Ingunn Olea Lund

• Bukten, Anne; Lokdam, Nicoline Toresen; Skjærvø, Ingeborg; Ugelvik, Thomas; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova & Gabrhelík, Roman [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2022). PriSUD-Nordic—Diagnosing and Treating Substance Use Disorders in the Prison Population: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Research Protocols. ISSN 1929-0748. 11(3). doi: 10.2196/35182.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Andersen, Njål; Handal, Marte; Ask, Helga; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Parental drinking, mental health and education, and extent of offspring’s healthcare utilisation for anxiety/depression: A HUNT survey and registry study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/14034948221076212. Show summary

  Aims: Certain risk constellations of parental drinking, mental health and years of education are prospectively associated with offspring’s risk for a diagnosis of anxiety/depression, but it remains unknown how they may relate to other aspects of offspring’s mental health. We examined whether such risk constellations were also prospectively associated with the extent of offspring’s utilisation of healthcare services for anxiety/depression. Methods: The sample included 8773 adolescent offspring of 6696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway. The exposures consisted of five parental risk constellations characterised by drinking frequencies and quantities, years of education and mental health previously derived based on the parental self-reports using latent profile analysis. The outcomes were the number of years in contact, and the total number of consultations/visits, with healthcare services for anxiety/depression in adolescents and young adults as recorded in healthcare registries in the period 2008–2014. Associations were examined using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, accounting for demographics and offspring’s early mental health. Results: Parental risk constellations were not significantly associated with the extent of offspring’s healthcare utilisation for anxiety/depression during the seven-year study period, neither in respect of number of years nor in number of contacts. Conclusions: Offspring of four risky constellations were no more likely to use healthcare services for longer time periods or have more consultations/visits than offspring of the lowest-risk constellation. Parental risk constellations appear more informative for understanding disorder aetiology than for understanding management and treatment of anxiety and depression during adolescence and early adulthood.

• Burdzovic Andreas, Jasmina; Torvik, Fartein Ask & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2021). Parental binge drinking and offspring’s high school non-completion: A prospective HUNT survey and educational registry study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 230, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109189. Full text in Research Archive
• Odsbu, Ingvild; Mahic, Milada; Skurtveit, Svetlana Ondrasova; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2021). An 11-year nationwide registry-linkage study of opioid maintenance treatment in pregnancy in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi. ISSN 0803-2491. 29(1-2), p. 63–70. doi: 10.5324/nje.v29i1-2.4047. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Aim: We aimed to describe opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) to pregnant women in Norway and study the background characteristics of the pregnant women compared to the general population of pregnant women and to a previous clinical cohort study of OMT in pregnancy. Methods: Population-based cohort study with linked data from the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry, the Norwegian Prescription Database, the Norwegian Patient Registry, and Statistics Norway. The study population consisted of women giving birth between 2005-2015 in Norway. We defined OMT pregnancies as pregnancies where the woman was dispensed OMT medications (methadone, buprenorphine, or buprenorphine/ naloxone) at least once during pregnancy. Results: The study population consisted of 420,808 women with 645,440 pregnancies ending in a live birth in Norway in 2005-2015 (the general pregnant population). Of these, 261 women (0.6‰) had altogether 306 OMT pregnancies. The mean number of pregnancies was 28 OMT pregnancies per year and quite stable during the study period. Women with OMT pregnancies were older, smoked tobacco more frequently, had lower education, and fewer of them had a partner, compared to the general population of pregnant women. In most pregnancies, the women were treated with buprenorphine (n=183 (59.8%)), while in 120 (39.2%) pregnancies, the woman received methadone. From 2008, buprenorphine replaced methadone as the most frequently used drug. In only 38 (12.4%) pregnancies, OMT treatment was initiated in pregnancy. In 201 (66%) pregnancies, the woman used OMT medications in all trimesters. For these women, the mean amount of dispensed drug was 3.4 DDD/day (85 mg/day) in pregnancy for methadone and 1.9 DDD/day (15.2 mg/day) for buprenorphine. Conclusion: The number of OMT pregnancies per year has been low and stable in the period 2005-2015. Following Norwegian recommendations, there has been a shift from treatment with methadone towards buprenorphine. The women receiving OMT during pregnancy had more risk factors for adverse outcomes than the general pregnant population but were quite similar to the previous clinical cohort.

