Cato Grønnerød

• Grønnerød, Cato (2023). Do the HoNOS and the HiTOP converge? Factor structure and normative data in a diverse Norwegian patient sample. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling. ISSN 2141-2499. 15(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.5897/IJPC2023.0693. Full text in Research Archive
• Kvam, Tor-Morten; Uthaug, Malin V.; Andersen, Kristoffer Andreas Aamodt; Refsum, Birk Berggrav; Tunstad, Paula Aarseth & Stewart, Lowan H. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Epidemiology of classic psychedelic substances: results from a Norwegian internet convenience sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1287196. Full text in Research Archive
• Ebad Fardzadeh, Haghish; Obaidi, Milan; Strømme, Thea Bertnes; Bjørgo, Tore & Grønnerød, Cato (2023). Mental Health, Well-Being, and Adolescent Extremism: A Machine Learning Study on Risk and Protective Factors. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. doi: 10.1007/s10802-023-01105-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønnerød, Cato & Gustavson, Kristin (2023). Validity of the Norwegian Version of Inventory of Problems–29 (IoP-29): A Simulation Study With Experimental Feigning of Depression and a Nonclinical Control Group. Psychology and Neuroscience. ISSN 1984-3054. 16(2), p. 147–154. doi: 10.1037/pne0000309.
• Hammarström, Erik & Grønnerød, Cato (2023). Pre- and Postpsychotherapy Assessment of a Patient With Retrograde Amnesia: A Zulliger Study. Rorschachiana. ISSN 1192-5604. 44(1), p. 59–83. doi: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000167.
• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2022). The Effect of the NorGeP–NH on Quality of Life and Drug Prescriptions in Norwegian Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pharmacy. ISSN 2226-4787. 10(1). doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The effect of the Norwegian General Practice–Nursing Home (NorGeP–NH) criteria has never been tested on clinical outcomes in nursing home (NH) residents. We performed a cluster-randomized trial in Norwegian NHs and tested the effect of NorGeP–NH on QoL (primary outcome), medication prescriptions, and physical and mental health (secondary outcomes) for the enrolled residents; Methods: Fourteen NHs were randomized into intervention NHs (iNHs) and control NHs (cNHs). After baseline data collection, physicians performed NorGeP–NH on the enrolled residents. We assessed the difference between cNHs and iNHs in the change in primary outcome from baseline to 12 weeks and secondary outcomes from baseline to eight and 12 weeks by linear mixed models; Results: One hundred and eight residents (13 lost to follow-up) and 109 residents (nine lost to follow-up) were randomized to iNHs and cNHs, respectively. Difference in change in QoL at 12 weeks between cNHs and iNHs was not statistically significant (mean (95% CI)): −1.51 (−3.30; 0.28), p = 0.101). We found no significant change in drug prescriptions over time. Difference in depression scores between cNHs and iNHs was statistically significant after 12 weeks. Conclusions: Our intervention did not affect QoL or drug prescriptions, but reduced depression scores in the iNHs. NorGeP–NH may be a useful tool, but its effect on clinical outcomes may be scarce in NH residents. Further studies about the effectiveness of NorGeP–NH in other healthcare contexts and settings are recommended.

• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2021). Do prescription rates of psychotropic drugs change over three years from nursing home admission? BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 21(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02437-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In this longitudinal study, we describe how psychotropic drugs (PTDs) are prescribed in nursing home (NH) patients from admission and over a 3-year period, to understand which clinical and environmental factors are associated with PTD prescription. Methods: We used data from the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia - Nursing Home (REDIC-NH) study, examining physical and mental health, dementia, and PTD prescription during a 3-year period from admission to a NH. Data were collected every six months. At baseline, we included 696 participants from 47 Norwegian NHs. We presented prevalence, incidence, and deprescribing rates of PTD prescriptions for each assessment point. We calculated the odds of receiving PTDs and used a generalized linear mixed model to analyze the variables associated with a change in odds throughout the 3-year period. Results: PTD prescriptions were frequent throughout the 3-year period. Antidepressants had the highest prescription rates (28.4%-42.2%). Every PTD category had the highest incidence rate between admission and six months, and antipsychotics had the highest values (49.4%). Deprescribing rates were comparable between assessment points. The odds of antipsychotic prescriptions were lower for older people (OR = 0.96, 95%CI:0.92-0.99, p = 0.023). People with more severe dementia had lower odds of being prescribed sedatives/hypnotics (OR = 0.89, 95%CI:0.85-0.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: PTDs, particularly antidepressants, are widely prescribed over time to NH patients. Older patients are less likely to receive antipsychotics. A higher severity of dementia decreases the odds of being prescribed sedatives/hypnotics. Close attention should be paid to PTD prescriptions during long-term NH stay to avoid prolonged and excessive treatment with these types of drugs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01920100 . Keywords: Geriatric pharmacotherapy; Nursing homes; Psychotropic drugs. © 2021. The Author(s).

• Callegari, Enrico; Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2020). Does Psychotropic Drug Prescription Change in Nursing Home Patients the First 6 Months After Admission? . Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. ISSN 1525-8610. 22(1), p. 101–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.034. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To explore the course of psychotropic drug (PTD) prescription from admission (BL) to 6-month follow-up (6m) in Norwegian nursing homes (NHs). To examine how clinical variables, such as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), cognition, physical health, and NH characteristics at BL are associated with prescription rates at 6 months. Design: An observational longitudinal cohort study (data from the Resource Use and Disease Course in Dementia-Nursing Home study) designed to examine the course of dementia, psychiatric and somatic diseases, and drug prescriptions in NH patients during the first 6 months after admission. Setting and participants: We included 696 patients at admission to 47 representative Norwegian NHs. Methods: Demographic and clinical characteristics at BL and 6m are presented. Dementia severity was assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating scale and the Functional Assessment Staging of Alzheimer's Disease scale. Final diagnosis was made by 2 of the authors (G.S. and S.B.) according to ICD-10 criteria. Prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates of PTD prescriptions for people with dementia are presented. Generalized mixed models were used to identify possible predictors for the course of PTD prescription from BL to 6m. Results: Prescription rates of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics increased in people with dementia from BL (67.5% received at least 1 PTD) to 6m (74.0% received at least 1 PTD). Younger age and higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome score at BL were associated with higher odds of antidepressant prescription, whereas patients with higher comorbidity at BL had lower odds of receiving antidepressants, both at BL and 6m. Higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory-affective subsyndrome scores at BL were associated with higher odds of sedative and hypnotic prescription at both assessment points. Conclusions and implications: PTD prescription rates increase from BL to 6m. Medication appropriateness should be frequently evaluated after admission to optimize PTD prescriptions. Keywords: Psychotropic drugs; geriatric pharmacotherapy; nursing homes. Copyright © 2020 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

• Stridbeck, Ulf; Grøndahl, Pål & Grønnerød, Cato (2016). Expert for whom? Court-appointed versus party-appointed experts. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. ISSN 1321-8719. 23(2), p. 246–255. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2015.1052334. Show summary

  We investigated differences in judges' attitudes between court-appointed and party-appointed forensic psychiatric expert evidence, including who commissioned the report and how this impacted on the judges' perception of the evidence presented. We also investigated the experts' views on being either a party-appointed or court-appointed expert. This survey has no explicit preconceptions. It sought to gather information empirically. The attitudes towards the experts are seen both from the legal professionals' view and from that of the experts themselves. Two groups, one of 107 forensic psychiatric experts (39 psychologists, 65 psychiatrists and three non-specialist medical doctors), and one of 157 legal professionals (44 judges, 74 attorneys and 39 prosecutors) responded to an online survey. We found that 88% of the experts had been appointed by the court and of these, 73% preferred to be court-appointed. Fifty-one per cent had also been party-appointed and the most common principal was the defence attorney (46%). Sixty-two per cent of the judges who had an opinion stated that the party-appointed experts did not assist the court. This indicates that the judges clearly preferred independent court-appointed experts.

