Lars Smith

• Fredriksen, Eivor; Von Soest, Tilmann; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2019). Depressive symptom contagion in the transition to parenthood: Interparental processes and the role of partner-related attachment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.  ISSN 0021-843X.  128(5), s 397- 403 . doi: 10.1037/abn0000429
• Moe, Vibeke; Fredriksen, Eivor; Kjellevold, Marian; Dahl, Lisbeth Jane; Wik, Maria; Stormark, Kjell Morten; von Soest, Tilmann; Olafsen, Kåre Sten; Vannebo, Unni Tranås & Smith, Lars (2019). Little in Norway: a prospective longitudinal community-based cohort from pregnancy to child age 18 months. BMJ Open.  ISSN 2044-6055.  9:e031050(12), s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031050 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Verpe, Hege; Kjellevold, Marian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Stormark, Kjell Morten; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes & Skotheim, Siv (2019). Early postpartum discharge: maternal depression, breastfeeding habits and different follow-up strategies. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.  ISSN 0283-9318.  33(1), s 85- 92 . doi: 10.1111/scs.12604 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Wikenius, Ellen; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Heiervang, Einar & Berglund, Anders (2019). DNA methylation changes in infants between 6 and 52 weeks. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  9(1), s 1- 12 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54355-z
• Wikenius, Ellen; Myhre, Anne Margrethe; Page, Christian Magnus; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Heiervang, Einar; Undlien, Dag Erik & LeBlanc, Marissa Erin (2019). Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant DNA methylation: a longitudinal epigenome-wide study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.  ISSN 0803-9488.  73(4-5), s 257- 263 . doi: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1613446
• Aakre, Inger; Wik, Maria; Kjellevold, Marian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Dahl, Lisbeth (2018). Sufficient iodine status among Norwegian toddlers 18 months of age – cross-sectional data from the Little in Norway study. Food & Nutrition Research.  ISSN 1654-6628.  62:1443, s 1- 9 . doi: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1443 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Dahl, Lisbeth; Wik, Maria; Roldan Sanchez, Perla Vanessa; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Meltzer, Helle Margrete & Kjellevold, Marian (2018). Iodine deficiency in a study population of Norwegian pregnant women - results from the Little in Norway study (LiN). Nutrients.  ISSN 2072-6643.  10(4) . doi: 10.3390/nu10040513 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Drugli, May Britt; Solheim, Elisabet; Lydersen, Stian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne (2018). Elevated cortisol levels in Norwegian toddlers in childcare. Early Child Development and Care.  ISSN 0300-4430.  188(12), s 1682- 1693 . doi: 10.1080/03004430.2016.1278368 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Fredriksen, Eivor; von Soest, Tilmann; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Parenting Stress Plays a Mediating Role in the Prediction of Early Child Development from Both Parents` Perinatal Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.  ISSN 0091-0627.  s 1- 16 . doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-0428-4
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne Økern; Siqveland, Torill Sundet; Nygaard, Egil; Bjørnebekk, Astrid; Slinning, Kari; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Walhovd, Kristine B; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Cognitive and socioemotional functioning at 4½ years in children born to mothers who have received treatment for substance-abuse problems while pregnant. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  39(5), s 581- 594 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.21733 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Vang, Kristin Alvestad; Lindahl, Karoline Mentzoni; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Quality of social interaction in foster dyads at child age 2 and 3 years. Child Psychiatry and Human Development.  ISSN 0009-398X.  s 1- 11 . doi: 10.1007/s10578-018-0823-7 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Moe, Vibeke; von Soest, Tilmann; Fredriksen, Eivor; Olafsen, Kåre Sten & Smith, Lars (2018). The multiple determinants of maternal parenting stress 12 months after birth: The contribution of antenatal attachment style, adverse childhood experiences, and infant temperament. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  9, s 1- 14 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01987 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Olafsen, Kåre Sten; Ulvund, Stein Erik; Torgersen, Anne Mari; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Temperamental adaptability, persistence, and regularity: Parental ratings of Norwegian infants aged 6 to 12 months, with some implications for preventive practice. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  39(2), s 183- 197 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.21697 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Wik, Maria; Dahl, Lisbeth; Moe, Vibeke; Abel, Marianne Hope; Brantsæter, Anne Lise; Øyen, Jannike; Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Stormark, Kjell Morten; Graff, Ingvild Eide; Smith, Lars & Kjellevold, Marian (2018). Maternal iodine status is associated with offspring language skills in infancy and toddlerhood. Nutrients.  ISSN 2072-6643.  10(9) . doi: 10.3390/nu10091270 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Fredriksen, Eivor; von Soest, Tilmann; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2017). Patterns of pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms: Latent class trajectories and predictors.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.  ISSN 0021-843X.  126(2), s 173- 183 . doi: 10.1037/abn0000246 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars; Nordahl-Hansen, Anders; Fagerland, Morten & Kasari, Connie (2017). Early interaction in autism spectrum disorder: Mothers' and children's behaviours during joint engagement. Child: Care, Health and Development.  ISSN 0305-1862.  44(2), s 312- 318 . doi: 10.1111/cch.12532 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Moe, Vibeke; Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Slinning, Kari; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Guedeney, Antoine; Heimann, Mikael; Rostad, Anne Margrethe & Smith, Lars (2016). Precursors of social emotional functioning among full-term and preterm infants at 12 months: Early infant withdrawal behavior and symptoms of maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  44, s 159- 168 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.06.012
• Sanner, Nina; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Moe, Vibeke (2016). Early identification of social-emotional problems: Applicability of the Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) at its lower age limit. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  42, s 69- 85 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.11.001
• Valla, Lisbeth; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars; Birkeland, Marianne Skogbrott & Slinning, Kari (2016). Association between maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and infants' communication skills: A longitudinal study.. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  45, s 83- 90 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.10.001
• Wikenius, Ellen; Moe, Vibeke; Malde, Marian Kjellevold; Smith, Lars; Lyle, Robert; Waagbø, Rune; Page, Christian & Myhre, Anne Margrethe (2016). The association between hair cortisol and self-reported symptoms of depression in pregnant women. PLOS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  11(9) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161804 Vis sammendrag