• Burdzovic, Jasmina; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte & Martinez, Priscilla [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Parental Risk Constellations and Future Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in Offspring: A Combined HUNT Survey and Health Registries Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. ISSN 0893-164X. doi: 10.1037/adb0000681. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective: We examined the risk of developing a future alcohol use disorder (AUD) among offspring of families with different constellations of parental risk factors. Method: We analyzed a sample of 8,774 offspring (50.2% male) from 6,696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway when offspring were 13–19 years old in 1995–1997 or 2006–2008. Based on population registry information and parental Nord-Trøndelag Health Study self-reports, families were classified via Latent Profile Analysis into fiver risk constellations reflecting parents’ education, drinking quantities and frequencies, and mental health. Information about AUD-related diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions for all offspring in the period between 2008 and 2016 was obtained from 3 national health registries and pooled to reflect any AUD. The likelihood of AUD in offspring was examined with a set of nested logistic regression models. Results: Registry records yielded 186 AUD cases (2.1%). Compared with the lowest-risk constellation, offspring from two constellations were more likely to present with AUD in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for all covariates, including offspring’s alcohol consumption and witnessing parental intoxication during adolescence, AUD risk remained elevated and statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.85) for offspring from the constellation characterized by at least weekly binge drinking, low education, and poor mental health in both parents. Conclusion: Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment.

• Andersen, Njål; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). The emerging COVID-19 research: dynamic and regularly updated science maps and analyses. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. ISSN 1472-6947. 20, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12911-020-01321-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Njål & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). Mapping the literature on parents with mental illness, across psychiatric sub-disciplines: A bibliometric review. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 20. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02825-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Gabrhelik, Roman; Mahic, Milada; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bramness, Jørgen; Selmer, Randi Marie & Skovlund, Eva [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Cannabis Use during Pregnancy and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. doi: 10.1159/000510821. Full text in Research Archive
• Bukten, Anne; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kinner, Stuart A.; Rognli, Eline Borger; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia & Muller, Ashley Elizabeth [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Factors associated with drug use in prison – results from the Norwegian offender mental health and addiction (NorMA) study. Health & Justice. ISSN 2194-7899. 8. doi: 10.1186/s40352-020-00112-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Røysamb, Espen & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Maternal Drinking and Child Emotional and Behavior Problems. Pediatrics. ISSN 0031-4005. 145(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-2007. Full text in Research Archive
• Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Mahic, Milada; Øhman, Inger; Wikner, Birgitta Norstedt & Tjagvad, Christian [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Opioid maintenance treatment of pregnant women in the Scandinavian countries. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ISSN 1455-0725. doi: 10.1177/1455072520914114. Full text in Research Archive
• Zechmeister, Ingrid; Tuchler, Heinz; Goodyear, Melinda; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Paul, Jean Lillian (2019). Reaching families where a parent has a mental disorder: Using big data to plan early interventions. Neuropsychiatrie. ISSN 0948-6259. doi: 10.1007/s40211-019-00323-y.
• Handal, Marte; Nechanská, Blanka; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelík, Roman & Engeland, Anders [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Prenatal exposure to opioid maintenance treatment and neonatal outcomes: Nationwide registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. ISSN 2052-1707. 7(5), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1002/prp2.501. Full text in Research Archive
• Nordfjærn, Trond; Lind, Hans Brende; Simsekoglu , Ozlem; Jørgensen, Stig Halvard; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2019). The role of social cognition in perceived thresholds for transport mode change. Transport Policy. ISSN 0967-070X. 83, p. 88–96. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.09.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Bye, Elin Kristin; Storvoll, Elisabet Esbjerg & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Self-reported harm from others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use in Norway. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ISSN 1455-0725. 36(5), p. 413–429. doi: 10.1177/1455072519836372. Full text in Research Archive
• Christiansen, Hanna; Bauer, Annette; Fatima, Batool; Goodyear, Melinda; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Zechmeister, Ingrid [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Improving identification and child-focused collaborative care for children of parents with a mental illness in Tyrol, Austria. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00233.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Røysamb, Espen; Wood, Mollie & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Is the association between maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy and pre-school child behavioural and emotional problems causal? Multiple approaches for controlling unmeasured confounding. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 114(6), p. 1004–1014. doi: 10.1111/add.14573. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Association of constellations of parental risk with children's subsequent anxiety and depression: Findings from a HUNT survey and health registry study. JAMA pediatrics. ISSN 2168-6203. 173(3), p. 251–259. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4360. Full text in Research Archive
• El Marroun, Hanan; Brown, Qiana L.; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Coleman-Cowger, Victoria H.; Loree, Amy M. & Chawla, Devika [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). An epidemiological, developmental and clinical overview of cannabis use during pregnancy. Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0091-7435. 116, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.036.
• Nechanská, Blanka; Mravčík, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelík, Roman & Engeland, Anders [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to methadone and buprenorphine: national registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 113(7), p. 1286–1294. doi: 10.1111/add.14192. Full text in Research Archive
• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2017). Worries about others’ substance use—Differences between alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs? International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 48, p. 108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.014. Show summary

