Knut Hagvet

Professor Emeritus
Image of Knut Hagvet
Mobile phone +47 90926897
Available hours By agreement
Username
Visiting address Forskningsveien 3A Harald Schjelderups building 0737 OSLO
Postal address Box 1094 Blindern 0317 OSLO

Academic interests

  • Applied statistics and psychometrics: Structural equation modelingG

  • Generalizability theory

  • Research methodology

  • Construct validity

  • Test anxiety

Higher education and employment history

  • Cand.paed. (1969) and dr. philos (1985).

  • Appointed professor of Psychology (Research Methodology and Psychometrics), University of Bergen, Norway (1992).

  • Professor with tenure position at College of Education,  REMS program; Research, Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA (1999-2001).

  • President for the Society for Test Anxiety Research (1988-1989) (Later renamed to Stress and Anxiety Research Society).

  • Recipient of the 25th Fulbright-Hays Jubilee Scholarship from the U.S. Norway Fulbright Foundation for Educational Exchange (1975).

  • Studied multivariate statistics at the University of New York at Buffalo (1975-76), the Teaching Award from the Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway (1996) and the Lifetime Career Award 2006 from the Stress and Anxiety Research Society.

  • Membership of The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, 1996).

  • Supervised several Master and PhD theses in Norway and abroad

Tags: Methodology, Emeritus

Publications

  • Bjørk, Ida Torunn; Larsen, Karin; Ravik, Monika; Reierson, Inger Åse; Sommer, Irene & Stenholt, Britta [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Development and Testing of an Instrument for Summative Assessment of Practical Skill Performance: A Generalizability Theory Approach. Journal of Nursing Measurement. ISSN 1061-3749. 13(Sept). doi: 10.1891/JNM-D-20-00003.
  • Høglend, Per Andreas & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2019). Change mechanisms in psychotherapy: Both improved insight and improved affective awareness are necessary. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. ISSN 0022-006X. 87(4), p. 332–344. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000381.
  • Hukkelberg, Silje Sommer; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Kovac, Velibor Bobo (2014). Latent interaction effects in the Theory of Planned Behavior applied to quitting smoking. British Journal of Health Psychology. ISSN 1359-107X. 19(1), p. 83–100. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12034.
  • Øktedalen, Tuva; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Hoffart, Asle; Langkaas, Tomas Formo & Smucker, Mervin (2014). The Trauma Related Shame Inventory: Measuring Trauma-Related Shame Among Patients with PTSD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. ISSN 0882-2689. 36(4), p. 600–615. doi: 10.1007/s10862-014-9422-5.
  • Storå, Bent Olav; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Heyerdahl, Sonja (2014). Observations of families in structured interactions: Parenting therapists provide reliable ratings of mothers' parenting. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 55(1), p. 65–71. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12086.
  • Foldnes, Njål & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2014). The Choice of Product Indicators in Latent Variable Interaction Models: Post Hoc Analyses. Psychological methods. ISSN 1082-989X. 19(3), p. 444–457. doi: 10.1037/a0035728.
  • Storå, Bent Olav; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Heyerdahl, Sonja (2013). Reliability of observers' subjective impressions of families: A generalizability theory approach. Psychotherapy Research. ISSN 1050-3307. 23(4), p. 448–463. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2012.733830.
  • Dundas, Ingrid; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Wormnes, Bjørn & Hauge, Helge (2013). Does self-hypnosis add to the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention against test anxiety? Nordic Psychology. ISSN 1901-2276. 65(3), p. 224–241. doi: 10.1080/19012276.2013.824203.
  • Føllesdal, Hallvard & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2013). Does emotional intelligence as ability predict transformational leadership? A multilevel approach. Leadership Quarterly. ISSN 1048-9843. 24(5), p. 747–762. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.07.004.
  • Lorentzen, Steinar; Bakali, Jan-Vegard; Hersoug, Anne Grete; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ruud, Torleif & Høglend, Per Andreas (2012). Psychodynamic group psychotherapy: Impact of group lenght and therapist professional characteristics on development of therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. ISSN 1063-3995. 19(5), p. 420–433. doi: 10.1002/cpp.758.
  • Øktedalen, Tuva & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2011). A Revised Version of the Norwegian Adaptation of the Test Anxiety Inventory in a Heterogeneous Population. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. 55(5), p. 475–487. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2010.537688.
