Jørgen Aarhaug

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2022). Fremtidige transportløsninger: teknologi, design og innovasjon. In Fearnley, Nils & Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes (Ed.), Universell utforming i transportsektoren. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF. ISSN 9788299574761. p. 194–217.
• Lunke, Erik Bjørnson; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2022). The geography of public transport competitiveness in thirteen medium sized cities. Environment and planning. B: Urban analytics and city science. ISSN 2399-8083. p. 1–16. doi: 10.1177/23998083221100265. Show summary

  Securing sufficient accessibility with public transport is essential for reducing private car commuting. While most studies of transport accessibility are based on travel times, other quality factors such as the perceived disadvantage of congestion and service frequency are also of importance for transport mode choice. In this study, we use generalized journey times to calculate accessibility and public transport competitiveness, allowing us to account for other characteristics of commute trips than just travel time. We use detailed trip data to calculate generalized journey times to typical employment areas in thirteen urban regions in Norway. The results show that public transport services compete better with the car in the largest cities. Specifically, public transport is competitive for access to central employment areas but less so for less central employment areas. In the smaller cities, the private car is the most competitive mode on most commute trips. With detailed travel data, the method developed in this study can be replicated in other contexts to provide a more holistic measure of accessibility than traditional methods.

• Lunke, Erik Bjørnson; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2021). Commute trips in Norwegian cities: Data combining trip characteristics and revealed mode choice. Data in Brief. ISSN 2352-3409. 38, p. 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107319. Show summary

  Most transport mode choice studies rely on subjective responses to hypothetical questions (stated preference), or on revealed preferences. In stated preference studies, trip characteristics are exact, but there is a range of sources of errors and biases in the responses. Revealed preference surveys suffer the opposite: The choice is exact (i.e. observed) but trip attributes are uncertain – and even more uncertain when it comes to transport modes not chosen. Our dataset goes a long way in solving these problems. The data set combines real travel behaviour and mode choice data from the Norwegian National Transport Survey (NTS) with trip characteristics collected from Google maps travel planner. From the NTS, we have extracted all commute trips conducted by either private car or public transport (PT) into ten major cities in Norway with exact origin and destination coordinates. The NTS data also comprises information about age, gender, household, income and car availability. From Google maps, we have extracted trip characteristics for these trips – for both the mode chosen and the mode not chosen. This data includes total travel time, the number of interchanges, wait time, walk time, and in-vehicle time. This data can be used to study how different trip characteristics influence the probability of choosing PT over private car on commute journeys.

• Lunke, Erik Bjørnson; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2021). Public transport competitiveness vs. the car: Impact of relative journey time and service attributes. Research in Transportation Economics. ISSN 0739-8859. 90, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101098. Show summary

  In order to give empirically based policy advice on public transport (PT) competitiveness, we have studied revealed mode choice for commuting trips. This has been done by combining data on mode choice from the Norwegian National Travel Survey (NTS) with evidence-based, as opposed to static level-of-service data, trip characteristics extracted from Google Maps’ travel planner. This combination enables us to explore the demand and market effects of relative travel times and other non-monetary PT quality factors. Our main finding is that high PT shares require that all of the studied factors; efficient travel times, direct routes or few transfers, and high service frequency is in place. If either one of these are not in place, the market share for PT is significantly reduced. The study contributes to the literature on transport mode choice by combining travel characteristics with revealed mode choice data, and showing how the relative travel time and other service attributes affect the choice of PT over car on commute trips.