  Background While it is well documented that many experience harm from others’ substance use, little is known about the psychological strain associated with others’ use. The aims were: (1) to describe the prevalence of worries about others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, (2) whose substance use people worry about, (3) the overlap in worries, and (4) to examine how worries about others’ use of each substance vary according to demographics, own substance use and experience of harm from others’ use. Methods A population survey was conducted among 16–64 year old Norwegians (N = 1667). Respondents’ reported on worries about others’ alcohol, cigarette and illegal drug use, measures of experiences of harm from others’ use of the three substances, and own substance use. Results Worries about others’ drinking were most prevalent. Among those who worried, others’ cigarette and illegal drug use caused more frequent worry. While worry about cigarette use was mostly associated with family members’ use, worry about others’ alcohol and illegal drug use more often concerned friends’/acquaintances’ use. About half worried about others’ use of at least one substance. Across all three substances, experience of harm from others’ substance use was most strongly related to worries. Conclusion Worries about others’ substance use are common and reflect the prevalence of use of the substances in the population. In sum, the findings suggest that worry about others’ alcohol and illegal drug use is primarily related to acute harm while worry about others’ cigarette smoking is more related to chronic harm.

• Gabrhelik, Roman; Nechanska, Blanka; Mravcik, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016). A unique opportunity to study shortand long-term consequences in children prenatally exposed to illicit drugs and opioid maintenance treatment using czech and scandinavian registers. Central European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1210-7778. 24(3), p. 248–251. doi: 10.21101/cejph.a4474.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Storvoll, Elisabet (2016). Harm from others’ drinking: How problematic do people with and without experience of harm perceive it to be? International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 38, p. 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Nordfjærn, Trond & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2016). Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013. Transportation planning and technology (Print). ISSN 0308-1060. 39(6), p. 586–596. doi: 10.1080/03081060.2016.1187809. Show summary

  Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n = 592) and 2013 (n = 1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.

• Storvoll, Elisabet; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2016). Negative consequences of other people's drinking: Prevalence, perpetrators and locations. Drug and Alcohol Review. ISSN 0959-5236. 35(6), p. 755–762. doi: 10.1111/dar.12376. Show summary

  While both policy makers and researchers have shown renewed interest in drinking and harm to others, several questions concerning the issue remain unanswered. The aim of this study was to address some of these questions by: (i) presenting updated figures on the prevalence of experienced harm from other people's drinking in various sub-groups; and (ii) examining in which locations such episodes most often occur and who the perpetrators usually are. Data were obtained from a general population survey among 16- to 79-year-old Norwegians (n = 1947), where experiences of five negative consequences related to other people's drinking (e.g. physical abuse and verbal abuse) were assessed. Those who reported such experiences were asked to specify at which location the last episode occurred and who the perpetrator was. Altogether, 17.3% had experienced one or more problems during the past 12 months. Persons who were young, not living with a partner, an urban resident, with low education and often intoxicated were at increased risk. The direction of statistically significant gender differences depended on the type of problem. While the episodes were spread across different locations (private homes, on-premise outlets and outdoors), perpetrators were more often strangers or friends/acquaintances than partners or family members. In a preventive perspective, increased knowledge regarding the context of episodes where people experience harm from other people's drinking is important. We have shed some light on this issue by examining the locations and perpetrators of such episodes.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Halkjelsvik, Torleif & Storvoll, Elisabet (2016). Overlap in attitudes to policy measures on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 28, p. 60–66. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.09.002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Effective alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug policies reduce the harm to users and third parties. Knowledge about determinants and interrelations between attitudes held by the general public to different types of policy measures can benefit policy-makers who aim to increase acceptance for effective policy. The present study describes the level of support for various policy measures held by the general public, and investigates the association between attitudes to policy measures on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug. A sample of the Norwegian general population aged 16–64 (N = 1803) was interviewed by telephone. Respondents reported demographic information, personal substance use and attitudes to various policy measures. Associations between attitudes were assessed with correlation and regression analysis. Associations between attitudes were strongest for similar policy measures across substance groups (e.g. tax increases on alcohol and tobacco). There was a weaker association between attitudes to different policy measures aimed at the same substance (e.g. tax increase on alcohol and campaigns on alcohol). The degree to which people approve or disapprove of the use of particular types of policy measures is irrespective of the targeted substance.

