Terje Wessel

• Wessel, Terje & Magnusson Turner, Lena (2020). The migration pathway to economic mobility: Does gender matter?. Population, Space and Place.  ISSN 1544-8444. . doi: 10.1002/psp.2419 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Inter-regional migration is conventionally seen as an important path to economic mobility. We investigate this proposition for Norway, focusing on earnings rank in the 1974 birth cohort. Our data include migrations and educational achievements between 1990 and 2009, with added information for parental background from 1988 to 1992. We measure annual earnings between 1990 and 2014, with measures that capture static effects, dynamic effects and long-term outcomes. Using a structural equation model and fixed-effects regression, we show that upward spatial migration across three geographical levels has different impacts for men and women. The benefit compared with peers who stay at lower levels, or peers who move in the opposite direction, is larger for women. This difference is due to migration before finished education and is linked to employment opportunities in origin locations. Female migrants obtain higher upward economic mobility through increased work hours and shift of industrial sector; that is, women do not obtain higher wage for the same type of work. Much of the difference materialises immediately after relocation (‘static effect’); it also depends on destination: Oslo is relatively favourable to women, possibly because this region has a quintessential post-industrial structure and a welldeveloped transport system.

• Galster, George & Wessel, Terje (2019). Reproduction of social inequality through housing: a three-generational study from Norway. Social Science Research.  ISSN 0049-089X.  78, s 119- 136 . doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.016 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The means through which socioeconomic status is transmitted across generations has long been of central interest to scholarship on inequality. We explore multi-generational reproduction of socioeconomic status through transmission of housing wealth by investigating how the tenure, size and location of housing occupied by grandparents relates to the tenure and value of housing occupied bytheir grandchildren. Weestimate OLS, tobit andstructural equation models basedon Norwegian register data on three generations of families linked from 1960 to 2015. We find that those whose grandparents owned a large home in Oslo in 1960 had a much higher probability of owning a home in 2014, and among owners their dwellings were valued substantially more, comparedto otherwise similarindividuals whose grandparents were rentersnot living in cities.A natural experiment of housing price deregulation in Oslo indicates that resource transfers, not socialization of housing-related norms, was the dominant mechanism behind this process. Influences on parents' and grandchildren's income and education are substantial mediators. Results document the crucial role played by housing wealth in perpetuating social inequalities across several generations.

• Magnusson Turner, Lena & Wessel, Terje (2019). Housing market filtering in the Oslo region:pro-market housing policies in a Nordic welfare state context. International journal of housing policy.  ISSN 1949-1247.  s 1- 26 . doi: 10.1080/19491247.2018.1540740 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Vacancy chain theory suggests that mobility opportunities spread within and between specific states, typically flowing from attractive to less attractive units, with households moving in the opposite direction. We explore whether such welfare gains apply in a context, the Oslo region, which combines egalitarian welfare programmes and pro-market housing policies. We use merged census and register data from 2011, and include all events that initiate vacancies. Our results show that rental submarkets function poorly. There are many vacancies, but most of them are immediately absorbed by recruits, that is, households who leave no vacancy behind. Opportunities for disadvantaged groups are further reduced by rapid absorption of owner-occupied flats, often because privileged nest-leavers eschew the rental markets. Two related outcomes are segmentation between submarkets and segregation between Oslo Outer East and the remaining city. All of these adverse consequences reflect the costs of current policies, and call for initiatives that increase and improve opportunities in the rental sector.

• Wessel, Terje & Lunke, Erik Bjørnson (2019). Raising children in the inner city: still a mismatch between housing and households?. Housing Studies.  ISSN 0267-3037.  36(1), s 131- 151 . doi: 10.1080/02673037.2019.1686128 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Recent research suggests that inner-city parents have become more loyal to urban living. If this is true, it is certainly good news for compact-city policies, which incorporate residential stability as part of the package. We investigate this issue with empirical evidence from Oslo, using longitudinal data for first-time parents with native and non-native background. Our first analysis tracks two parental cohorts, from 1995 and 2005, over 10 years, and shows that non-native parents have become less stable, whereas native parents have the same stability in both periods. A second observation is that native parents, and only this group, are more stable in areas with spacious dwellings. Finally, we also show that parents who leave the inner city, especially non-natives, increase their representation in low-rise houses. The results as a whole indicate that minority integration and compact-city policies may collide. They also indicate that Oslo, despite green city awards, has failed to create stable inner-city communities. We conclude with policy recommendations.