  Depression has been linked to an imbalance in cortisol. Until recently, cortisol has been studied by measuring concentrations at single time points in blood or saliva samples. Cortisol concentrations vary with circadian rhythm and experiences, from time point to time point. The measurement of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a new method of accessing mean, long-term cortisol concentrations. Recent studies show positive associations between depression and HCC, and prenatal maternal cortisol is thought to influence the developing fetus. We therefore examined the association between HCC and self-reported symptoms of depression in second trimester pregnant women. Participants were 181 women, recruited between September 2011 and October 2013 to the Little-in-Norway (LiN)-study. These women answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale (EPDS) on self-reported symptoms of depression, and one cm maternal scalp hair was collected and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not show depressive symptoms as a predictor for HCC in our selection of pregnant women, while gestational age was significantly related. In conclusion, our study indicated that symptoms of depression during pregnancy did not predict HCC, but further studies of clinically depressed, pregnant women using gestational age as an adjustment variable are warranted.

• Skjøthaug, Thomas; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Moe, Vibeke (2015). Prospective fathers' adverse childhood experiences, pregnancy-related anxiety, and depression during pregnancy. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  36(1), s 104- 113 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.21485
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Walhovd, Kristine B & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Mother–Child Interaction and Early Language Skills in Children Born to Mothers with Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development.  ISSN 0009-398X. . doi: 10.1007/s10578-014-0512-0
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Attachment security in young foster children: Continuity from 2 to 3 years of age. Attachment & Human Development.  ISSN 1461-6734.  16(1), s 42- 57 . doi: 10.1080/14616734.2013.850102
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Foster parents' state of mind with respect to attachment: Concordance with their foster children's attachment patterns at 2 and 3 years of age. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  35(4), s 297- 308 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.21447
• Kaale, Anett; Fagerland, Morten; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Smith, Lars (2014). Preschool-based social communication treatment for children with autism: 12-month follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.  ISSN 0890-8567.  53(2), s 188- 198 . doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.019
• Skjøthaug, Thomas; Smith, Lars; Moe, Vibeke & Larsen, Tore Wentzel (2014). Prospective Fathers’ Adverse Childhood Experiences, Pregnancy-related Anxiety and Depression during Pregnancy. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  36(1)
• Smith, Lars (2014). Foreldres intuitive omsorgsatferd. Scandinavian Psychologist.  ISSN 1894-5570.  1 . doi: 10.15714/scandpsychol.1.e1
• Azak, Schale; Murison, Robert; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Gunnar, Megan R. (2013). Maternal depression and infant daytime cortisol. Developmental Psychobiology.  ISSN 0012-1630.  55(4), s 334- 351 . doi: 10.1002/dev.21033
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Slinning, Kari; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Guedeney, Antoine & Heimann, Mikael (2013). Relation between social withdrawal symptoms in full-term and premature infants and depressive symptoms in mothers: A longitudinal study. Infant Mental Health Journal.  ISSN 0163-9641.  34(6), s 532- 541 . doi: 10.1002/imhj.21414 Vis sammendrag

  The objective of this longitudinal study was to investigate the prevalence of infants' social withdrawal and mothers’ depressive symptoms in a cohort of full-term infants and their mothers and in a cohort of moderately premature infants and their mothers at 3, 6, and 9 months’ postpartum. The Alarm Distress Baby Scale (ADBB) was used to assess social withdrawal; the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to ascertain postpartum depressive symptoms. The results revealed a higher proportion of premature infants with social withdrawal at 6 months’ postpartum and significantly higher ADBB composite scores at 3 and 6 months of age, as compared with the full-term infants. A higher proportion of mothers in the premature cohort had symptoms of postpartum depression at the 3-month assessment, and they reported a significantly higher EPDS composite score at 3 months’ postpartum. There was a significant relation between maternal depressive symptoms at 3 and 6 months and infants’ social withdrawal at 9 months, and a significant concurrent relation between the two variables at 6 and 9 months in the full-term cohort. The findings suggest a need to screen for both infant social withdrawal and maternal depressive symptoms in moderately prematurely born infants and their caregivers.