• Ramstedt, Mats; Sundin, Erica; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Bloomfield, Kim [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Harm experienced from the heavy drinking of family and friends in the general population: a comparative study of six Northern European countries. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 9, p. 107–118. doi: 10.4137/SART.S23746.
• Moan, Inger Synnøve; Storvoll, Elisabet; Sundin, Erica; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bloomfield, Kim & Ann, Hope [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Experienced harm from other people’s drinking: a comparison of Northern European countries. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 9, p. 45–56. doi: 10.4137/SART.S23504. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study addresses how experienced harm from other people's drinking varies between six Northern European countries by comparing 1) the prevalence of experienced harm and 2) the correlates of harm. The data comprise 18–69-year olds who participated in general population surveys in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland during the period 2008–2013. Comparative data were available on five types of harm: physical abuse, damage of clothes/belongings, verbal abuse, being afraid, and being kept awake at night. This study shows that harms from other's drinking are commonly experienced in all six countries. Being kept awake at night is the most common harm, while being physically harmed is the least common. The proportions that reported at least one of the five problems were highest in Finland and Iceland and lowest in Norway, but also relatively low in Sweden. Across countries, the level of harm was highest among young, single, urban residents, and for some countries among women and those who frequently drank to intoxication themselves. The study revealed large differences in the prevalence of harm in countries with fairly similar drinking cultures. However, the correlates of such experiences were similar across countries. Possible explanations of the findings are discussed, including differences in study design.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Bukten, Anne; Storvoll, Elisabet; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Skurtveit, Svetlana & Handal, Marte [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). A cohort study on long-term adverse effects of parental drinking: Background and study design. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 9, p. 77–83. doi: 10.4137/SART.S23329. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Although many studies have addressed adverse outcomes in children of parents with alcohol abuse/dependence, less is known about the possible long-term effects of more normative patterns of parental alcohol consumption, including drinking at lower risk levels and heavy episodic or binge drinking. The extent of harm from parental drinking may therefore be underestimated. With this research proposal, we describe a project that aims to assess possible long-term adverse effects of parental drinking by combining survey and nationwide registry data. Advantages of a longitudinal general population cohort design include that it allows for detailed information on parental drinking through survey data and identification of possible negative long-term health and social outcomes from exposure to parental drinking 1–19 years after exposure through continuously updated nationwide registers. The rich information available from combining survey and registry data allows us to take into account important confounders, mediators, and moderators.

• Bukten, Anne; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Rognli, Eline Borger; Riksheim, Marianne; Lobmaier, Philipp Paul & Skurtveit, Svetlana [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study – Design and implementation of a national survey and prospective cohort study. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 9, p. 59–66. doi: 10.4137/SART.S23546. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Bukten, Anne (2015). Harm to Others from Substance Use and Abuse: The Underused Potential in Nationwide Registers. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 9, p. 33–38. doi: 10.4137/SART.S23545. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article considers the potential in using nationwide registers to study harm to others from substance use and abuse. The advantages of using registry data include the opportunity to include the data on the entire population nationwide and continuously updated longitudinal datasets; they allow for studying small subpopulations and have little missing data. Personal identification numbers and family numbers enable linkage of data from different registers. Such datasets can include extensive information on individual and family levels. In this article, we provide an introduction to nationwide registers and explain how they can be applied to investigate two types of third-party harms: harm to children and harm to partners/spouses from substance use and abuse in parents and partners/spouses. Finally, we discuss challenges, benefits, and ethical considerations regarding the use of such data.

• Nordfjærn, Trond; Lind, Hans Brende; Şimşekoğlu, Özlem; Jørgensen, Stig Halvard; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2015). Habitual, safety and security factors related to mode use on two types of travels among urban Norwegians. Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 76, p. 151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.03.001. Show summary

  This study aims to investigate psychological factors related to mode use on urban work/education and leisure travels, and to examine such factors related to intentions of using public transport. A survey was conducted in a random representative sample of the Norwegian population living in urban regions recruited from the Norwegian population registry (n = 1039). A two-cluster solution for mode use was revealed: individuals who mainly used public or health-promoting transport, and individuals who primarily used a car on the respective travels. The results suggest that car habit strength is more strongly related to car use on work/education travels. The probability component of risk perception was related to mode use on leisure travels, and there was a weak association between the consequence component and use. High perceived probability of accidents in public transport was associated with use of public transport, while high corresponding risk estimates in private motorized transport were associated with car use. Strong car habit strength and high perceived probabilities of accidents and security issues in public transport were related to a reduced intention of using public transport. Increased worry of private motorized transport and a high demand for risk mitigation related to public modes were associated with an increased intention to use public transport. Work/education travels could be more habitual than leisure travels. Risk perception may be a result of exposure to specific modes, rather than a predictor of mode use. Safety and security factors also appeared as more relevant for leisure travels than for work/education travels.

• Konijnenberg, Carolien; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Melinder, Annika Maria D (2015). Behavioural outcomes of four-year-old children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine: a test of three risk models. Early Child Development and Care. ISSN 0300-4430. 185(10), p. 1641–1657. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2015.1016506. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  It is still under debate whether the reported effects of opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) on child behaviour are a direct effect of prenatal exposure, or whether other factors are involved. This prospective cohort study investigated three models: the teratogenic risk model, the maternal risk model, and a combined risk model in a group of 35 children (M = 52.20 months, SD = 1.69) prenatally exposed to OMT. Results revealed support for the maternal risk model and the combined model, with the combined model predicting child internalising and externalising behaviour problems the best (R2 = .65, p = .008 and R2 = .74, p = .003, respectively). Findings suggest that behaviour problems in children of women in OMT may not be a direct exposure effect. This underscores the importance of taking into consideration multiple factors when studying the effects of prenatal OMT exposure on child behaviour.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2014). Characteristics of a national sample of victims of intimate partner violence (IPV): Associations between perpetrator substance use and physical IPV. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ISSN 1455-0725. 31(3), p. 25–40. doi: 10.2478/nsad-2014-0021. Show summary