• Wessel, Terje; Magnusson Turner, Lena & Nordvik, Viggo (2018). Population dynamics and ethnic geographies in Oslo: the impact of migration and natural demographic change on ethnic composition and segregation. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.  ISSN 1566-4910.  33(4), s 789- 805 . doi: 10.1007/s10901-017-9589-7 Full text in Research Archive.
• Wessel, Terje & Nordvik, Viggo (2018). Mixed neighbourhoods and native out-mobility in the Oslo region: the importance of parenthood. Urban Studies.  ISSN 0042-0980. . doi: 10.1177/0042098018768452 Full text in Research Archive.
• Brattbakk, Ingar & Wessel, Terje (2017). Nabolagets effekt: hva er problematisk med geografisk ulikhet?, I: Jørn Ljunggren (red.),  Oslo - ulikhetenes by.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 9788202521615.  16.  s 339 - 358
• Wessel, Terje (2017). Det todelte Oslo - etniske minoriteter I øst og vest, I: Jørn Ljunggren (red.),  Oslo - ulikhetenes by.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 9788202521615.  4.  s 81 - 104
• Wessel, Terje; Andersson, Roger; Kauppinen, Timo & Skifter Andersen, Hans (2017). Spatial Integration of Immigrants in Nordic Cities: The Relevance of Spatial Assimilation Theory in a Welfare State Context. Urban Affairs Review.  ISSN 1078-0874.  53(5), s 812- 842 . doi: 10.1177/1078087416638448
• Wessel, Terje & Barstad, Anders (2016). Urbanisering og urbanisme, I: Ivar Frønes & Lise Kjølsrød (red.),  Det norske samfunn, bind 1..  Gyldendal Akademisk.  ISBN 9788205490208.  3.  s 61 - 86
• Andersen, Hans Skifter; Andersson, Roger; Wessel, Terje & Vilkama, Katja (2015). The impact of housing policies and housing markets on ethnic spatial segregation: comparing the capital cities of four Nordic welfare states. International journal of housing policy.  ISSN 1949-1247. . doi: 10.1080/14616718.2015.1110375
• Wessel, Terje (2015). Economic segregation in Oslo: polarisation as a contingent outcome, In Tiit Tammaru; Sako Musterd; Maarten van Ham & Szymon Marcinczak (ed.),  Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West.  Routledge.  ISBN 9781138794931.  6.  s 132 - 155
• Brattbakk, Ingar & Wessel, Terje (2013). Long-term Neighbourhood Effects on Education, Income and Employment among Adolescents in Oslo. Urban Studies.  ISSN 0042-0980.  50(2), s 391- 406 . doi: 10.1177/0042098012448548
• Turner, Lena Magnusson & Wessel, Terje (2013). Upwards, Outwards and Westwards: Relocation of Ethnic Minority Groups in the Oslo Region. Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography.  ISSN 0435-3684.  95(1), s 1- 16 . doi: 10.1111/geob.12006
• Wessel, Terje (2013). Economic Change and Rising Income Inequality in the Oslo Region: The Importance of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Regional studies.  ISSN 0034-3404.  47(7), s 1082- 1094 . doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.600301
• Wessel, Terje (2011). Living at the edge? Connecting work insecurity and housing risk among service workers in Oslo. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0029-1951.  65(1), s 18- 27 . doi: 10.1080/00291951.2010.549952
• Wessel, Terje (2011). Samfunnsgeografi, I: Eivind Balsvik & Susanna Maria Solli (red.),  Introduksjon til samfunnsvitenskapene; Bind 1.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-01842-3.  Del 1 Samfunnsvitenskapene og deres historie.  s 178 - 193
• Søholt, Susanne & Wessel, Terje (2010). Housing policy and housing market in Norway, I:  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  Contextualising ethnic residential segregation in Norway.  s 135 - 149
• Wessel, Terje (2010). Immigration to Norway, In  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  3.  s 150 - 162
• Wessel, Terje (2010). Migration flows and settlement patterns, In  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  5.  s 176 - 186
• Wessel, Terje (2010). Welfare in Norway, In  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  1.  s 127 - 134
• Wessel, Terje & Søholt, Susanne (2010). Conclusions, In  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  6.  s 186 - 194
• Wessel, Terje & Søholt, Susanne (2010). Housing policy and housing market in Norway, In  Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states.  Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  2.  s 135 - 149
• Wessel, Terje (2009). Does diversity in urban space enhance intergroup contact and tolerance?. Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography.  ISSN 0435-3684.  91B(1), s 5- 17 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0467.2009.00303.x
• Wessel, Terje (2006). Innteksulikhet i Osloregionen - langs gamle spor i den nye økonomien. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning.  ISSN 0040-716X.  47(1), s 3- 32
• Wessel, Terje (2006). Los Angeles-modellen - en postmoderne byutviklingsmodell, I: Stein Ugelvik Larsen (red.),  Teori og metode i geografi.  Fagbokforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-7674-878-9.  6.  s 94 - 112
• Wessel, Terje (2005). Industrial shift, skill mismatch and income inequality: A decomposition analysis of changing distributions in the Oslo region. Urban Studies.  ISSN 0042-0980.  42(9), s 1549- 1568
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Understanding Changes in Urban Income Inequality and Social Divisions: Theories and Evidence in Contemporary Western Cities, In Wayne K.D. Davies & Ivan J. Townshend (ed.),  Monitoring Cities: International Perspectives.  International Geographical Union.  ISBN 0-88953-259-1.  Kapittel.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Fra leie til eie - konvertering av leiegårder i norske storbyer (From renting to owning - conversion of rental property in major Norwegian cities). Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning.  ISSN 0040-716X.  43(3), s 299- 331
• Wessel, Terje (2001). Losing control? Inequality and social divisions in Oslo. European Planning Studies.  ISSN 0965-4313.  9(7), s 889- 906
• Wessel, Terje (2000). Social polarisation and Socioeconomic Segregation in a Welfare State: The Case of Oslo. Urban Studies.  ISSN 0042-0980.  30(11), s 1947- 1967 Show summary