• Jacobsen, Heidi; Moe, Vibeke; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Smith, Lars (2013). Cognitive development and social-emotional functioning in young foster children: A follow-up study from 2 to 3 years of age. Child Psychiatry and Human Development.  ISSN 0009-398X.  44(5), s 666- 677 . doi: 10.1007/s10578-013-0360-3 Vis sammendrag

  Foster children (FC) are at risk of delayed development relative to their peers due to early caregiver disruptions and adverse experiences prior to placement. Descriptive analyses and Linear Mixed Effects (LME models) were used to analyse the cognitive development and social emotional functioning of 60 FC and 42 comparison children (CC) at 2 (T1) and 3 years (T2). Changes in group differences between T1 and T2 were examined, and significant group differences occurred on all cognitive scales, with the FC obtaining lower scores than the CC. An analysis of social emotional functioning revealed significantly more externalising, dysregulation behaviour and poorer competencies among the FC, which exhibited significantly better cognitive abilities and competencies at T2 than T1, with the exception of receptive language. The FC did not demonstrate more negative social-emotional behaviour at T2 (apart from more internalisation behaviour), but failed to catch up with the CC. Young foster children need screening and support to improve their developmental potential. Keywords: foster children, cognitive development, social-emotional functioning, toddlers, developmental catch-up

• Strid, Karin; Heimann, Mikael; Gillberg, Christoffer; Smith, Lars & Tjus, Thomas (2013). Deferred Imitation and Social Communication in Speaking and Nonspeaking Children With Autism. Focus on Autism and other developmental disabilities.  ISSN 1088-3576.  28(4), s 230- 240 . doi: 10.1177/1088357612468030 Vis sammendrag

  Deferred imitation and early social communication skills were compared among speaking and nonspeaking children with autism and children developing typically. Overall, the children with autism showed a lower frequency on measures of deferred imitation and social communication compared with typically developing children. Deferred imitation was observed at a significantly lower level among the speaking and nonspeaking groups of children with autism. However, when comparing the speaking autism group with the typical group, many differences in observed social communication disappeared. These results underscore the importance of considering children’s verbal ability in autism research and clinical practice, and indicate that there are specific difficulties in deferred imitation in autism but that the social communication deficits that are observed are greatly influenced by low level of verbal ability.

• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars & Sponheim, Eili (2012). A randomized controlled trial of preschool-based joint attention intervention for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines.  ISSN 0021-9630.  53(1), s 97- 105 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02450.x Vis sammendrag

  Background: Deficits in joint attention (JA) and joint engagement (JE) represent a core problem in young children with autism as these affect language and social development. Studies of parent-mediated and specialist-mediated JA-intervention suggest that such intervention may be effective. However, there is little knowledge about the success of the intervention when done in preschools. Aim: Assess the effects of a preschool-based JA-intervention. Methods: 61 children (48 males) with autistic disorder (29–60 months) were randomized to either 8 weeks of JA-intervention, in addition to their preschool programs (n = 34), or to preschool programs only (n = 27). The intervention was done by preschool teachers with weekly supervision by trained counselors from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinics (CAMHC). Changes in JA and JE were measured by blinded independent testers using Early Social Communication Scale (ESCS) and video taped preschool teacher–child and mother– child play at baseline and post-intervention. Clinical trials registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00378157. Results: Intention-to-treat analysis showed significant difference between the intervention and the control group, with the intervention group yielding more JA initiation during interaction with the preschool teachers. The effect generalized to significantly longer duration of JE with the mothers. Conclusions: This is the first randomized study to show positive and generalized effects of preschool-based JA-intervention.

• Ravn, Ingrid; Smith, Lars; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Sandvik, Leiv; Bunch, Eli Haugen & Lindemann, Rolf (2012). Effects of early mother-infant intervention on outcomes in mothers and moderately and late preterm infants at age 1 year: A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  35(1), s 36- 47 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.006
• Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2012). The impact of optimality on maternal sensitivity in mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems and their infants at 3 months. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  35(1), s 60- 70 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.004 Vis sammendrag

  The main aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of four different optimality indexes, as well as infant perinatal status, in relation to maternal sensitivity in interaction at 3 months. The four optimality indexes comprised items related to substance abuse, psychiatric condition, relational experience and socioeconomic status (SES). Maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction was assessed in two different groups of mothers. One group consisted of mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems who underwent treatment during pregnancy. The other group of mothers had neither substance abuse nor psychiatric problems. The expectant mothers were interviewed in the third trimester of pregnancy. Medical records and meconium were obtained from the infants at birth. Three months after birth, maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction was assessed. Altogether 79 mother–infant dyads participated in the study. The mothers’ optimality associated with relational experiences, as well as the infants’ perinatal status were found to predict maternal sensitivity in mother–infant interaction at 3 months. The SES index was also significantly related to maternal sensitivity. The relation between group and maternal sensitivity was mediated by the mothers’ optimality associated with relational experiences. This study points to the importance of addressing the mothers’ own relational experiences and their current representations of motherhood during treatment, in order to support and enhance maternal sensitivity.