  This paper provides a characterisation of a national sample of intimate partner violence (IPV) victim shelter residents. The study also examines whether perpetrator substance use contributed to physical IPV in 2 subsamples: 1) Norwegian victims and perpetrators, and 2) immigrant victims and perpetrators. Method: A national sample (N=1363) of women at IPV shelters in Norway in 2011. The majority (62.2%) of the women had immigrant background, and social security was the most common employment/income status (42.6%). A combination of psychological and physical IPV was most frequently reported (56.1%). Perpetrator substance use was common in the Norwegian sample (57.5%). while many in the immigrant sample (47.1%) were unsure about perpetrator substance use. Perpetrator substance use was associated with physical IPV in both subsamples. Immigrant IPV victims are overrepresented in the shelter population, as are women on social security. While substance use is associated with physical IPV among Norwegians and immigrants, the association is more obvious in the Norwegian sample. The high rates of immigrant women stating they are unsure about perpetrator substance use underscore the importance that future studies address this question in a culturally sensitive matter.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Brendryen, Håvar & Ravndal, Edle (2014). A longitudinal study on substance use and related problems in women in opioid maintenance treatment from pregnancy to four years after giving birth. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 8, p. 35–40. doi: 10.4137/SaRt.S15055. Show summary

  Women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) have a past characterized by drug abuse, which is a challenging start for parenthood. Studies of mothers in OMT are typically limited to pregnancy and early infancy. Knowledge about how they cope with substance use and related problems in the years following birth is therefore important. The aims of the study were to examine changes in mothers' substance use, psychological problems, and other challenges; from one to four years after their children were born, and describe kindergarten attendance and prevalence and type of child protective services involvement when the children were four years old. A four-year prospective cohort study of mothers in OMT. The European severity index was used to map substance use and related problems during the third trimester of pregnancy, one and four years after birth. At the four-year follow-up, use of illegal substances remained low (4%) and use of legal substances (39%) was similar to the one-year follow-up. The proportion of women with psychological problems was significantly higher than at one-year follow-up (69 vs. 39%, P = 0.009). At age four, most children (89%) attended kindergarten, and the child protective services were following 73% of the families, mostly with voluntary measures. Mothers in OMT cope well with substance use over time, given access to sufficient support. The findings imply that a preventive governmental strategy with close support of mother and child, have a positive impact contributing to making OMT and motherhood more compatible.

• Brendryen, Håvar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Johansen, Ayna; Riksheim, Marianne; Nesvåg, Sverre & Duckert, Fanny (2014). Balance-a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of an online intensive self-help alcohol intervention. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 109(2), p. 218–226. doi: 10.1111/add.12383. Show summary

  Aims To compare a brief versus a brief plus intensive self-help version of ‘Balance’, a fully automated online alcohol intervention, on self-reported alcohol consumption. Design A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Participants in both conditions received an online single session screening procedure including personalized normative feedback. The control group also received an online booklet about the effects of alcohol. The treatment group received the online multi-session follow-up program, Balance. Setting Online study in Norway. Participants At-risk drinkers were recruited by internet advertisements and assigned randomly to one of the two conditions ( n = 244). Measurements The primary outcome was self-reported alcohol consumption the previous week measured 6 months after screening. Findings Regression analysis, using baseline carried forward imputation (intent-to-treat), with baseline variables as covariates, showed that intervention significantly affected alcohol consumption at 6 months (B = 2.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.02–5.90; P = 0.049). Participants in the intensive self-help group drank an average of three fewer standard alcohol units compared with participants in the brief self-help group. Conclusions The online Balance intervention, added to a brief online screening intervention, may aid reduction in alcohol consumption compared with the screening intervention and an educational booklet

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2013). A 2-year prospective study of psychological distress among a national cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use. ISSN 1465-9891. 18(2), p. 148–160. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.642928.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle & Handal, Marte (2013). Prescription drug use among pregnant women in opioid Maintenance Treatment. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 108(2), p. 367–376. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04049.x.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Fischer, Gabriele; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle; O'Grady, Kevin; Debelak, Kimber & Morrone, William [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). A Comparison of Buprenorphine+Naloxone to Buprenorphine and Methadone in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence during Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 7, p. 61–74. doi: 10.4137/SART.S10955. Show summary