  This paper looks at the competing theses of polarising convergence and policy-related divergence in the study of socio-economic segregation. Using data from Oslo, Norway, it is shown that the level of segregation has remained fairly stable, or even declined, in spite of increasing income inequality. This spatial stabilisation is causally related to a more flexible design in city planning and policy. It is, however, not a development in accordance with the welfare state approach proposed by Chris Hamnett and some other scholars. Rather, we observe a 'perverse' effect where social democracy has been helped by opposition policies. In consequence, the paper suggests to utilise models of action and to identify 'closed' and 'open' processes of change

• Wessel, Terje (1998). Housing and welfare in Norway. Compensation or double deprivation?. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift.  ISSN 0029-1951.  (4), s 209- 219 Show summary

  This article evaluates distributive achievements in the housing sector of Norway. It argues that occupation, education and wage all have weak influence on the distribution of poor housing. Specifically three occupational groups, unskilled workers, skilled workers and clerical officers at the lowest level, enjoy a compensating pattern of housing consumption. On the other hand, there are clear signs of new inequalities related to type of household and immigration background. There are also conspicuous socio-economic inequalities in the major cities. On this ground, a comprehensive housing policy still has legitimate tasks to solve.

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• Andersson, Roger; Dhalmann, Hanna; Holmqvist, Emma; Kauppinen, Timo; Magnusson Turner, Lena; Skifter Andersen, Hans; Søholt, Susanne; Vaatovaara, Mari; Vilkama, Katja; Wessel, Terje & Yousfi, Saara (2010). Immigration, housing and segregation in the Nordic welfare states. Department of geosciences and geography, University of Helsinki, Finland.  ISBN 978-952-10-6769-3.  286 s.

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• Magnusson Turner, Lena & Wessel, Terje (2019). Utfordringer i boligmarkedet, med hovedvekt på situasjonen i Oslo.
• Wessel, Terje (2019, 16. juli). Boligpodden 32.. [Internett].  Boligpodden, NBBL.
• Wessel, Terje (2019). Hvem er vinnerne og taperne i boligmarkedet?.
• Wessel, Terje (2019). Overføring av boligformue mellom besteforeldre og barnebarn.
• Wessel, Terje (2019). Reproduksjon av boligstatus i Norge - et femtiårsperspektiv.
• Wessel, Terje (2019, 23. mai). Står vi vet et veiskille?. [Internett].  Obos' podcast: episode 7.
• Wessel, Terje & Magnusson Turner, Lena (2019). Utfordringer i boligmarkedet: erfaringer fra SOL-prosjektet.
• Turner, Lena Magnusson & Wessel, Terje (2017). Access to housing; who gets what and where? Vacancy chains in the Oslo housing market.
• Turner, Lena Magnusson & Wessel, Terje (2017). Housing market filtering in a welfare state context: vacancy chains and social structure in the Oslo region.
• Wessel, Terje (2017). Segregasjon som utfordring i byutviklingen i Oslo.
• Wessel, Terje (2017). Unequal chances: intergenerational transmission of housing capital in the Oslo area.
• Wessel, Terje (2017). Urbanisering, I: David Christoffer Jordhus-Lier & Kristian Stokke (red.),  Samfunnsgeografi: En innføring.  Cappelen Damm Akademisk.  ISBN 9788202547752.  15.  s 205 - 216
• Wessel, Terje (2015, 30. juni). Rike og fattige flytter fra hverandre I Oslo. [Internett].  forskning.no. Show summary

  Hovedstaden vår blir en mer delt by. Og det er de nest rikeste som nå klumper seg sammen.