  • Gjestad, Rolf; Franck, Johan; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Haver, Brit (2011). Level and change in alcohol consumption, depression, and dysfunctional attitudes among female treated for alcohol addiction. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 46(3), p. 292–300. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agr018.
  • Von Soest, Tilmann & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2011). Mediation Analysis in a Latent Growth Curve Modeling Framework. Structural Equation Modeling. ISSN 1070-5511. 18(2), p. 289–314. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2011.557344.
  • Pedersen, Geir G.; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Karterud, Sigmund (2011). Interpersonal Problems: Self-Therapist Agreement and Therapist Consensus. Journal of Clinical Psychology. ISSN 0021-9762. 67(3), p. 308–317. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20762.
  • Bakali, Jan-Vegard; Wilberg, Theresa; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Lorentzen, Steinar (2010). Sources accounting for alliance and cohesion at three stages in group psychotherapy: Variance component analyses. Group Dynamics. ISSN 1089-2699. 14(4), p. 368–383. doi: 10.1037/a0019170.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Generalizability teori. In Martinussen, Monica (Eds.), Kvantitativ forskningsmetodologi i samfunns- og helsefag. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 978-82-450-0888-3. p. 89–119.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Strukturelle likningsmodeller: Målingsmodell og regresjonsmodell. In Martinussen, Monica (Eds.), Kvantitativ forskningsmetodologi i samfunns- og helsefag. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 978-82-450-0888-3. p. 285–314.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ye, Renmin; Man, Frantisek; Pal, Suchitra & Sharma, Sagar (2010). Inquiry into a domain of worry cognitions in test anxiety research. Cognitie, Creier, Comportament. ISSN 1224-8398. p. 365–399.
  • Garthus-Niegel, Susan; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Vollrath, Margarete E. (2010). A prospective study of weight development and behavior problems in toddlers: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-626.
  • Nasser-Abu Alhija, Fadia & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2009). Assessing generalizability and interpretability in multilevel data structures with unbalanced multifacet measurement. In Teo, Timothy & Khine, Myint Swe (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling in Educational Research. Concepts and Applications. Brill|Sense. ISSN 978-90-8790-787-7. p. 79–101.
  • Føllesdal, Hallvard & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2009). Emotional Intelligence: The MSCEIT from the perspective of generalizability theory. Intelligence. ISSN 0160-2896. 37(1), p. 94–105. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2008.08.005.
  • Stochl, Jan; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Brozova, H.; Roth, J; Ruzicka, E. & Ruzicka, E (2009). Handedness does not predict side of onset of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders. ISSN 0885-3185. 24(12), p. 1836–1839. doi: 10.1002/mds.22653.
  • Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Innstrand, Siw Tone; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Falkum, Erik & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2009). The relationship between burnout and musculoskeletal pain in seven Norwegian occupational groups. Work : A journal of Prevention, Assesment and rehabilitation. ISSN 1051-9815. 32(2), p. 179–188. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2009-0804.
  • Pecha, Ondrej; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Stochl, Jan & Cechovska, I. (2009). Generalizability of assessing fundamental aquatic skills: A three-facet design. Kinanthropologica Journal. ISSN 1212-1428. 45(2), p. 119–131.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Høglend, Per Andreas (2008). Assessing precision of change scores in psychodynamic psychotherapy: A generalizability theory approach. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. ISSN 0748-1756. 41, p. 162–178.
  • Idsøe, Thormod; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Bru, Edvin; Midthassel, Unni Vere & Knardahl, Stein (2008). Antecedents and outcomes of intervention program participation and task priority change among school psychology counselors: A latent variable growth framework. Journal of School Psychology. ISSN 0022-4405. 46(1), p. 23–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.001.
  • Ødegård, Atle; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Bjørkly, Stål (2008). Applying aspects of generalizability theory in preliminary validation of the multifacet interprofessional collaboration model (PINCOM). International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC). ISSN 1568-4156. 8(Oct-Dec), p. 1–11.
  • Pecha, Ondrej; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Kovar, Karel (2008). The Influence of Occasions and Clustered Raters on Reliability of Ratings of Item Relevance: Generalizability Theory Approach. Submitted. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. ISSN 1091-367X.