  Given that buprenorphine + naloxone is prescribed for opioid-dependent pregnant women, it is important to examine the extent to which it differs from buprenorphine alone, methadone, or methadone-assisted withdrawal on neonatal and maternal outcomes. Summary statistics on maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected from 7 previously published studies examining treatment for opioid-dependent pregnant women that represented a range of research methodologies. Outcomes from these studies were compared to the same outcomes for 10 women treated with the combined buprenorphine + naloxone product. There were no significant differences in maternal outcomes for buprenorphine + naloxone compared to buprenorphine, methadone, or methadone-assisted withdrawal. Preliminary findings suggest no significant adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes related to the use of buprenorphine + naloxone for the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. However, further research should examine possible differences between buprenorphine + naloxone and buprenorphine alone or methadone in fetal physical development.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kirtadze, Irma; Otiashvili, Dato; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree E. (2012). Female partners of opioid-injecting men in the Republic of Georgia: an initial characterization. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. ISSN 0740-5472. 7. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-7-46.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2012). A 2-year prospective study of psychological distress in pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use. ISSN 1465-9891. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.642928.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Nordfjærn, Trond & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2012). Associations between risk judgments and demand for transport risk mitigation. Journal of Risk Research. ISSN 1366-9877. 15(9), p. 1171–1182. doi: 10.1080/13669877.2012.705317. Show summary

  The present study tested a hypothesized model regarding associations between risk sensitivity, risk perception, transport priorities, worry and demand for risk mitigation in transport. An additional aim was to investigate differences in risk perception, worry, risk sensitivity, transport priorities and demand for risk mitigation in age-groups, gender and educational levels. A mail survey was conducted in a representative sample of the Norwegian public over 18 years (n=1947) in 2008. The response rate was 31 per cent. The results showed that transport priorities were the strongest predictor of demand for risk mitigation. Risk perception seems to be mediated by worry. Risk sensitivity was directly associated with transport risk perception and, not as predicted, also directly with demand for risk mitigation. The two youngest age-groups (18-30 and 31-50 years) perceived the probabilities of transport accidents in private transportation as significantly larger and also judged other non-transport risks to be larger than those over 50 years of age . The youngest age-group was more worried about injuries from private transportation but reported lower demands for risk mitigation. The findings merit further research into the relationship between risk perception and demand for risk mitigation. The results indicated that younger individuals were more worried about injuries and assessed the probability of accidents to be larger, while they report a lower demand for risk mitigation compared to older age-groups.

• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Bakstad, Brittelise; Welle-Strand, Gabrielle & Ravndal, Edle (2012). Substance use during and after pregnancy among a national cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment and their partners. Journal of Substance Use. ISSN 1465-9891. 17(3), p. 277–286. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2011.580415.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Fitzsimons, Heather; Tuten, Michelle; Chisolm, Margaret; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree E. (2012). Comparing methadone and buprenorphine maintenance with methadone-assisted withdrawal for the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. ISSN 1179-8467. 3, p. 17–25.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Rundmo, Torbjørn (2009). Cross-cultural comparisons of traffic safety, risk perception, attitudes and behaviour. Safety Science. ISSN 0925-7535. 47(4), p. 547–553. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.07.008. Show summary

  The core aim of the present study is to examine cultural differences in risk perception and attitudes towards traffic safety and risk, taking behaviour in the Norwegian and the Ghanaian public. An additional aim is to discuss the applicability of various traffic measures, suited for low and middle income countries in Africa. Sample: The results of the present study are based on two self-completion questionnaire surveys carried out in February and March 2006. The first was a representative sample of the Norwegian public above 18 years of age (N = 247). The second was a stratified sample of Ghanaian respondents (N = 299). In Ghana the data was collected in Accra and Cape Coast. The results showed that there is potential for further improvement of safety attitudes and risk behaviour among Ghanaians as well as Norwegians. There were also differences in the respondents’ evaluation of attitudes, risk perception and behaviour. Perceived risk and attitudes also significantly predicted risk behaviour and accidents/collisions. The implications of these results for traffic safety will be discussed.