• Wessel, Terje (2015, 17. oktober). Segregeringen øker I Oslo.  Dagsavisen.
• Wessel, Terje (2013). Hvilken betydning har nabolaget for barns utvikling og livssjanser?, I:  Oppvekstrapporten 2013.  Barne-ungdoms, og familiedirektoratet.  ISBN 978-82-8286-200-4.  12.  s 247 - 254
• Wessel, Terje (2010). Eierleiligheter - et blikk fra nabolandet. IBF Nyhetsbrev.  (3), s 4- 4
• Wessel, Terje & Brattbakk, Ingar (2009). Segregasjon, oppvekst og livssjanser – hva betyr nabolaget?.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Inequality and social polarisation - explanatory framworks.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Levekår og ulikheter i Oslo.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Levekår, sosiale og flerkulturelle utfordringer.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Nye tider ¿ nytt byliv ¿ nye sosiale utfordringer.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Segregasjon på boligmarkedet - et alvorlig storbyproblem?.
• Wessel, Terje (2002). Segregation - European Trends.
• Wessel, Terje (2000). Boligpolitikk for storbyene.
• Wessel, Terje (2000). Segregasjon og bomiljø.
• Wessel, Terje (2000). Trenger vi en ny boligpolitikk i storbyene?.
• Wessel, Terje (1999). Housing and welfare in Norway.
• Wessel, Terje (1999, 30. august). Forskjellene øker mest i byene. [Radio].  Dagsnytt NRK P1 og P2, Økonominytt NRK P2, NRK "Alltid Nyheter", P4 Nyheter.
• Wessel, Terje (1999). Levekår i Oslo.
• Wessel, Terje (1999). Levekår og ulikheter i norske storbyer. Show summary

  Rapporten beskriver og analyserer endringer i levekår og ulikheter i de fire største byene. Dels presenteres særtrekk ved disse byene i forhold til andre deler av landet, dels indre variasjoner i byene. Et av de viktigste funnene er at inntektsforskjellene i storbyene, særlig i Oslo, har økt mye mer enn i resten av landet. Likevel er det ingen regstrerbar økning i levekårsforskjellene mellom by og land. Segregasjonen internt i byene viser også større stabilitet enn inntektsendringene skulle tilsi, noe som forklares med endringer i den fysiske byutvikling. Mange av resultatene er gjengitt i St.melding nr. 50 1998-99 Utjamningsmeldinga. Om fordeling av inntekt og levekår i Norge.

• Wessel, Terje (1999). Politikken og storbyenes geografi.
• Wessel, Terje (1999). Social polarisation and socio-economic segregation in a welfare state: the case of Oslo. Show summary

  This paper looks at the competing theses of polarising convergence and policy-related divergence in the study of socio-economic segregation. Using data from Oslo, Norway, it is shown that the level of segregation has remained fairly stable, or even declined, in spite of increasing income inequality. This spatial stabilisation is causally related to a more flexible design in city planning and policy. It is, however, not a development in accordance with the welfare state approach proposed by Chris Hamnett and some other scholars. Rather, we observe a 'perverse' effect where social democracy has been helped by opposition policies. In consequence, the paper suggests to utilise models of action and to identify 'closed' and 'open' processes of change.

• Wessel, Terje (1998, 20. august). Boforhold i storbyene. [Radio].  NRK-Østlandssendingen, Fjernsynet.
• Wessel, Terje (1998). Bolig og levekår. En analyse av boforholdsundersøkelsen 1995.
• Wessel, Terje (1997). Boligpolitikk mot segregasjon. Landrapport for Norge. Show summary

  Norsk bidrag i en nordisk rapport om segregasjon i storbyene. Søkelyset rettes særlig mot antisegregarende tiltak.

• Wessel, Terje (1997). Boligsegregasjon. En drøfting av underliggende prosesser. Show summary

  Rapporten drøfter sosio-økonomisk og etnisk segregasjon, med særlig vekt på årsaksforhold.

• Wessel, Terje (1997). Forslag til forskning innenfor programmet "Migrasjon og etniske relasjoner". Show summary

  Et forslag til satsningsområder innenfor IMER-programmet for perioden 1998-2001

• Wessel, Terje & Bjørneboe, Jens (1997). Byfornyelsestilskudd. Evaluering av tilskudd fra Husbanken for 1994-95. Show summary

  Rapporten gir en oversikt over hvordan tilskuddene i byfornyelsen brukes, om tiltakene er fagmessig utført og om man oppnår sentrale målsettinger mht. brukernytte, beboerøkonomi og fornuftig forvaltning.

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