Solutions in Different Segments. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  1(1), s 276- 283 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.07.027 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Taxis are solving a niche in public transport. They provide a door- to- door service, flexible and available to the general public. But in contrast to most public transport they are not subsidized. Even though the service that they provide is very similar all over the world, taxis are regulated in very different ways. In this paper we will first provide insight into some of the reasons why there are differences. Then we describe the impacts of these differences by developing a typology model of the different market segments. The typology is based on a discussion of different characteristics of market segments and is differentiated by traditional market segments, such as hail, rank, pre-book and contracts, in combination with distinctions based upon geographical and demographical components, such as land use and population density. The typology is further developed by a discussion of how different regulatory regimes can and will be economically optimal in different market segments. Based on this rather theoretical and economically dominated typology we discuss how other major tasks served by the taxi services will be carried out in different markets. In this discussion we will draw upon a series of empirical studies conducted in different Norwegian regions. In this discussion we will show that real world situations will include elements from two or more of the “ideal solutions”. We conclude by showing both that, and in what way, real world mixed typologies present a challenge both to the regulator and other public authorities who are dependent upon the taxi industry for various services. In addition to the empirical studies the paper will be based on a review of international literature.

• Tennøy, Aud; Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2014). Transport Effects and Environmental Consequences of Central Workplace Location. Transportation Research Procedia.  ISSN 2352-1465.  4, s 14- 24 . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.002 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  This paper presents results from a study of traffic effects and environmental consequences of locating 12 500 new workplaces in the development area Bjørvika, close to Oslo central station, rather than locating them as the current distribution of workplaces in Oslo. It was found that this annually saves Oslo about 1.7 million car-trips and 24 million vehicle kilometres by car, and hence 4 GWh of energy consumption, 2800 tonnes CO2 emissions, 5 tonnes NOX, and 1.5 tonnes NO2.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Skollerud, Kåre H. (2013). Taxi different solutions in different segments. Proceedings : European Transport Conference.  ISSN 1474-9122. . doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.07.027
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils & Christiansen, Petter (2012). Deregulation of a long distance express coach market. Proceedings : European Transport Conference.  ISSN 1474-9122. . doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.11.004
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Longva, Frode; Alexandersson, Gunnar & Hultén, Staffan (2011). The impact of deregulation on infrastructure investment decisions: a comparison between Sweden and Norway. Proceedings : European Transport Conference.  ISSN 1474-9122.
• Fearnley, Nils; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Skollerud, Kåre H. & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2009). Nytte av tiltak for universell utforming i kollektivtransporten. Aalborg Universitet - Trafikdage - Selected papers.  ISSN 1903-1092.

View all works in Cristin

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2020). Smart Charging - a new technology for deepening energy transitions.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Oppegaard, Sigurd M. Nordli; Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Hartveit, Knut Johannes Liland; Skollerud, Kåre H. & Dapi, Bjorn (2020). Drosjer i Norge fram mot 2020, TØI rapport 1802/2020/Fafo-rapport 2020:24.
• Haarstad, Håvard; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Holm, Erling Dokk; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Seehuus, Rikke Amilde & Malmedal, Geir (2020). Digital skifte for transport – 16 nye teknologier og hvordan de endrer byene. Full text in Research Archive.
• Bråthen, Svein; Thune-Larsen, Harald; Svendsen, Hilde Johanne; Hoff, Karoline Louise; Tveter, Eivind; Müller, Falko & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2018). Forslag til offentlig kjøp av regionale flyruter i Sør-Norge : for avtaleperioden 1. april 2020 - 31. mars 2024. Rapport (Møreforsking Molde). 1801. Show summary

  Samferdselsdepartementet har gitt Møreforsking Molde AS (MFM) i samarbeid med Transportøkonomisk institutt (TØI) i oppdrag å utrede offentlig kjøp av regionale ruteflyginger i Sør-Norge fra 1.april 2020 under Forpliktelse til offentlig tjenesteyting (FOT). Dagens situasjon er gjennomgått, trafikkprognoser er utarbeidet og mulighetene for kommersiell drift vurdert. Trafikken har vist en fallende tendens siden 2013, og veksten framover synes ikke å bli sterk. Billettprisene har økt reelt, og kabinfaktoren har falt. Det er utarbeidet forslag til kriterier for når ruter bør gjøres til gjenstand for offentlig kjøp, samt forslag til rutestruktur og transportstandard. Det er lagt vekt på å få fram synspunkter på flytilbudet fra de som reiser i arbeid. Priselastisiteter og virkninger av kommersialisering av FOT-ruter er utredet. Det gis ingen klar konklusjon som støtter kommersialisering av så vidt tynne og lite prisfølsomme markeder med liten utsikt til konkurranse, ut fra et samfunnsøkonomisk perspektiv.