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• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Kulset Merakerås, Guro (2022). Langtidsstudie viser: Slik kan alkoholbruk som isolert sett ikke er problematisk, bli en risikofaktor for barn. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Rus og samfunn.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Andersen, Njål (2021). Koronaen gir oss en gyllen mulighet til å velge gode vaner. Dagens næringsliv. ISSN 0803-9372.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Frimand, Marte (2021). Selv moderat drikking hos foreldre, kan påvirke barna negativt. [Internet]. rop.no.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Burdzovic Andreas, Jasmina & Johansen, Stian (2021). Ny norsk forskning: Hvordan påvirkes barn av foreldres alkoholbruk? Forskersonen.no.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Andersen, Njål (2021). Hvordan lykkes med livet på delt hjemmekontor? Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Pettersen Kiserud, Sigbjørn & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2020). Barn fikk atferdsproblemer av mors drikking. [Internet]. https://avogtil.no.
• Spilde, Ingrid; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Wiig, Eli Marie (2020). Barn fikk adferdsproblemer selv om mor bare drakk litt for mye. [Internet]. Forskning.no.
• Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Odsbu, Ingvild; Kieler, Helle; Nørgaard, Mette & Öztürk, Buket [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). In utero opioid exposure and risk of ADHD in childhood: A Scandinavian registry study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. ISSN 1053-8569. doi: 10.1002/pds.4864.
• Wood, Mollie; Mahic, Milada; Handal, Marte; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia (2019). Risk of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Following Prenatal Exposure to Methadone vs Buprenorphine. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. ISSN 1053-8569. doi: 10.1002/pds.4864.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Association of Constellations of Parental Risk With Children's Subsequent Anxiety and Depression: Findings From a HUNT Survey and Health Registry Study.
• Burdzovic, Jasmina; Torvik, Fartein Ask; Ystrøm, Eivind; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Alcohol use disorder (AUD) in offspring following exposure to parental risk constellations during adolescence: A combined HUNT survey and health registries study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Ny studie: Alkoholbruk tidlig i svangerskapet «fører trolig ikke til adferdsproblemer» hos barn. [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Mors drikking i svangerskapet er sannsynligvis ikke grunnen til at barn får atferdsproblemer. [Internet]. forskning.no.
• Andersen, Njål & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). The structure of research on Children of Mentally Ill Parents (COPMI): a bibliometric science mapping review .
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Scholz Nærø, Sturle; Breian, Åshild & Riaz, Wasim K. (2019). Ny studie: Alkoholbruk tidlig i svangerskapet «fører trolig ikke til adferdsproblemer» hos barn. [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• jacobsen, siw ellen & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Ny studie: Mors drikking i svangerskapet er sannsynligvis ikke grunnen til at barn får atferdsproblemer. [Internet]. forskning.no.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Andreas, Jasmina Burdzovic & Torvik, Fartein Ask (2019). Ny innsikt om foreldres drikking og barns psykiske plager. Dagensnæringsliv.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Parental Drinking Linked to Anxiety and Depression in Children. [Internet]. MedicalResearch.com.
• Rapaport, Lisa & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Even `non-problem' drinking by parents tied to mental health problems in kids. [Internet]. Reuters.
• Swan, Norman & Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Parental risk factors for anxiety, depression in children. [Radio]. Health report, ABC radio.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2019). Bidrar foreldres alkoholbruk til psykiske problemer hos barn? .
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Handal, Marte; Bukten, Anne; Torvik, Fartein Ask & Ystrøm, Eivind [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Parental drinking and child long-term depression and anxiety: A longitudinal combined survey and registry study.
• Handal, Marte; Nechanská, Blanka; Mravčík, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea & Gabrhelík, Roman [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Neonatal Outcomes after fetal exposure to methadone and buprenorphine: national registry studies from the Czech Republic and Norway.
• Nechanska, Blanka; Mravcik, Viktor; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelik, Roman & Engeland, Anders [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Condition of newborns of women received OMT and opiates during pregnancy: comparison of Czech and Norwegian cohorts.
• Handal, Marte; Nechanska, Blanka; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Gabrhelik, Roman; Mahic, Milada & Engeland, Anders [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). OMT or drug abuse during pregnancy - does it affect the offspring? Results from Nationwide registry studies in the Czech Republic and Norway.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C. & Ystrøm, Eivind (2017). Maternal alcohol consumption during 1st trimester and child internalizing and externalizing problems: A sibling control study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Gjerde, Line C.; Røysamb, Espen; Wood, Mollie & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.
• Handal, Marte; Mahic, Milada; Hjellvik, Vidar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Øhman, Inger & Wikner, Birgitta Norstedt [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Background and design: A Scandinavian cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy: long term consequences for the child (ScopeOMT).
• Handal, Marte; Mahic, Milada; Hjellvik, Vidar; Lund, Ingunn Olea; Øhman, Inger & Wikner, Birgitta Nordstedt [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). Background and design: A Scandinavian cohort of pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy: long term consequences for the child (ScopeOMT).
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016). Fornuft og følelser i LAR-behandling. [Newspaper]. Bergens Tidende.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Handal, Marte (2016). Den beste behandlingen vi har. [Newspaper]. Bergens Tidende.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Sundin, Erica; Konijnenberg, Carolien; Rognmo, Kamilla; Martinez, Priscilla & Fielder, Andrea (2016). Introductory Editorial: Harm to Others From Substance Use and Abuse. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. p. 119–124. doi: 10.4137/SART.S39722.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Moan, Inger Synnøve & Storvoll, Elisabet (2015). How problematic do victims of harm from others’ drinking and people in general perceive such harm?
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Skurtveit, Svetlana & Handal, Marte (2015). Commentary on Raitasalo et al. (2015): The great potential in nation-wide registers to study prescription drug use and abuse. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 110(4), p. 644–645. doi: 10.1111/add.12856.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Halkjelsvik, Torleif & Storvoll, Elisabet (2014). Attitudes towards tobacco, drug and alcohol policy in the Norwegian population.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Brendryen, Håvar & Ravndal, Edle (2014). Mødre i LAR: Rus og relaterte problemer over tid? Rus & samfunn. ISSN 1500-8614. 8. årgang(4), p. 16–18.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2014). Rus og partnervold: en studie om kvinner på krisesentre. popNAD.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). NRK morgennytt "Rusmidler under svangerskapet" - gjest:Ingunn Olea Lund. [TV]. NRK Morgennytt.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). A national sample of intimate partner violence (IPV) victim shelter residents: an initial characterization.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). Medikamenter og gravide i LAR. popNAD.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2012). Pregnant women in opioid maintenance in Norway: prescription drug use before and during pregnancy.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Kirtadze, Irma; Otiashvili, Dato; O'Grady, Kevin & Jones, Hendree (2012). Female partners of opioid-injecting men in the Republic of Georgia.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle; Skurtveit, Svetlana & Handal, Marte (2012). Prescription Drug Use among Pregnant Women in Opioid Maintenance Treatment. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. ISSN 1053-8569. 21, p. 388–388.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Tuten, Michelle; Fitzsimons, Heather; Chisolm, Margaret & Jones, Hendree E. (2011). CONTINGENT INCENTIVES REDUCE CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG METHADONE-MAINTAINED PREGNANT WOMEN. Drug and Alcohol Review. ISSN 0959-5236. 30, p. 57–57.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea; Handal, Marte; Engeland, Anders; Furu, Kari; Ravndal, Edle & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2011). USE OF PRESCRIBED DRUGS FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AMONG WOMEN IN OPIOID MAINTENANCE TREATMENT BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY IN NORWAY, 2004-2008. Drug and Alcohol Review. ISSN 0959-5236. 30, p. 57–57.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). Psychopathology in pregnant women in OMT and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). Prevalence of psychopathology in pregnant OMT women and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). A prospective study of pregnant women in Opioid maintenance Treatment (OMT) and their partners: substance use during pregnancy and one year after.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). En 4 års prospektiv studie av gravide kvinner i LAR og deres partnere. Rus og psykopatologi i graviditet og et år etter.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2010). A prospective follow-up study of pregnant women in Opioid maintenance Treatment (OMT) and their partners: substance use during pregnancy and one year after.
• Lund, Ingunn Olea & Ravndal, Edle (2010). Prevalence of psychopathology in pregnant OMT women and their partners. A national prospective one year follow-up study. Show summary