• Kaland, Nils; Mortensen, Erik Lykke & Smith, Lars (2011). Social communication impairments in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome: Slow response time and the impact of prompting. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders.  ISSN 1750-9467.  5(3), s 1129- 1137 . doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.12.009
• Ravn, Ingrid; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2011). Stress in fathers of moderately and late preterm infants: a randomised controlles trial. Early Child Development and Care.  ISSN 0300-4430.  18(5), s 537- 552
• Ravn, Ingrid; Smith, Lars; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Bunch, Eli Haugen & Sandvik, Leiv (2011). Effect of early intervention on social interaction between mothers and preterm infants at 12 months of age: A randomized controlled trial. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  34(2), s 215- 225 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.11.004 Vis sammendrag

  In a randomized controlled trial at 12-months of age, the effect of the Mother Infant Transaction Program was tested on social interaction between mothers and moderately and late preterm infants with gestational age ≥ 30.0 and <36 weeks. Ninety-three play sessions were videotaped and coded, 46 mothers–infants in the intervention group and 47 mothers–infants in the control group. The intervention mothers scored higher on maternal sensitivity/responsiveness (p = .05). Being a first-time mother was a moderator that enhanced the effects of the intervention. First-time mothers were more sensitive/responsive to their infant's cues (p = .01), and the dyads evinced higher level of synchrony (p = .02) as compared with experienced mothers. More positive mood was observed among their infants (p = .04). The findings suggest that the intervention contributes to better mother–infant interactions in moderately and late preterm infants of first-time mothers.

• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Smith, Lars; Waal, Helge & Sundet, Jon Martin (2011). Risks and realities: Dyadic interaction between 6-month-old infants and their mothers in opioid maintenance treatment. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  34(4), s 578- 589 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.006 Vis sammendrag

  A number of studies point to methadone exposure in utero as a possible risk factor in the developing mother–infant relationship in the first year of life. This study is part of a larger, national follow-up of 38 infants prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine and 36 comparison, low-risk infants. The aim of the present paper is to assess the quality of mother–infant relationship when the infants are 6 months old. Videotaped mother–infant interactions were rated in a global scale (NICHD). Maternal and infant contributions collapsed into the variables “infant style” and “maternal style” showed that the only factor making significant contribution to the outcome measure “dyadic mutuality” was maternal style. The importance of group membership (exposed versus non-exposed), was reduced when controlling for maternal drug use prior to opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), maternal depression and parenting stress as well as infants’ developmental status and sensory-integrative functions. This suggests that prediction of dyadic mutuality should be based on individual characteristics rather than group characteristics. These results support previous research findings that methadone and buprenorphine use per se does not have direct influence on the quality of early mother–infant relationship, but tailored follow-up procedures targeting drug-free pregnancies and parenting support are beneficial for women in OMT and their children.

• Smith, Lars (2011). Om tilknytning hos små fosterbarn. Fosterhjemskontakt : tidsskrift om fosterhjemsarbeid.  ISSN 0800-143X.  30(6), s 38- 39
• Westerberg, Ane Cecilie; Schei, Ragnhild; Henriksen, Christine; Smith, Lars; Veierød, Marit Bragelien; Drevon, Christian A & Iversen, Per Ole (2011). Attention among very low birth weight infants following early supplementation with docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid. Acta Paediatrica.  ISSN 0803-5253.  100(1), s 47- 52 . doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01946.x
• Glavin, Kari; Smith, Lars; Sørum, Ragnhild & Ellefsen, Bodil (2010). Redesigned community postpartum care to prevent and treat postpartum depression in women - a one year follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Nursing.  ISSN 0962-1067.  19(21/22), s 3051- 3062 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03332.x Vis sammendrag

  Aim.  To investigate the effect of a redesigned follow-up care programme on prevention and treatment of postpartum depression. Background.  Postpartum depression may have negative consequences on child development, maternal health and the relationship between parents. Early identification and treatment might prevent longer-term depression. Design.  A quasi-experimental post-test design with non-equivalent groups. Method.  The study population was postpartum women with a live-born child, residing in one of two municipalities in Norway. A total of 2247 women were enrolled: 1806 in the experimental municipality and 441 in the comparison municipality. Public health nurses (26) in the experimental municipality were trained to identify postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and clinical assessment and to provide supportive counselling. Measurements.  The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at six weeks, three, six and 12 months postpartum and the Parenting Stress Index at 12 months postpartum. Results.  The redesigned postpartum care programme yielded a significant group difference in the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score at six weeks (p < 0·01), odds ratio (OR) 0·6, three months (p < 0·01), OR 0·4, six months (p < 0·01), OR 0·5 and 12 months postpartum (p < 0·01), OR 0·6. Women who had been depressed at least once during the first postpartum year reported significantly higher levels of parenting stress at 12 months. Conclusion.  The findings of this study suggest that redesigned postpartum care comprising training of health professionals, increased focus on mental health problems and support for the parents is a useful approach to managing postpartum depression in the community. Relevance to clinical practice.  Public health nurses are well positioned to identify and treat depressed mothers and provide referrals when needed. A small investment in training nurses to identify and treat postpartum depression can be cost-effective in the longer term. These findings have implications for service delivery in public health.

• Glavin, Kari; Smith, Lars; Sørum, Ragnhild & Ellefsen, Bodil (2010). Supportive counselling by public health nurses for women with postpartum depression. Journal of Advanced Nursing.  ISSN 0309-2402.  66(6), s 1317- 1327 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05263.x Vis sammendrag

  Aim.  This paper is a report of a study examining the effect of supportive counselling by public health nurses on postpartum depression. Background.  Depression is a common condition following childbirth and may have negative consequences for the child’s development, the woman’s health and the relationship between the parents. Psychological intervention is a treatment alternative to biological treatment options and may prevent longer-term postpartum depression. Method.  The study was designed as a pragmatic trial. The study population comprised postpartum women, residing in two Norwegian municipalities, who had delivered a live-born child between June 2005 and December 2006. A total of 228 women were included in the study: 64 in the comparison municipality and 164 in the experimental municipality. Public health nurses (26) in the experimental municipality were trained in identifying postpartum depression and in providing supportive counselling. Pre-tests were conducted using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 weeks postpartum. Post-tests using the same Scale were performed at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Results.  The depression score decreased statistically significantly in the experimental group compared to the comparison group both at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Conclusion.  Supportive counselling based on a non-directive counselling method provided by public health nurses is an effective treatment method for postpartum depression. Further research is required to assess the mothers’ evaluation of the treatment and appraise methods used for management of postpartum depression in primary health care.