• Ydersbond, Inga Margrete; Auvinen, Heidi; Tuominen, Anu; Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2020). Nordic Experiences with Smart Mobility: Emerging Services and Regulatory Frameworks. Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 49, p. 130–144. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.09.012. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In a time where emerging technologies bundled within “smart mobility” represent a new transformation of the mobility system, it is critical that governments pro-actively take part in these developments. This means steering measures to ensure that the benefits of innovative technologies contribute towards a sustainable mobility system and avoiding the risk of increased attractiveness and use of private motorized transport, such as private cars. New technologies, largely accelerated by the ongoing digital transformation in mobility, have the potential to disrupt existing market structures entirely. Existing legal and regulatory frameworks may not be prepared for accommodating new and innovative services. It is therefore critical to gain more a thorough understanding of how new smart mobility services need and may be governed through regulatory frameworks. This paper looks into approaches and experiences in Finland and Norway, focusing on the role the public authorities have adopted in the two countries with respect to smart mobility solutions and emerging Mobility as a Service (MaaS) offerings in particular. The paper first presents a typology of new mobility services and a review of emerging services. An analysis is then presented of the interplay between the government as a regulatory authority and the new MaaS initiatives, drawing on the frameworks by Docherty et al. (2018) on elements and challenges related to the transition to smarter mobility. Our main finding is that the services available on the street and challenges faced by the authorities in the short run are surprisingly similar, but that the toolbox available and the long run challenges may prove more diverging.

• Fearnley, Nils & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2019). Subsidising urban and sub-urban transport – distributional impacts. European Transport Research Review. ISSN 1867-0717. 11(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12544-019-0386-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background and methods This paper studies distributional effects of public transport (PT) subsidies focusing on the Greater Oslo region. We identify how different PT markets enjoy different levels of subsidies. We describe how subsidies are distributed along PT modes and their respective patronage. This is done by document studies and travel surveys, supplemented by expert inquiries. Results We find that high-income groups, served by regional trains and high-speed crafts, receive large per passenger and per passenger-kilometre subsidy, while lower-income areas, typically served by local and regional buses, metros and local trains, receive lower subsidies per passenger. Peak traffic receives higher subsidies than off-peak traffic. The overall distributional profile is, however, found to be moderately progressive, in particular because of the socio-economic profile of the average PT passenger relative to the population as a whole.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold (2019). Does Regular School Transport Influence the Provision of Public Transport Services? Evidence From Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration. ISSN 2001-7405. 23(2), p. 33–55. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Basic education and public transport services are often provided by local or regional governments. In Norway, they fall within the remit of two different tiers of government, with public transport being the responsibility of regional government (fylke), while basic education (primary and secondary schools) is the responsibility of local government (kommune). Current efforts to consolidate and reorganize the school structure have yielded mixed results. On the one hand, such changes can help reduce public spending by exploiting economies of scale in the provision of education, for instance by having fewer and larger schools. On the other hand, they are likely to lead to cost increases by expanding the geographic coverage of school transport. Furthermore, transporting schoolchildren during peak commuting hours may exacerbate cost increases for regional governments. Our paper examines the cost effect of changing the school structure with respect to transport provision. Applying econometric analysis to panel datasets at the municipal and regional levels, we seek to identify the impact of the number of pupils and school size on the costs of providing school transport. We combine these data with data on transport provision to look at the effects of school-related transport on costs and competitive tendering in public transport. We show that a school closure can increase the cost of providing public transportation both by increasing the cost of maintaining the current level of public transport services and by necessitating the expansion of the supply. The empirical results indicate that municipalities’ economic gains from school consolidation generally outweigh the corresponding cost increases related to the provision of public transport.

• Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2018). Public transport and people with impairments – exploring non-use of public transport through the case of Oslo, Norway. Disability & Society. ISSN 0968-7599. 33(8), p. 1280–1302. doi: 10.1080/09687599.2018.1481015. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2018). Universal Design as a Way of Thinking About Mobility. In Müller, Beate & Meyer, Gereon (Ed.), Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-99756-8. p. 75–86. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99756-8_6. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Farstad, Eivind; Fearnley, Nils & Halse, Askill Harkjerr (2018). Express coaches: An up-hill battle after liberalization? Research in Transportation Economics. ISSN 0739-8859. 72, p. 82–91. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.031. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Olsen, Silvia Johanne (2018). Implications of ride-sourcing and self-driving vehicles on the need for regulation in unscheduled passenger transport. Research in Transportation Economics. ISSN 0739-8859. 69(September), p. 573–582. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.026. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander & Norseng, Robert Bjørnøy (2018). 20 years of competitive tendering in the Norwegian bus industry – An analysis of bidders and winning bids. Research in Transportation Economics. ISSN 0739-8859. 69(September), p. 97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.05.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Langeland, Ove & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2017). Work place location, transport and urban competitiveness: The Oslo case. Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 26, p. 196–206. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.07.020. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gundersen, Frants Henrik (2017). Infrastructure investments to promote sustainable regions. Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 26, p. 187–195. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.07.019. Full text in Research Archive
• Tennøy, Aud; Wangsness, Paal Brevik; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander (2016). Experiences with capacity reductions on urban main roads – rethinking allocation of urban road capacity? Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 19, p. 4–17. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.12.063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents results from a study concerning effects and consequences of a temporary (one year) capacity reduction on an urban main road tunnel in Oslo, Norway. The main findings are that reduction of the road capacity from in total four to two lanes in the Smestad tunnel, carrying about 50 000 vehicles per workday, caused few or no effects or consequences. Three months after the capacity reduction was implemented, traffic volumes were about the same as before, there are only small increases in delays, and the road users (commuters and freight traffic) have not made significant adaptions.

• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Taxis and crowd-taxis: sharing as a private activity and public concern. Internet Policy Review. ISSN 2197-6775. 5(2). doi: 10.14763/2016.2.420. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The sharing economy has generated interest among economists for its customer focus and potential to enhance competition. However, it has also caused uproar in industries which have felt competitive pressure, for example among the established stakeholders in the taxi industry. While regulations currently impose considerable costs on the taxi industry, they do not cover virtual transport innovations such as Uber. The lack of a level playing field between taxis and such ‘crowd-taxis’ has generated media attention and conflict. Taxi owners worry about decreasing revenues and taxi drivers about poor working conditions. Other concerns are related to poor transport preparedness, accessibility issues, quality assurance and tax evasion. Despite considerable media attention, there has so far been a lack of scholarly literature addressing the consequences of the sharing economy in the transport sector. Focusing on the Norwegian taxi market, we argue that crowd-taxis will likely produce a range of unanticipated effects, necessitating regulation. For example, crowd-taxis may contribute to a loss of transport preparedness in rural areas. The findings are based on first and secondary data and 19 interviews.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Fearnley, Nils (2016). Deregulation of the Norwegian long distance express coach market. Transport Policy. ISSN 0967-070X. 46, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.11.004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper offers new insight to the effects of long distance express coach deregulation in Norway, which formally happened gradually between 1998 and 2003. We study data over a period that spans from the years prior to deregulation and up to 2010. We document the degree of both competition and cooperation in the market, which has taken a particular form in Norway due to historical requirements on coach operations. We also document that the market has changed character as a consequence of intermodal competition, in particular with air traffic. Our paper documents the successful development of an often neglected public transport mode, which has the potential to make long distance passenger transport more efficient more sustainable, and with hardly any subsidy requirements.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils & Leiren, Merethe Dotterud (2015). Universell utforming i kollektivtransporten. In Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (Ed.), Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF. ISSN 978-82-995747-4-7. p. 187–219. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2015). Hva mener brukere om universell utforming i kollektivtrafikken? In Watten, Reidulf G.; Fostervold, Knut Inge & Volden, Frode (Ed.), Universell utforming og omgivelser Tverrfaglige, kritiske og miljøpsykologiske perspektiver. Norwegian Society of Ergonomics and Human Factors - NEHF. ISSN 978-82-995747-4-7. p. 220–235.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2015). The impact of Universally accessible public transport–a before and after study. Transport Policy. ISSN 0967-070X. 44, p. 143–150. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.08.003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The article studies the effects of universal design measures in public transport. It is based on an eva-luation conducted by the authors in 2010-2012 - a before and after study of measures partfunded by a Norwegian government funding program for improved accessibility in six different cities. The article employs a two-pronged empirical approach; quantitative surveys of all passengers on the affected routes (supplemented by interviews with drivers and personnel), and qualitative case studies with individual public transport users with disabilities. The first part of the article describes how universal design measures are perceived by and affect passengers in general, and discuss whether such measures may lead to an increase in the number of passengers. The second part considers how such measures influence the experience of travelling for passengers with disabilities, and what it takes for disabled passengers to be able to use public transport on par with other citizens. We conclude that previous surveys, which have not included control cases and questions, have probably overestimated passenger effects of universal design measures, as the results are affected by demographic factors. We still find that the measures have a positive impact on patronage. Like earlier studies, we find that the majority of respondents having trouble using public transport, report that this is due to bringing a pram or heavy luggage. We hy-pothesize that positive effects on passenger numbers due to reduced expulsion, (i.e. that certain groups are able to continue using public transport for a longer period when it is universally designed) may mean that effects on passenger numbers can increase over time. We find that in terms of social economics, universal design is profitable even with fairly low passenger numbers. The case studies demonstrate that although universal design measures contribute to enabling persons with disabilities to use public transport, such measures should be analyzed as parts of a transport system, not separately . The various elements of the system, including the people employed in it, must continuously work together to maintain universality. This goes for maintenance as well as for services provided by drivers. To secure mobility for people with disabilities, it is also essential that the systemis predictable and that accessibility is from door-to-door, not only from bus-stop to bus-stop.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2015). Competitive tendering in an entry regulated market—an accident waiting to happen? European Transport Research Review. ISSN 1867-0717. 7(2), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s12544-015-0166-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Skollerud, Kåre H. (2014). Taxi: Different Solutions in Different Segments. Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 1(1), p. 276–283. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.07.027. Full text in Research Archive
• Tennøy, Aud; Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2014). Transport Effects and Environmental Consequences of Central Workplace Location. Transportation Research Procedia. ISSN 2352-1465. 4, p. 14–24. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Skollerud, Kåre H. (2013). Taxi different solutions in different segments. Proceedings : European Transport Conference. ISSN 1474-9122. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.07.027.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils & Christiansen, Petter (2012). Deregulation of a long distance express coach market. Proceedings : European Transport Conference. ISSN 1474-9122. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.11.004.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Longva, Frode; Alexandersson, Gunnar & Hultén, Staffan (2011). The impact of deregulation on infrastructure investment decisions: a comparison between Sweden and Norway. Proceedings : European Transport Conference. ISSN 1474-9122.
• Fearnley, Nils; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Skollerud, Kåre H. & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2009). Nytte av tiltak for universell utforming i kollektivtransporten. Trafikdage på Aalborg Universitet.. ISSN 1903-1092.