  • Proost, Karin; Derous, Eva; Schreurs, Bert; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Witte, Karel de (2008). Selection test anxiety: Investigating applicants' self- vs other-referenced anxiety in a real selection setting. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. ISSN 0965-075X. 16(1), p. 14–26.
  • Niegel, Susan; Ystrøm, Eivind; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Vollrath, Margarete E. (2008). Difficult temperament, breastfeeding and their mutual prospective effects: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. ISSN 0196-206X. 29(6), p. 458–462. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181877a88.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Hanin, Juri, L. (2007). Consistency of Performance-Related Emotions in Elite Athletes: Generalizability theory applied to the IZOF model. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 8(1), p. 47–72. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.12.002.
  • Pedersen, Geir; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Karterud, Sigmund (2007). Generalizability studies of the Global Assessment of Functioning - Split version. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 48, p. 88–94. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.008.
  • Falkum, Erik; Langballe, Ellen Melbye; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Innstrand, Siw Tone & Aasland, Olaf Gjerløw (2006). The factorial validity of the Oldenburg Burnout inventory across occupations. Submitted. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1015-5759.
  • Hagtvet, Bente Eriksen; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Lyster, Solveig-Alma Halaas (2006). Longitudinal Connection Between Oral and Written Language Skills in Children at Risk for Dylexia. Submitted. Developmental Psychology. ISSN 0012-1649.
  • Monsen, Jon Trygve; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Havik, Odd E. & Eilertsen, Dag-Erik (2006). Circumplex Structure and Personality Disorders Correlates of the Interpersonal Problems Model (IIP-C): Construct validity and clinical implications. Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1040-3590. 18(2), p. 165–173. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.165.
  • Halvorsen, Margrethe Seeger; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Monsen, Jon Trygve (2006). The reliability of self-image change scores in psychotherapy research: An application of generalizability theory. Psychotherapy. ISSN 0033-3204. 43, p. 308–321.
  • Nasser, Fadia M. & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2006). Multilevel analysis of the effects of student and instructor/course characteristics on student ratings. Research in Higher Education. ISSN 0361-0365. 47(5), p. 559–590.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Solhaug, Trond (2005). A two-facet measurement methodology for assessing item parcels. An application to measuring political knowledge in secondary school. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. p. 399–417.
  • Stuchlikova, Iva; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Man, Frantisek (2005). Dotaznik k mereni afektivnich stavu: Konfirmacni faktorova a analyza kratke ceske verze [A confirmatory factor analysis of the short Czech version of the Profile of Mood States]. Ceskoslovenská Psychologie. ISSN 0009-062X. 5, p. 459–469.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Sipos, Kornel (2004). Measuring anxiety by ordered categorical items in data with subgroup structure: The case of the Hungarian version of the Trait Anxiety scale of the State-trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC-H). Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. ISSN 1061-5806. 17, p. 49–67.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Nasser, Fadia M. (2004). How well do item parcels represent conceptually defined latent constructs? A two-facet approch. Structural Equation Modeling. ISSN 1070-5511. 11(2), p. 168–193.
  • Kim, Sooyeon & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2003). The impact of misspecified item parceling on representing latent variables in covariance structure modeling: A simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling. ISSN 1070-5511. 10(1), p. 101–127.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Man, Frantisek & Sharma, Sagar (2001). Generalizability of self-related cognitions in test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences. ISSN 0191-8869. 31, p. 1147–1171.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Zuo, L. (2000). Conceptual and Empirical Components of an Internal Domain Study: An illustration in terms of the Achievement Motives Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. 44(1), p. 49–78.
  • Engelsen, Birthe, K. & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (1999). The dimensionality of the 12-item version of the Eating Attitudes Test. Confirmatory factor analyses. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 40(4), p. 293–300.
  • Engelsen, Birthe, K. & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (1999). A generalizability study of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) in non-clinical adolescents. Eating and Weight Disorders. ISSN 1124-4909. 4(4), p. 179–186.