• Nørbech, Peder C. Bryhn; Grønnerød, Cato & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2016). Identification with a violent and sadistic aggressor: A rorschach study of criminal debt collectors. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 98(2), p. 135–145. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1063502.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2016). Forensic psychiatric experts under the legal microscope. Legal and Criminological Psychology. ISSN 1355-3259. 21(1), p. 15–24. doi: 10.1111/lcrp.12037.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grøndahl, Pål (2015). Psychological Treatment of Sexual Offenders Against Children: A Meta-Analytic Review of Treatment Outcome Studies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. ISSN 1524-8380. 16(3), p. 280–290. doi: 10.1177/1524838014526043. Show summary

  Numerous meta-analyses and reviews have been conducted on the effectiveness of psychological treatment of sexual offenders in reducing recidivism, but no meta-analysis has been done on sexual offenders against children (SOAC) specifically. A moderate treatment effect has been shown in several evaluations of general sexual offenders, while many scholars maintain that the question remains unanswered until an adequate number of effectiveness studies with a strong research design have been carried out. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated 14 studies selected and coded according to Collaborative Outcome Data Committee (CODC) criteria. They included 1,421 adult offenders in psychotherapy and 1,509 nontreated controls, with a minimum average follow-up period of 3 years, published in peer-reviewed journals in 1980 or later. Recidivism was defined as rearrest or reconviction. Study quality was classified into strong, good, weak or rejected. The analysis revealed a treatment effect size of r = .03 for nine studies evaluated as Good or Weak, while all studies yielded an effect size of r = .08, including five studies classified as Rejected. The results show that the available research cannot establish any effect of treatment on SOAC. Despite a large amount of research, only a tiny fraction of studies meet a minimum of scientific standards, and even fewer provide sensible and useful data from which it is possible to draw conclusions.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Stridbeck, Ulf (2014). Samarbeidsklimaet mellom rettspsykiatrisk sakkyndige og strafferettsjurister - Bedre enn sitt rykte. Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. p. 273–283.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Overskeid, Geir & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2013). Under Skinner's Skin: Gauging a Behaviorist From His Rorschach Protocol. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 95(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2012.696081.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Stridbeck, Ulf & Grønnerød, Cato (2013). The truth and nothing but the truth: court-appointed forensic experts´experience with testifying and their perceptions of legal actors in criminal courts. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology. ISSN 1478-9949. 24(2), p. 192–204. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2013.771278.
• Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grønnerød, Cato (2012). The Wartegg Zeichen Test: A Literature Overview and a Meta-Analysis of Reliability and Validity. Psychological Assessment. ISSN 1040-3590. 24(2), p. 476–489. doi: 10.1037/a0026100.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2012). The Magic or Myth of Expertise: A Comparison of Judgment Processes between Forensic Experts and Lay Persons Based on Psychiatric Case Vignettes. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. ISSN 1321-8719. 19(5), p. 662–671. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2011.615812.
• Overskeid, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Simonton, Dean Keith (2012). The Personality of a Nonperson: Gauging the Inner Skinner. Perspectives on Psychological Science. ISSN 1745-6916. 7(2), p. 187–197. doi: 10.1177/1745691611434212.
• Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grønnerød, Cato (2010). Are large drawings signs of psychological expansion or effects of drawing skills? A critical evaluation of Wartegg drawing size categories in a Finnish sample. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 51(1), p. 63–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00729.x. Show summary

  In the Wartegg Drawing Completion Test, drawings which are larger than the norm size are interpreted as signs of the personality trait of expansion. The popular handbook by Wass and Mattlar (2000) includes a graphic presentation of the size norms. We scored 351 test blankets into the size categories small, normal and large following these norms. Only 14% of the drawings fitted into the category of normal size, while 13% were small and 73% were large. We also evaluated the test blankets according to drawing ability into five categories and found a high correlation between large size and drawing ability. The results show a need to re-evaluate the direct link between large size and expansion, as well as a need to modify the size norms.