  Background: The prevalence of psychiatric problems among substance abusers is high, and patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) are no exception. It is important to assess possible psychopathology among pregnant women in OMT and their partners as psychiatric problems may reduce parental skills. Methods: A 2-year national cohort (2005-2006) of pregnant women in OMT (n=37) and their partners (n=23) were interviewed with the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI), Symptom Checklist 25 (SCL-25) and Millon Multiaxical Inventory III to map psychopathology. Results: The prevalence of lifetime psychiatric problems was substantial both among the women and their partners. A considerable reduction in psychiatric problems was reported during pregnancy and even less were reported after one year. Conclusion: Results indicate that psychiatric problems among the cohort is low and stable, probably affecting their parental skills in a positive way.

• Bukten, Anne; Stavseth, Marianne Riksheim; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Kunøe, Nikolaj; Lobmaier, Philipp Paul & Lund, Ingunn Olea [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Rusmiddelbruk og helsesituasjon blant innsatte i norske fengsel. Resultater fra The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study (NorMA). Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund, Ingunn Olea (2013). Pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) : maternal and neonatal outcomes. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8264-503-4. Show summary

  The Norwegian Health Care system significantly diffe rs from international setti ngs such as the U.S., where the majority of research on pregnant opio id dependent women is conducted. Hence results from international research may not be generalized to the Norwegian setting. Therefore, to be able to offer the best possible care, it is of great importance to investigate how pregnant women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) in Norway are farin g in regards to continued substance use and psychiatric problems both during pregnancy and so metime after the children are born. Secondly, the partners of pregnant opioid de pendent women may contribute to the woman’s drug use relapses as well as to improved treatment outcomes and how th e woman will cope as a mother. However, they are rarely included in studies on pregnant opioid dependent women. Moreover, there is a lack of studies offering a compete overview of use of pres cription drug use prior to, and during pregnancy among OMT women. Lastly, maternal and neonatal outcomes after exposure to buprenorphine + naloxone has not been compared to other medici nal treatments for opioid dependence such as buprenorphine, methadone and meth adone assisted withdrawal. Despite the lack of research on this, buprenorphine + naloxone is prescribed to pr egnant opioid dependent women several places in the U.S. Study aims The aims of the present thesis were to investig ate substance abuse and psychiatric problems in a national cohort of pregnant OMT women and their partners. Moreover, to investigate use of prescription drugs among women in OMT prio r to, and during pregnancy. Furthermore, to investigate maternal and neonatal outcomes from use of buprenorphine + naloxone versus methadone, buprenorphine and methadone-assisted withdrawa

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