Eva Elisabeth Aspaas Skoe

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2014). Measuring care-based moral development: The ethic of care interview. Behavioral Development Bulletin.  ISSN 1942-0722.  19(3), s 95- 104
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2014). Religion and Morality, In Lars Johan Danbolt; Leif Gunnar Engedal; Hans Stifoss-Hanssen; Knut Hestad & Lars Lien (ed.),  Religionspsykologi.  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 978-82-05-41634-5.  13.  s 189 - 202
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2013). The Ethic of Care: Theory and Research, In  Handbook of Educational Theories.  Information Age Publishing.  ISBN 978-1-61735-866-1.  51.  s 615 - 628
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2010). The relationship between empathy-related constructs and care-based moral development in young adulthood. Journal of Moral Education.  ISSN 0305-7240.  39(2), s 191- 211 . doi: 10.1080/03057241003754930
• Adshead, G.; Brown, C.; Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Glover, J. & Nicholson, S. (2008). Studying moral reasoning in forensic psychiatric patients, In G. Widdershoven; J. McMillan; T. Hope & L. van der Scheer (ed.),  Empirical ethics in psychiatry.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-019-929736-8.  Kapittel 14.  s 211 - 230
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2008). Care, Inventory of (Ethic of Care Interview), In F. Clark Power; R. J. Nuzzi; D. Narvaez; D. K. Lapsley & T. C. Hunt (ed.),  Moral Education: A Handbook. Volume 1. A-L.  Praeger.  ISBN 978-0-313-34646-0.  kapittel C.  s 57 - 58
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2008). Why care? Moral Development and Religious Experience, In U. van der Heyden & A. Feldtkeller (ed.),  Border Crossings: Explorations of an Interdisciplinary Historian. Festschrift for Irving Hexham.  Franz Steiner Verlag.  ISBN 978-3-515-09145-9.  Kapittel.  s 287 - 303
• Pratt, Michael W.; Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Arnold, Mary Louise (2004). Care reasoning development and family socialisation patterns in later adolescence: A longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Development.  ISSN 0165-0254.  28, s 139- 147
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Cumberland, A.; Eisenberg, N.; Hansen, K. & Perry, J (2002). The influences of sex and gender-role identity on moral cognition and prosocial personality traits. Sex Roles.  ISSN 0360-0025.  46(9-10), s 295- 309
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Eisenberg, N. & Cumberland, A. (2002). The role of reported emotion in real-life and hypothetical dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.  ISSN 0146-1672.  28, s 962- 973 Vis sammendrag

  To form a more complete picture of the complexity that underlies human morality, the connection between emotion and moral thought in 209 men and women was examined. Participants rated the importance of one real-life and three hypothetical moral dilemmas and their feelings while making decisions about the dilemmas. The responses on these dilemmas also were scored for their care and justice orientations. Results showed that feeling upset and sympathy were uniquely positively related to dilemma importance. In the real-life situations, sympathy and anger uniquely predicted both care (positively) and justice (negatively) orientations. Relational real-life dilemmas evoked more emotions than did non-relational ones. In general, women scored higher than men on emotions when considering moral dilemmas.

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Lippe, Anna Louise von der (2002). Ego development and the ethics of care and justice: The relations among them revisited. Journal of personality.  ISSN 0022-3506.  70, s 485- 507 Vis sammendrag

  This study examined the links among ego development and the ethics of care and justice in 144 Norwegian men and women, 15 to 48 years old, taking into consideration age, sex, education and verbal intelligence. As expected, the relationship between Loevinger's model of ego development and care-based moral reasoning as measured with Skoe's Ethic of Care Interview (ECI) was significantly stronger than the one between ego development and justice as measured with Rest's Defining Issues Test (DIT). Both ethics correlated significantly with verbal ability. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that beyond its overlap with verbal intelligence the variance shared between the ECI and ego development was substantial. By contrast, when verbal intelligence was controlled, the DIT was not significantly related to ego development or to the care ethic.