• Seehuus, Rikke Amilde; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Haarstad, Håvard; Malmedal, Geir; Holm, Erling Dokk; Valevatn, Joakim & Johannessen, Adele Flakke (red.) (2018). Selvkjørende biler - teknologien bak og veien fremover.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold & Svendsen, Hilde Johanne (2017). Kostnadsdrivere i kollektivtransporten : hovedrapport. TØI-rapport. 1582a/2017.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold; Svendsen, Hilde Johanne; Hoff, Karoline Louise; Müller, Falko; Norseng, Robert Bjørnøy & Tveter, Eivind (2017). Kostnadsdrivere i kollektivtransporten : dokumentasjonsrapport. TØI-rapport. 1582b/2017. Show summary

  Det har aldri reist flere med kollektivtransport i Norge enn nå. Veksten i kollektivtransporten har kommet som et resultat av politiske målsettinger som er fulgt opp gjennom bevilgninger og prioriteringer. Samtidig med økt offentlig kjøp av kollektivtransport har kostnadene per produsert enhet kollektivtrafikk økt. Dette skyldes i hovedsak faktorer utenfor fylkeskommunenes kontroll, som lønnsutvikling og utvikling i drivstoffpriser. I framtiden kan kollektivtransport bli både mer miljøvennlig og billigere. Politiske målsetninger om økte kollektivandeler peker likevel i retning av større behov for offentligkjøp av kollektivtransport. Nøkkelord: kollektivtransport, kostnadsdrivere, fylkeskommuner

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Taxis as a Part of Public Transport.
• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Langeland, Ove & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Work place location, transport and urban competitiveness: The Oslo case.
• Tennøy, Aud; Wangsness, Paal Brevik; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander (2016). Experiences with capacity reductions on urban main roads – rethinking the need for urban road capacity?.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Nore, Njål (2015). FLERKJERNET UTVIKLING I OSLOREGIONEN – ER VI PÅ RETT KURS?. Plan: Tidsskrift for samfunnsplanlegging, byplan og regional utvikling.  ISSN 0805-083X.  (6), s 44- 49
• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Sørlie, Kjetil; Nore, Njål; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Barlindhaug, Rolf (2015). Areal- og transportutvikling i Osloregionen – faktagrunnlag. TØI rapport. 1378/2014.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2014). Universell utforming virker – evaluering av tiltak i kollektivtrafikken. TØI-rapport. 1235.
• Olsen, Silvia Johanne; Bråthen, Svein; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Ramjerdi, Farideh; Julsrud, Tom Erik; Krogstad, Julie Runde & Bremnes, Helge (2013). Regulering, kontrakt eller nettverk? En drøfting av nye styringsinstrumenter i jernbanesektoren. TØI-rapport. 1249/2013. Show summary

  Rapporten diskuterer styringen av jernbanesektoren i to scenarier, dagens modell og konkurransemodellen. Vi ser på mulige styringsverktøy basert på tre teoretiske tilnærminger: styring gjennom reguleringer, kontraktsstyring og nettverksstyring.

• Krogstad, Julie Runde; Fearnley, Nils; Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Solvoll, Gisle & Hanssen, Thor-Erik Sandberg (2012). Nasjonalt takstsystem: Kan stykkevis og delt - bli helt?. TØI-rapport. 1233/2012.
• Elvebakk, Beate; Askildsen, Thorkel; Bjørnskau, Torkel; Skollerud, Kåre H.; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Lahn, Leif Christian (2011). Prosjekter for evaluering av etterutdanning for yrkessjåfører. TØI-rapport. 1181.

View all works in Cristin