• Grønnerød, Cato & Hartmann, Ellen Johanne (2010). Moving Rorschach Scoring Forward. The RN-Rorschach Scoring System as an Exemplar of Simplified Scoring. Rorschachiana. ISSN 1192-5604. 31(1), p. 22–41. doi: 10.1027/1192-5604/a000003. Show summary

  A new scoring system called RN-Rorschach was developed in Norway to provide a simple system focusing on clinical usefulness, with acceptable psychometric properties and with a high level of compatibility with the Comprehensive System (CS). The Rorschach method is a demanding method, and the CS may be too complex for learning the basic aspects of the Rorschach method, especially for students in introductory courses. Experience from teaching in introductory courses indicates that the goal of a simple and useful system has been achieved. Data on psychometric properties indicate that interscorer reliability is generally high. Two overall iota (ι) estimates were found to be .85 and .93. Future developments of Rorschach scoring are discussed.

• Hartmann, Ellen Johanne & Grønnerød, Cato (2009). Rorschach Variables and Big Five Scales as Predictors of Military Training Completion: A Replication Study of the Selection of Candidates to the Naval Special Forces in Norway. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 91(3), p. 254–264. doi: 10.1080/00223890902794309. Show summary

  We tested 140 male candidates at the Naval Special Forces (NFS) of Norway on the Rorschach (Exner, 2003; Rorschach, 1921/1942) and the Norwegian version of the Big Five personality dimensions (Engvik & Foslashllesdal, 2005). Rorschach variables significantly correlated with training completion (effect sizes of re = .14-.25), whereas none of the Big Five factors or facets did. The combination of Rorschach and Big Five variables framed in the illusory mental health concept provided strong predictive ability. Testing under stress produced slightly higher predictive validity coefficients between the Rorschach variables and pass-fail than under calm testing. The findings support the results of Hartmann, Sunde, Kristensen, and Martinussen (2003), indicating that Rorschach variables and indications of good mental health may be valid predictors of NFS training.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2009). A Comparative Case Vignette Study of Decision Making In Forensic Psychiatric Cases. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. ISSN 1499-9013. 8(4). Show summary

  We tested whether the judgment of forensic psychiatric experts differed from that of laypersons. We constructed 18 case vignettes that were rated by 21 psychologists, 14 psychiatrists, and 126 laypeople on the following variables: Insanity by Legal Terms, Risk of Repeated Offense, and Need of Treatment. We found significant differences among laypeople and professionals on all three variables (p = .008, p = .024, and p = .009, respectively), although the differences were dependent on the composition of the case vignettes. Case vignettes containing negative descriptions and/or serious crimes were rated high on all variables by laypeople, whereas the professional groups? ratings varied according to the variations given in the information.

• Hartmann, Ellen Johanne; Nørbech, Peder C. Bryhn & Grønnerød, Cato (2006). Psychopathic and non-psychopathic violent offenders on the Rorschach: Discriminative features andcomparison with schizophrenic inpatient and university student samples. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 86(3), p. 291–305.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2006). Reanalysis of the Grønnerød (2003) Rorschach temporal stability meta-analysis data set. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 86(2), p. 222–225.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2004). Rorschach Assessment of Changes Following Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 83, p. 256–276. Show summary

  I examined Rorschach assessment of personality changes following psychotherapy. I conducted a comprehensive literature search to find all studies using the Rorschach method at least twice for the same participant in connection with psychotherapy. I conducted meta-analyses for 38 samples, and I performed regression analyses to identify moderating factors. Across all Rorschach scores, the total weighted sample effect size was r = .26, and nearly half the variables obtained effect sizes higher than .30. Several moderating factors were found. Most important, effect sizes increased with longer and more intensive therapy. More concern for interscorer reliability was associated with larger effect sizes, whereas a higher degree of scorer blinding was associated with smaller effect size magnitudes. Predicted levels of change based on the regression models indicated substantial increases in effect size with longer therapies. The data indicate that many elements in the Rorschach are valid indicators of change despite the poor reputation the method has acquired within psychotherapy research.