• Jensen, Jorun; Castaños, Carmen & Smith, Lars (2010). En oppfølgingsstudie av barn med diffuse utviklingsvansker i tidlig førskolealder. Spesialpedagogikk.  ISSN 0332-8457.  75(9), s 59- 65
• Smith, Lars (2010). Felles oppmerksomhet og forståelsen av andres tanker, intensjoner og følelser i spedbarnsalderen. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  47(7), s 593- 600
• Smith, Lars (2010). Når barn er i risiko for omsorgssvikt. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  47(5), s 402- 402
• Smith, Lars (2010). Tidlig utvikling, risiko og psykopatologi, I: Vibeke Moe; Kari Slinning & Marit Bergum Hansen (red.),  Håndbok i sped- og småbarns psykiske helse.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-39071-3.  1.  s 29 - 52
• Smith, Lars (2010). Tilknytning og omsorg for barn under tre år når foreldre går fra hverandre. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  47(9), s 804- 811
• Glavin, K.; Smith, Lars & Sørum, R. (2009). Prevalence of postpartum depression in two municipalities in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences.  ISSN 0283-9318.  23(4), s 705- 710 . doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00667.x
• Smith, Lars (2009). Desorganisert tilknytning er relatert til foreldres tilknytningsrepresentasjoner og omsorgsutøvelse. Impuls : Tidsskrift for psykologi.  ISSN 0801-2911.  63(2), s 24- 36
• Smith, Lars (2009). Det "gamle" og det "nye" barnet, I: Siri Erika Gullestad; Bjørn Killingmo & Svein Magnussen (red.),  Klinikk og laboratorium. Psykologi i hundre år.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-01563-7.  12.  s 177 - 192
• Torkildsen, Janne von Koss; Hansen, Hanna Friis; Svanstu, Janne Mari; Smith, Lars; Simonsen, Hanne Gram; Moen, Inger & Lindgren, Magnus (2009). Brain dynamics of word familiarization in 20-month-olds: Effects of productive vocabulary size. Brain and Language.  ISSN 0093-934X.  108(2), s 73- 88 . doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.09.005 Vis sammendrag

  The present study investigated the brain mechanisms involved during young children’s receptive familiarization with new words, and whether the dynamics of these mechanisms are related to the child’s productive vocabulary size. To this end, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from 20-month-old children in a pseudoword repetition task. Results revealed distinct patterns of repetition effects for children with large and small productive vocabularies. High producers showed evidence of recognizing the novel words already after three presentations, while the low producers needed five presentations to display a recognition effect. The familiarization process was manifested in the modulations of two components, the N200–400 and a later fronto-central component, which appeared to increase in amplitude until a certain level of encoding was reached and then decrease with further repetition. These findings suggest a relation between the onset of the productive vocabulary spurt and the rate of receptive word familiarization.

• Helland, Ingrid B; Smith, Lars; Blomen, Birgitta; Saarem, K; Saugstad, Ola Didrik & Drevon, Christian A (2008). Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics.  ISSN 0031-4005.  122, s E472- E479 . doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-2762 Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVES. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) are essential for brain growth and cognitive development. We have reported that supplementing pregnant and lactating women with n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes higher IQ scores at 4 years of age as compared with maternal supplementation with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In our present study, the children were examined at 7 years of age with the same cognitive tests as at 4 years of age. We also examined the relation between plasma fatty acid pattern and BMI in children, because an association between arachidonic acid and adipose tissue size has been suggested. METHODS. The study was randomized and double-blinded. The mothers took 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil from week 18 of pregnancy until 3 months after delivery. Their children were tested with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children at 7 years of age, and their height and weight were measured. RESULTS. We did not find any significant differences in scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children test at 7 years of age between children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil (n = 82) or corn oil (n = 61). We observed, however, that maternal plasma phospholipid concentrations of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy were correlated to sequential processing at 7 years of age. We observed no correlation between fatty acid status at birth or during the first 3 months of life and BMI at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION. This study suggests that maternal concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy might be of importance for later cognitive function, such as sequential processing, although we observed no significant effect of n-3 fatty acid intervention on global IQs. Neonatal fatty acid status had no influence on BMI at 7 years of age.