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  • Kozelka, Pavel; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Stuchlikova, Iva & Man, Frantisek (2013). Diagnostika motivace u deti a dospivajicich: predbezna validizacw ceske verze “On-line Motivation Questionnaire”. [Assessment of motivation in children and adolescents: Preliminary validation of the Czech version of “On-line motivation Questionnaire”]. In Jost, J., Man, F., & Nohavova, A. (Eds.) Podpora zdravého psychického vývoje z aspektu dítěte a učitele [Facilitation of health development from the viewpoint of child and adolescent] (pp 85 - 108). Praha:Eduko. EDUKO. ISBN 978-80-87204-66-5. 167 p.

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  • Storå, Bent Olav; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Heyerdahl, Sonja (2014). Assessing reliability of family interactions: The Choice of relevant estimation models.
  • Øktedalen, Tuva; Hoffart, Asle; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Formo Langkaas, Tomas (2014). Process of change in shame, guilt and anger with symptoms of PTSD in a RCT.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Stuchlikova, Iva & Man, Frantisek (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis With multifacet error structure.
  • Foldnes, Njål & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2014). The Choice of Product indicators in latent variable interaction models.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2014). Måling av latente variabler: Idè og anvendelser basert på generalizability teori.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2014). Distinguished Spielberger address: Does our measurement model match our constructs? A revisit to different types of indicator of latent variables.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2014). Generalizability Theory. In Michalos, Alex C. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer. ISSN 978-94-007-0752-8. p. 2497–2499.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Mossige, Svein & von Soest, Tillman (2012). The choice between formative and reflective indicators? The latent variables anxiety, depression and sexual harassment.
  • Øktedalen, Tuva; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Hoffart, Asle & Langkaas, Tomas Formo (2012). Using multivariate generalizability for assessing psychometric properties of Trauma Related Fear Inventory (TRFI).
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2012). Monte Carlo simulation based on real datasets: Post Hoc Power Analysis. .
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Sipos, Kornel (2011). Creating short forms for construct measures: Methodological challenges.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Mossige, Svein; Børretzen, Suzanne & von Soest, Tilmann (2011). Formative and reflective measurement models: Illustrations and methodological challenges.
  • Øktedalen, Tuva & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2011). Factor analysis in a heterogeneous population: The case of a revised version of the Norwegian Test Anxiety Inventory.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2011). A synopsis of professor Hans-Magne Eikelands work in psychomtrics. [Internet]. http://www.duo.uio.no/pub/psykologi/2011/131995/Synopsis-Hag.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Innføring i Structural Equation Modeling.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Måling av latente variabler i sosialpsykologisk forskning.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Målingsteori i psykiatrisk forsking.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Workshop on Structural Equation Modeling med Lisrel.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Five days workshop on Measurement and Generalizability Theory.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Workshop on Generalizability theory.
  • Dundas, Ingrid; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Wormnes, Bjørn & Hauge, Helge (2010). Testing interventions against test anxiety.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Creating short forms for construct measures: Methodological considerations reconsidered.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2010). Creating short forms for construct measures: Methodological considerations reconsidered.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Mossige, Svein; von Soest, Tillman & Børretzen, Suzanne (2009). Formative and reflective measurement models: Challenges and illustrations.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Proost, Karin; Derous, Eva; Schreurs, Bert & de Witte, Karel (2009). The differential relationships of self-referenced and other-referenced anxiety to cognitive test performance.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Sharma, Sagar; Man, Frantisek; Ye, Renmin; Hageler, Kari & Sanches, Kathryn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). Still a need to explore the measurement domain of test anxiety. Symposium.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ye, Renmin & Pal, Shuchitra (2007). A joint application of generalizability theory and structural equation modeling serving construct definition. Invited lecture at Division of Research Methodology, Department of Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague. June.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2007). Creating short forms for construct measures: Methodological considerations. Invited lecture at Division of Research Methodology, Department of Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague. December.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Ye, Renmin (2007). A Joint Application of Generalizability Theory and Structural Equation Modeling Serving Construct Definition. .