• Grønnerød, Cato (2003). Temporal stability in the Rorschach method: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment. ISSN 0022-3891. 80(3), p. 272–293. Show summary

  The temporal stabilities of the Rorschach method scoring systems were investigated. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to find all test–retest studies, both regular and from control samples in therapy evaluation studies. Meta-analyses were conducted for samples, individual entries, and variables in 36 samples. Separate analyses were made for 10 samples using the Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 1993). The temporal stability was high, especially those obtained from regression model predictions. The CS consistently shows higher stability than other systems, whereas increasing retest intervals leads to decreasing stability. Shortcomings of the available studies are highlighted and discussed, and recommendations are given for design and methodology.

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• Callegari, Enrico; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Selbæk, Geir; Grønnerød, Cato & Bergh, Sverre (2022). Correction: Do prescription rates of psychotropic drugs change over three years from nursing home admission? (BMC Geriatrics, (2021), 21, 1, (496), 10.1186/s12877-021-02437-x). BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03486-6.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Mikaelsson, Jan Josef & Hommeren, Ole Jørgen (2021). Innføring av HoNOS i en psykoseseksjon: erfaringer og anbefalinger. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 58(12), p. 1038–1045.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2021). Hvorfor mister fagfolk gangsynet i møte med Rorschach-metoden? Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 58(9), p. 746–751.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Soilevuo Grønnerød, Jarna & Grøndahl, Pål (2015). Does psychological treatment of Sexual offenders against children (SOAC) reduce recidivism?
• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2013). Forensic Psychiatric Experts and Legal Practitioners: Battle of Wills or Battle of Worlds?
• Grønnerød, Cato; Grøndahl, Pål & Stridbeck, Ulf (2013). Forensic Psychiatric Experts and Legal Practitioners: Battle of Wills of Battle of Worlds.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Flere briller. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 49(10).
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Et metodisk problem? Klassekampen. ISSN 0805-3839.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2012). Hva psykologer kan bidra med. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 49(6), p. 608–609.
• Grønnerød, Cato; Frostad Haakonsen, Jon & Gustavsen, Espen (2012). Multimethod Clinical Assessment of Therapy Outcome.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato; Stridbeck, Ulf; Værøy, Henning & Brauer, Harald (2012). En tipunktsplan for bedre rettspsykiatri. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(15), p. 1727–1728. Show summary

  Rettsforhandlingene etter terroren 22. juli er avsluttet og Norsk rettspsykiatri er gjenstand for debatt som aldri før. I denne debatten savner vi en prinsipiell drøfting av strafferettslig rettspsykiatri og dagens utilregnelighetsregler. Vi foreslår her ti konkrete tiltak til forbedring av rettspsykiatrisk virksomhet. Men gratis blir det ikke.

• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato; Stridbeck, Ulf; Værøy, Henning & Brauer, Harald (2012). P. Grøndahl og medarbeidere svarer professor Øyvind Thomassen (Kritikk av 10 punktsliste for bedre rettspsykiatri. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(19).
• Grønnerød, Cato (2011). En trygg havn. [Newspaper]. Aftenposten.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2011). A Comparison of Expert and Layperson Assessments of Forensic Psychiatric Case Vignettes.
• Grøndahl, Pål; Grønnerød, Cato & Sexton, Joseph (2009). A comparative case vignette study of decision making in forensic psychiatric cases.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2002). Issues of Reliability and Validity in the Results from Two Meta-Analyses.
• Grønnerød, Cato (2004). Stability and Change in the Rorschach Method. Universitetet i Oslo.

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