• Henriksen, Christine; Haugholt, Kristin; Lindgren, Magnus; Aurvåg, Anne Karin; Rønnestad, Arild; Ronnestad, A; Gronn, M; Grønn, Morten; Solberg, Rønnaug; Moen, Atle; Nakstad, Britt; Berge, Rolf Kristian; Smith, Lars; Iversen, Per Ole & Drevon, Christian André (2008). Improved cognitive development among preterm infants attributable to early supplementation of human milk with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. Pediatrics.  ISSN 0031-4005.  121(6), s 1137- 1145 . doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1511 Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid for human milk-fed preterm infants. The primary end point was cognitive development at 6 months of age. METHODS: The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study among 141 infants with birth weights of <1500 g. The intervention with 32 mg of docosahexaenoic acid and 31 mg of arachidonic acid per 100 mL of human milk started 1 week after birth and lasted until discharge from the hospital (on average, 9 weeks). Cognitive development was evaluated at 6 months of age by using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and event-related potentials, a measure of brain correlates related to recognition memory. RESULTS: There was no difference in adverse events or growth between the 2 groups. At the 6-month follow-up evaluation, the intervention group performed better on the problem-solving subscore, compared with the control group (53.4 vs 49.5 points). There was also a nonsignificant higher total score (221 vs 215 points). The event-related potential data revealed that infants in the intervention group had significantly lower responses after the standard image, compared with the control group(8.6 vs 13.2). There was no difference in responses to novel images. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid for very preterm infants fed human milk in the early neonatal period was associated with better recognition memory and higher problem-solving scores at 6 months.

• Kaland, Nils; Callesen, Kirsten; Møller Nielsen, Annette; Mortensen, E.L. & Smith, Lars (2008). Performance of children and adolescents with asperger syndrome of high-functioning autism on advanced theory of mind tasks. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  38(6), s 1112- 1123 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0496-8 Vis sammendrag

  Although a number of advanced theory of mind tasks have been developed, there is a dearth of information on whether performances on different tasks are associated. The present study examined the performance of 21 children and adolescents with diagnoses of Asperger syndrome (AS) and 20 typically developing controls on three advanced theory of mind tasks: The Eyes Task, the Strange Stories, and the Stories from Everyday Life. The participants in the clinical group demonstrated lower performance than the controls on all the three tasks. The pattern of findings, however, indicates that these tasks may share different information-processing requirements in addition to tapping different mentalizing abilities.

• Kaland, Nils; Smith, Lars & Mortensen, Erik Lykke (2008). Brief report: Cognitive flexibility and focused attention in children and adolescents with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism as measured on the computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  38 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0474-1
• Torkildsen, Janne von Koss; Svanstu, Janne Mari; Hansen, Hanna Friis; Smith, Lars; Simonsen, Hanne Gram; Moen, Inger & Lindgren, Magnus (2008). Productive vocabulary size predicts event-related potential correlates of fast mapping in 20-month-olds. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.  ISSN 0898-929X.  20(7), s 1266- 1282 . doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20087 Vis sammendrag

  Although it is well documented that children undergo a productive vocabulary spurt late in the second year, it is unclear whether this development is accompanied by equally significant advances in receptive word processing. In the present study, we tested an electrophysiological procedure for assessing receptive word learning in young children, and the impact of productive vocabulary size for performance in this task. We found that 20-month-olds with high productive vocabularies displayed an N400 incongruity effect to violations of trained associations between novel words and pictures, whereas 20-month-olds with low productive vocabularies did not. However, both high and low producers showed an N400 effect for common real words paired with an incongruous object. These findings indicate that there may be substantial differences in receptive fast mapping efficiency between typically developing children who have reached a productive vocabulary spurt and typically developing children who have not yet reached this productive spurt.

• Kaland, Nils; Mortensen, E.L. & Smith, Lars (2007). Disembedding performance in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome. Autism.  ISSN 1362-3613.  11, s 81- 92 . doi: 10.1177/1362361307070988
• Kaland, Nils; Smith, Lars & Mortensen, Erik Lykke (2007). Cognitive flexibility and focused attention in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism as measured on the computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257. . doi: 10.1007/s10803-007-0474-1
• Kaland, Nils; Smith, Lars & Mortensen, Erik Lykke (2007). Response times of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome on an 'advanced' test of theory of mind. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.  ISSN 0162-3257.  37, s 197- 209 . doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0152-8
• Moe, Vibeke; Moe, Rigmor Grette & Smith, Lars (2007). Utviklingsmessige og relasjonelle problemer hos sped- og småbarn, I: Hanne Haavind & Haldor Øvreeide (red.),  Barn og unge i psykoterapi: samspill og utviklingsforståelse.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-36273-4.  5.  s 168 - 207
• Stige, Signe; Fjell, Anders Martin; Smith, Lars; Lindgren, Magnus & Walhovd, Kristine B (2007). The Development of Visual P3a and P3b. Developmental Neuropsychology.  ISSN 8756-5641.  32(1), s 563- 584 . doi: 10.1080/87565640701361096 Vis sammendrag

  The relationship of visual P3a and P3b to age and neuropsychological performance was investigated in 26 healthy children (6.8–15.8 years) and 129 adult volunteers (20.0–88.8 years). Within the sample of children, an effect of age on midline topography was observed, with higher frontal amplitudes in the youngest compared to the oldest children. Increasing age was associated with lower P3a and P3b amplitude and shorter P3b latency at Fz. Performance on neuropsychological tests (matrix reasoning from WASI, digit span from WAIS, word order and hand movement from Kaufman) was only weakly associated with measures of P3a and P3b. The analyses were then repeated with the full life-span sample (n = 155). It was found that for P3a, amplitude decreased and latency increased with age. For P3b, the pattern was more complex, with a nonlinear amplitude reduction and no latency change with age. It appears that the development of P3a in children represents the start of processes that later continue in the adult life-span, but that the automatic processes indexed by P3a seems to mature earlier than the controlled processes reflected by P3b. Finally, it was demonstrated that the relationships between neuropsychological test scores (matrix reasoning, digit span) and P3 parameters were complex, following a mix of linear and nonlinear patterns. It is suggested that the neuropsychological significance of the different P3a and P3b parameters may change from childhood to the adult life-span.