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ye, Renmin & Pal, Shuchitra (2006). Assessing group comparability of construct representation in cross cultural research applying a multilevel generalizability analysis.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ye, Renmin & Sanchez, K. (2006). Assessing group comparability by a multifacet construct representing design. Accepted for presentation at the Annual Meeting for the American Educational Research Association, Division D: Measurement and Research Methodology;Section 1: Measurement, Psychometrics and Assessment.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Stuchlikova, Iva & Man, Frantisek (2005). Measuring positive and negative emotions. The application of the two-facet model in testing the PANAS hierarchical structure.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Ye, Renmin & Sanchez, K. (2005). Can unidimensional one-facet measures be too restrictive for construct representation?
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2005). Construct inferences in construct - based research. Presentation given at the Invited Roundtable Discussion at the 26th International Conference of the Stress and Anxiety Research Society.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Hageler, Kari (2004). The role of domain definition in measuring psychological constructs: Worry cognitions and evaluative situational context in test anxiety.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2004). An introduction to growth curve modeling (Vekstkurveanalyser - en introduksjon).
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Hanin, Juri, L. (2004). Idiosyncratic emotion profiling in elite athletes: An application of the generalizability theory perspective.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Man, Frantisek (2004). Using generalizability theory to estimate item order effects in multifacet measurement designs.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2004). Assessment of psychological constructs in the framework of generalizability theory: Different applications.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2004). Assessment of psychological constructs in the framework of generalizability theory: Different applications.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2004). The role of domain definition in measuring psychological constructs: Worry Cognitions and evaluative situational context in test anxiety.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2004). Psychometrics in Psychiatry.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2003). Researching psychological constructs by means of multifacet designs and generalizability theory.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2003). Psychological measurement with reference to "validity and reliability of assessment methods".
  • Hagtvet, Bente Eriksen; Hagtvet, Knut Arne; Horn, Erna & Lyster, Solveig-Alma Halaas (2003). Connections between spoken and written language: Early precursors of written language problems.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Frantisek, Man (2003). Failure outcome expectancies measured in an evaluative sport context.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2002). Psychometrics in Psychiatry.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2002). Konseptuelle og metodologiske utfordringer ved måling og analyse av psykologiske variabler.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2001). Item parceling in SEM: Applications to measuring test anxiety.
  • Grova, Bjørg; Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Torgersen, Anne Mari (2001). Developmental trends in sleep behavior: A twin study across 30 years.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne & Kim, Sooyeon (2000). Assessing the effects of item parceling in Structural Equation Modeling: A simulation study.
  • Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2000). Differences in test anxiety between students in Norway, Czech Republic and Northern India.
  • Storå, Bent Olav; Heyerdahl, Sonja & Hagtvet, Knut Arne (2013). Global observations of mother's parenting practices in structured family interactions. Generalizability and validity of therapists and coder ratings. Unipub forlag.

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Published Sep. 21, 2010 10:03 AM - Last modified May 5, 2015 12:36 PM