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Hansen, K.L.; Mørch, W.; Bakke, I.; Hoffman, T; Larsen, B & Aasheim, M (1999). Care-based moral reasoning in Norwegian and Canadian early adolescents: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Early Adolescence.  ISSN 0272-4316.  19(2), s 280- 291
• Teigen, Karl Halvor; Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Lindgren, T. & Storjord, T. (1999). Psykologien og sjelen: Norske og amerikanske psykologistudenters oppfatninger av begrepet sjel hos mennesker og dyr. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening.  ISSN 0332-6470.  36, s 412- 421
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (1998). Ethic of care: Issues in moral development, In Eva Elisabeth Aspaas Skoe & Anna Louise von der Lippe (ed.),  Personality Development in Adolescence.  Routledge Mental Health.  ISBN 0-415-13506-0.  Kapittel 7.  s 143 - 171
• Mørch, W. & Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (1996). Use of force with mentally retarded individuals. International Journal of Practical Approaches to Disability.  ISSN 1205-4291.  20, s 19- 23
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Pratt, M.W.; Matthews, M. & Curror, S. (1996). The ethic of care: Stability over time, gender differences and correlates in mid to late adulthood. Psychology and Aging.  ISSN 0882-7974.  11, s 280- 292
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (1995). Sex role orientation and its relationship to the development of identity and moral thought. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.  ISSN 0036-5564.  36, s 235- 245
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Diessner, R. (1994). Ethic of care, justice, identity and gender: An extension and replication. Merrill-Palmer quarterly.  ISSN 0272-930X.  40, s 109- 117
• Sochting, I; Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Marcia, J. E. (1994). Care-oriented moral reasoning and prosocial behavior: A question of gender or sex role orientation. Sex Roles.  ISSN 0360-0025.  31(3/4), s 131- 147
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Gooden, A. (1993). Ethic of care and real-life moral dilemma content in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence.  ISSN 0272-4316.  13(2), s 154- 167
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Marcia, J. E. (1991). A care-based measure of morality and its relation to ego identity. Merrill-Palmer quarterly.  ISSN 0272-930X.  37(2), s 289- 304
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Ksionzky, S (1985). Target personality characteristics and self-disclosure: An exploratory study. Journal of Clinical Psychology.  ISSN 0021-9762.  41, s 14- 21

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• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Lippe, Anna Louise von der (ed.) (1998). Personality Development in Adolescence. Routledge Mental Health.  ISBN 0-415-13506-0.  218 s.

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• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Eisenberg, N. & Neset, S. (2007). The role of emotion in moral dilemmas: A cross national comparison.
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Eisenberg, N. & Neset, S. (2007). The role of moral emotions in real-life and hypothetical moral dilemmas among Norwegian men and women.
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (2006). The Ethic of Care Interview: Administration and scoring.
• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas; Eisenberg, Nancy & Neset, Siri (2005). The role of reported emotion in real-life moral dilemmas among Norwegian young adults.
• Pratt, M.W.; Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Arnold, M. L. (2002). Comparing ethics of care and justice reasoning development in adolescence: A longitudinal and family background analysis. Vis sammendrag

  Skoe (1998) has developed an interview measure that assesses levels of reasoning about the needs of self and others in relationships, the Ethic of Care Interview or ECI, based on a developmental conception of care reasoning first articulated by Carol Gilligan (1982). In an initial longitudinal study in adolescence, we investigated the development and background correlates of ECI reasoning, and explored the patterns of similarities and differences between this measure and Kohlberg's standard interview measure of justice reasoning (MJI). A sample of 35 middle-class, intact Canadian families and their adolescent son (N = 16) or daughter (N = 19) participated when children were aged on average 16 and then 20. Results showed that the ECI and MJI were substantially positively related (rs = .40-.50), but by no means identical. Both showed significant developmental increases from ages 16 to 20, but no average gender differences. Analyses showed that children's valuing of kindness for the self and their perceptions of the family environment as more caring as measured in family stories were more closely linked to care reasoning. The ECI was also a better predictor of prosocial behavior at age 20 than was the MJI. Nevertheless, patterns of prediction for most of the family and parenting measures at age 16 seemed to be quite parallel for the two moral reasoning measures at age 20, suggesting that these two reasoning domains are quite parallel, but distinct in certain ways.