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• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2020). Smart Charging - a new technology for deepening energy transitions.
• Tennøy, Aud; Wangsness, Paal Brevik; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Gregersen, Fredrik Alexander (2016). Experiences with capacity reductions on urban main roads – rethinking the need for urban road capacity?
• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Langeland, Ove & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Work place location, transport and urban competitiveness: The Oslo case.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Nore, Njål (2015). FLERKJERNET UTVIKLING I OSLOREGIONEN – ER VI PÅ RETT KURS? Plan: Tidsskrift for samfunnsplanlegging, byplan og regional utvikling. ISSN 0805-083X. p. 44–49.
• Paulsson, Alexander & Aarhaug, Jørgen (2021). Frivillighet och konsekvensernas decentralisering Kommunal reglering av delade elscootrar. K2. ISSN 978-91-89407-05-3.
• Haarstad, Håvard; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Holm, Erling Dokk; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Seehuus, Rikke Amilde & Malmedal, Geir (2020). Digital skifte for transport – 16 nye teknologier og hvordan de endrer byene. Teknologirådet. ISSN 978-82-8400-010-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Oppegaard, Sigurd M. Nordli; Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Hartveit, Knut Johannes Liland; Skollerud, Kåre H. & Dapi, Bjorn (2020). Drosjer i Norge fram mot 2020, TØI rapport 1802/2020/Fafo-rapport 2020:24. TØI/Fafo. ISSN 978-82-324-0572-5.
• Seehuus, Rikke Amilde; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Haarstad, Håvard; Malmedal, Geir & Holm, Erling Dokk [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Selvkjørende biler - teknologien bak og veien fremover. Teknologirådet. ISSN 978-82-92447-96-3.
• Bråthen, Svein; Thune-Larsen, Harald; Svendsen, Hilde Johanne; Hoff, Karoline Louise; Tveter, Eivind & Müller, Falko [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Forslag til offentlig kjøp av regionale flyruter i Sør-Norge : for avtaleperioden 1. april 2020 - 31. mars 2024. Møreforsking Molde AS. ISSN 978-82-7830-289-7. Show summary