• Smith, Lars (2006). Hvordan skille mellom ADHD og konsekvensene av tidlige relasjonsskader?. Tidsskriftet Norges Barnevern.  ISSN 0800-1014.  83(3), s 3- 8
• Smith, Lars (2006). Tilrettelegging av tidlig omsorg for optimal hjerneutvikling. Psykologisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 1501-7508.  9(2), s 7- 13
• Heimann, Mikael; Strid, Karin; Smith, Lars; Tjus, Thomas; Ulvund, Stein Erik & Meltzoff, Andrew N. (2006). Exploring the relation between memory, gestural communication, and the emergence of language in infancy: A longitudinal study. Infant and Child Development.  ISSN 1522-7227.  15(3), s 233- 249 . doi: 10.1002/icd.462 Vis sammendrag

  The relationship between recall memory, visual recognition memory, social communication, and the emergence of language skills was measured in a longitudinal study. Thirty typically developing Swedish children were tested at 6, 9 and 14 months. The result showed that, in combination, visual recognition memory at 6 months, deferred imitation at 9 months and turn-taking skills at 14 months could explain 41% of the variance in the infants’ production of communicative gestures as measured by a Swedish variant of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI). In this statistical model, deferred imitation stood out as the strongest predictor.

• Smith, Lars (2006). ADHD: Forekomst, årsaksmekanismer og effekt av medikamentell behandling. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  43, s 268- 269
• Smith, Lars (2006). Bowlbys teori om barnets bånd og empiriske studier av tilknytning, I: Liv Mette Gulbrandsen (red.),  Oppvekst og psykologisk utvikling. Innføring i psykologiske perspektiver.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-00950-6.  Kapittel 5.  s 139 - 171
• Smith, Lars (2006). Desorganisert tilknytning, I: Stephen von Tetzchner; Elisabeth Grindheim; Jarle Johannessen; Dag Smørvik & Vegard Ytterland (red.),  Biologiske forutsetninger for kulturalisering. Festskrift til Harald Martinsen på 60-årsdagen, 6. juni 2006.  Autismeforeningen i Norge og Psykologisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo.  ISBN 82-569-2332-6.  Kapittel 17.  s 227 - 245
• Strid, Karin; Tjus, Tomas; Smith, Lars; Meltzoff, Andrew N. & Heimann, Mikael (2006). Infant recall memory and communication predicts later cognitive development. Infant Behavior and Development.  ISSN 0163-6383.  29(4), s 545- 553 . doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.07.002 Vis sammendrag

  This longitudinal study investigates the relation between recall memory and communication in infancy and later cognitive development. Twenty-six typically developing Swedish children were tested during infancy for deferred imitation (memory), joint attention (JA), and requesting (nonverbal communication); they also were tested during childhood for language and cognitive competence. Results showed that infants with low performance on both deferred imitation at 9 months and joint attention at 14 months obtained a significantly lower score on a test of cognitive abilities at 4 years of age. This long-term prediction from preverbal infancy to childhood cognition is of interest both to developmental theory and to practice.