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Pratt, M.W. (2002). Care reasoning: A longitudinal study of its development and relations to community involvement in later adolescence. Vis sammendrag

  Over the past 20 years, care reasoning has been increasingly recognized as an important aspect of moral development. Skoe has developed an interview measure of levels of care reasoning about the needs of self and other in relationships, the Ethic of Care Interview or ECI. In the present longitudinal research, we investigated developmental changes and family correlates of reasoning about care issues in a family study of 32 adolescents (aged 16 and then 20 years). There were no gender differences on the ECI for these adolescents, but there was a significant increase in scores over time, as expected. Care reasoning levels at ages 16 and 20 were significant predictors of volunteering behavior in males (but not females). Also, parenting factors when children were age 16 (i.e., parents' emphasis on caring in their family stories) were associated with higher levels of care reasoning in adolescents at age 20, consistent with theoretical expectations.

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas & Lippe, Anna Louise von der (1998). Preface, In Eva Elisabeth Aspaas Skoe & Anna Louise von der Lippe (ed.),  Personality Development in Adolescence.  Routledge Mental Health.  ISBN 0-415-13506-0.  Forord.  s xii - xvii
• Lippe, Anna Louise von der & Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (1989). Do moral and ego developments follow the same path?. Vis sammendrag

  Do moral and ego developments follow the same path? Anna von der Lippe University of Oslo Eva Skoe University of Tromso Cathrin Ringdal Nina Stenberg Odd Sivert Svanes University of Oslo (Abstract) Two kinds of moral development, justice and care ethics, and ego development were studied in a Norwegian population of 166 individuals, covering an age span from 15 to 67 years. Ethic of care was measured by Skoe¿s Ethic of Care Interview and ethic of justice by Rest¿s Defining Issues Test. Ego development was assessed by Loevinger¿s Washington University Sentence Completion Test. The relationship between care ethic and ego development was considerably stronger than the relationship between justice ethic and ego development, especially for men. Different correlates of the two types of ethics and ego development could was also observed, suggesting that the three types of personality developments may follow different paths. Several correlates of moral and ego development were investigated: age, education, verbal ability, empathy, mature defenses, negative life events and narcissim No gender differences were found on any of the measures except for one empathy subtest (empathetic concenr), where women scored higher than men. Ethic of care was related to verbal ability, education, and empathic perspective taking, and to seeing positive aspects of negative events. It was negatively related to entitlement attitudes of nacissism. Ethic of justice was related to education, to verbal ability and to narcissim, especially to the authority and exhibitionism subscales. Age was negatively and linearly related to ethic of justice, as was, number of sisters and empathic concern. While ethic of care seems to develop with empathy and mature defenses, ethic of justice develops with narcissism and decreases with age. Age was unrelated to ethic of care and ego development in this study of adults. Ego development was related to education, verbal ability, empathic perspectice taking, number of life events, seeing potential in negative events and to plan a course of action to cope with the event. Thus, both ethic of care and ego development covaried with intelligence, education, empathy and mature defenses. In addition, ego development seemed to develop from having to cope with challenging and negative life events. This was not the case for either of the two types of moral development. By comparison, while justice ethic also was related to cognitive development, it was not related to positive personality development in this study. Implications of the main finding that ethic of care and ethic of justice follow somewhat different paths of development are discussed. Words: 416.

• Skoe, Eva Elisabeth Aspaas (1986). The development and partial validation of a care-based measure of moral development. Newsletter of the Canadian Psychological Association, Section of Women and Psychology.  11(1), s 18- 27

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