  Samferdselsdepartementet har gitt Møreforsking Molde AS (MFM) i samarbeid med Transportøkonomisk institutt (TØI) i oppdrag å utrede offentlig kjøp av regionale ruteflyginger i Sør-Norge fra 1.april 2020 under Forpliktelse til offentlig tjenesteyting (FOT). Dagens situasjon er gjennomgått, trafikkprognoser er utarbeidet og mulighetene for kommersiell drift vurdert. Trafikken har vist en fallende tendens siden 2013, og veksten framover synes ikke å bli sterk. Billettprisene har økt reelt, og kabinfaktoren har falt. Det er utarbeidet forslag til kriterier for når ruter bør gjøres til gjenstand for offentlig kjøp, samt forslag til rutestruktur og transportstandard. Det er lagt vekt på å få fram synspunkter på flytilbudet fra de som reiser i arbeid. Priselastisiteter og virkninger av kommersialisering av FOT-ruter er utredet. Det gis ingen klar konklusjon som støtter kommersialisering av så vidt tynne og lite prisfølsomme markeder med liten utsikt til konkurranse, ut fra et samfunnsøkonomisk perspektiv.

• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold; Svendsen, Hilde Johanne; Hoff, Karoline Louise & Müller, Falko [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Kostnadsdrivere i kollektivtransporten : dokumentasjonsrapport. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-2076-9. Show summary

  Det har aldri reist flere med kollektivtransport i Norge enn nå. Veksten i kollektivtransporten har kommet som et resultat av politiske målsettinger som er fulgt opp gjennom bevilgninger og prioriteringer. Samtidig med økt offentlig kjøp av kollektivtransport har kostnadene per produsert enhet kollektivtrafikk økt. Dette skyldes i hovedsak faktorer utenfor fylkeskommunenes kontroll, som lønnsutvikling og utvikling i drivstoffpriser. I framtiden kan kollektivtransport bli både mer miljøvennlig og billigere. Politiske målsetninger om økte kollektivandeler peker likevel i retning av større behov for offentligkjøp av kollektivtransport. Nøkkelord: kollektivtransport, kostnadsdrivere, fylkeskommuner

• Aarhaug, Jørgen; Fearnley, Nils; Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold & Svendsen, Hilde Johanne (2017). Kostnadsdrivere i kollektivtransporten : hovedrapport. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1475-1.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen (2016). Taxis as a Part of Public Transport. Deutsche Gesellshaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
• Gundersen, Frants Henrik; Sørlie, Kjetil; Nore, Njål; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Barlindhaug, Rolf (2015). Areal- og transportutvikling i Osloregionen – faktagrunnlag. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1592-5.
• Aarhaug, Jørgen & Elvebakk, Beate (2014). Universell utforming virker – evaluering av tiltak i kollektivtrafikken. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 0808-1190. 2012(1235).
• Olsen, Silvia Johanne; Bråthen, Svein; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Ramjerdi, Farideh; Julsrud, Tom Erik & Krogstad, Julie Runde [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Regulering, kontrakt eller nettverk? En drøfting av nye styringsinstrumenter i jernbanesektoren. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1409-6. Show summary

  Rapporten diskuterer styringen av jernbanesektoren i to scenarier, dagens modell og konkurransemodellen. Vi ser på mulige styringsverktøy basert på tre teoretiske tilnærminger: styring gjennom reguleringer, kontraktsstyring og nettverksstyring.

• Krogstad, Julie Runde; Fearnley, Nils; Øksenholt, Kjersti Visnes; Aarhaug, Jørgen; Solvoll, Gisle & Hanssen, Thor-Erik Sandberg (2012). Nasjonalt takstsystem: Kan stykkevis og delt - bli helt? Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 978-82-480-1387-7.
• Elvebakk, Beate; Askildsen, Thorkel; Bjørnskau, Torkel; Skollerud, Kåre H.; Aarhaug, Jørgen & Lahn, Leif Christian (2011). Prosjekter for evaluering av etterutdanning for yrkessjåfører. Transportøkonomisk institutt. ISSN 0808-1190. 2011(1181).

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