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• Drugli, May Britt; Solheim, Elisabet; Lydersen, Stian; Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Berg-Nielsen, Turid Suzanne (2018). Elevated cortisol levels in Norwegian toddlers in childcare.
• Olafsen, Kåre Sten; Ulvund, Stein Erik; Torgersen, Anne Mari; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2018). Temperamental adaptability, persistence, and regularity: Parental ratings of Norwegian infants aged 6 to 12 months, with some implications for preventive practice..
• Smith, Lars (2017). Tilknytning: teori og forskning, I: Liv Mette Gulbrandsen (red.),  Oppvekst og psykologisk utvikling. Innføring i psykologiske perspektiver. 2. utgave.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-02693-0.  5.  s 139 - 178
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Moe, Vibeke & Smith, Lars (2016). Attachment and development in foster children: a prospective and longitudinal follow-up at 8 years.
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Ivarsson, Tord; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2016). Tilknytning hos små fosterbarn: En prospektiv og longitudinell studie.
• Moe, Vibeke; Lindberg, Astri; Moe, Rigmor Grette & Smith, Lars (2016). Tidlig hjelp og utviklingsstøtte til sped- og småbarn, I: Hanne Haavind & Haldor Øvreeide (red.),  Barn og unge i psykoterapi, bind 1.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-48755-0.  10.  s 261 - 298
• Moe, Vibeke; Lindberg, Astri; Moe, Rigmor Grette & Smith, Lars (2016). Tidlig hjelp og utviklingsstøtte til sped- og småbarn., I: Hanne Haavind & Haldor Øvreeide (red.),  Barn og unge i psykoterapi, bind 1.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-48755-0.  10.  s 261 - 298
• Smith, Lars (2016). Epigenetikk, I: Hanne Holme; Ellen Solstad Olavesen; Lisbeth Valla & Marit Bergum Hansen (red.),  Helsestasjonstjenesten: barns psykiske helse og utvikling.  Gyldendal Norsk Forlag A/S.  ISBN 9788205486294.  3.  s 41 - 52
• Verpe, Hege; Skotheim, Siv; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes; Malde, Marian Kjellevold; Stormark, Kjell Morten; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2016). Early discharge and follow-up strategies after childbirth.
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Smith, Lars & Moe, Vibeke (2015). Attachment in young foster children at 2 and 3 years of age and the foster parents state of mind..
• Nordhagen, Thomas; Koch, Katrin & Smith, Lars (2015). Derfor bør man vente. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  52(3), s 240- 241
• Fredriksen, Eivor; Siqveland, Torill; Willis, David; Condon, Marie-Celeste; Eddy, Mark; Smith, Lars; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas & Moe, Vibeke (2014). The Relational Health Screen: A new screening instrument for assessing dyadic quality in parent-child interactions.
• Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Siqveland, Torill; Smith, Lars; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore; Walhovd, Kristine B & Moe, Vibeke (2014). Early language skills in children born to mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems.
• Jacobsen, Heidi; Smith, Lars; Moe, Vibeke; Ivarsson, Tord & Wentzel-Larsen, Tore (2014). Attachment security in young foster children: Continuity from 2 to 3 years of age.
• Slinning, Kari & Smith, Lars (2014, 25. september). Hjerneforsker: Kos på høyre eller venstre side - valget påvirker mor og barn.  Aftenposten.no.
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2013). The effects of an early intervention on maternal confidence in mothers of moderately and late preterm infants- A randomized controlled trial.
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2013). The effects of an early intervention: A randomized controlled trial.
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Kynø, Nina Margrethe; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Lindemann, Rolf; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2013). The effects of an early intervention on maternal confidence in mothers of moderately and late preterm infants- A randomized controlled trial. Quality of Life Research.  ISSN 0962-9343.
• Ravn, Ingrid Helen; Lindemann, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Bunch, Eli Haugen; Sandvik, Leiv & Smith, Lars (2013). Stress hos fedre til moderat og lett premature i barnets første leveår.
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Guedeney, Antoine & Smith, Lars (2012). Early sustained withdrawal in infants, mothers’ mental health, other risk factors, and socio- emotional outcome in infants.
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Slinning, Kari; Moe, Vibeke; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Guedeney, Antoine; Smith, Lars & Heimann, Mikael (2012). Sosial tilbaketrekking hos fullbårne og premature spedbarn. En longitudinell studie.
• Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Guedeney, Antoine; Smith, Lars & Vannebo, Unni Tranaas (2011). Sustained withdrawal at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12 months: A analysis of a Norwegian validation study of the Alarm Baby Scale.
• Kaale, Anett; Smith, Lars; Sponheim, Eili & Nordahl Hansen, Anders Johan (2011). Joint Engagement and Joint attention during mother-child and preschool teacher-child play: similarities and differences.
• Heimann, Mikael; Moe, Vibeke; Vannebo, Unni Tranaas; Slinning, Kari; Braarud, Hanne Cecilie; Guedeney, Antoine & Smith, Lars (2010). Sustained withdrawal at 3-, 6-, and 9-months: A first analysis of a Norwegian validation study of the Alarm Distress Baby Scale.
• Siqveland, Torill; Haabrekke, Kristin Johanne; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Walhovd, Kristine B; Bjørnebekk, Astrid; Fjell, Anders Martin & Smith, Lars (2010). Neurocognitive and socioemotional development in children born to mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders: Biological-social interaction effects.
• Walhovd, Kristine B; Moe, Vibeke; Slinning, Kari; Sigveland, Torill; Fjell, Anders M; Bjørnebekk, Astrid & Smith, Lars (2009). Effects of prenatal opiate exposure on brain development - a call for attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.  ISSN 1471-003X.  10(5), s 390- 390 . doi: 10.1038/nrn2598-c1
• Moe, Vibeke; Smith, Lars & Braarud, Hanne Cecilie (2008). The relation between a cumulative optimality index and the quality of mother-infant interaction at age 3 months: Mothers with or without a history of substance abuse and mental health problems.
• Smith, Lars; Backer, K.C.; Grotnes, B.; Rydland, V. & Urnes, H. (2008). The relation of joint attention and early language skills: Differential methods yield differential results.
• Torkildsen, Janne von Koss; Thormodsen, Rune; Syversen, Gro; Smith, Lars & Lindgren, Magnus (2008). Brain correlates of non-verbal communicative comprehension in 20-24-month-olds.
• Smith, Lars (2007). Om betydningen av felles oppmerksomhet og mentalisering i spedbarnsalderen.
• Syversen, Gro; Smith, Lars; Torkildsen, Janne Von Koss & Lindgren, Magnus (2006). Investigating early language: event-related potentials as a window into semantic memory in children at age 24 months.
• Henriksen, Christine; Haugholdt, Kristin; Aurvåg, Anne K; Rønnestad, Arild; Grønn, Morten; Solberg, Rønnaug; Nakstad, Britt; Smith, Lars; Lindgren, Magnus; Iversen, Per Ole & Drevon, Christian A (2006). Early supplementation of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid and congnitive function. A ranomized, double-blind trial in preterm infants.

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