Jens Egeland

• Høiland, Kristoffer; Arnevik, Espen Kristian Ajo & Egeland, Jens (2024). Alcohol use disorder and fitness to drive: Discrepancies between health professionals’ evaluations and objective measures of alcohol use and cognitive functioning. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (NAD). ISSN 1455-0725. doi: 10.1177/14550725231219972.
• Egeland, Jens; Lund, Olaf; Kowalik-Gran, Iwona; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Söderlund, Göran (2023). Effects of auditory white noise stimulation on sustained attention and response time variability. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301771. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: “The moderate brain arousal model” claims that white noise improves attention by optimizing brain arousal. We analyze Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-3 (CCPT-3) performance, expecting to find reduced reaction time variability with noise mediated by decrease under long event-rates and in later parts of the test, indicating that noise reverse fall in phasic and tonic arousal. Methods: Sixty-five children with high or lower ADHD-symptoms from a child psychiatric unit, succeeded to complete the CCPT-3 with and without white noise. Results: Noise reduced overall variability, improved performance in later parts of the test, and reduced response variability under the longest event rate particularly in the high symptoms group. No overall change in omissions and commissions, but the high symptoms group made fewer omissions during noise compared the low symptom group. Discussion: The study indicates an arousal effect of noise but should be replicated with other noise variants and amplitudes to improve effect and compliance.

• Egeland, Jens & Raudeberg, Rune (2023). Patterns of proactive interference in CVLT-II: evidence of a low-organized, disorganized, and highly organized learning style. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. ISSN 1380-3395. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2265615. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous studies have interpreted proactive interference (PI) either as indicating executive dysfunction or a normal process indicating deep level encoding. We investigated these competing models of PI in a large clinical sample using cluster analyses. We expected to find clusters defined by high PI but otherwise characterized by either EF impairment or of good memory performance. Method File records of 731 patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders were analyzed. PI-scores, false positive recognition errors, and semantic organization scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) were subjected to cluster analyses. Clusters were compared regarding buildup and release from PI, memory performance and strategy measures, measures of intelligence, EF, and processing speed. Results The analyses revealed six analyzable clusters. Two clusters showed no buildup of PI and normal release from PI. Discriminability was impaired both in List A and B. Learning acquisition and speeded measures of EF were reduced. One cluster showed both buildup of PI and problems with releasing from PI, and particularly impaired discriminability of List B. Semantic organization was low. Learning consolidation and EF speeded measures were impaired. Two other clusters showed buildup of PI, but no problem with release. Learning was highly organized, and they showed good memory and normal neuropsychological performance. Conclusions Results shows differentiation between a low organized EF dysfunction pattern with no PI, a disorganized PI pattern also indicating EF dysfunction and a highly organized pattern where PI seems to be the price to pay for high effort put into the learning process.

• Waggestad, Therese Händel; Kirsebom, Bjørn-Eivind; Strobel, Carsten; Wallin, Anders; Eckerström, Marie & Fladby, Tormod [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Improving validity of the trail making test with alphabet support. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1227578. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The Trail Making Test (TMT) is commonly used worldwide to evaluate cognitive decline and car driving ability. However, it has received critique for its dependence on the Latin alphabet and thus, the risk of misclassifying some participants. Alphabet support potentially increases test validity by avoiding misclassification of executive dysfunction in participants with dyslexia and those with insufficient automatization of the Latin alphabet. However, Alphabet support might render the test less sensitive to set-shifting, thus compromising the validity of the test. This study compares two versions of the TMT: with and without alphabet support. Methods: We compared the TMT-A, TMT-B, and TMT-B:A ratios in two independent normative samples with (n = 220) and without (n = 64) alphabet support using multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and education. The sample comprised Scandinavians aged 70–84 years. Alphabet support was included by adding the Latin alphabet A–L on top of the page on the TMT-B. We hypothesized that alphabet support would not change the TMT-B:A ratio. Results: After adjusting for age and years of education, there were no significant differences between the two samples in the TMT-A, TMT-B, or the ratio score (TMT-B:A). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the inclusion of alphabet support does not alter TMT’s ability to measure set-shifting in a sample of older Scandinavian adults.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Ueland, Thor; Andersen, Eivind; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Holmen, Tom Langerud [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). The relationship between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurocognitive response to physical exercise in individuals with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. ISSN 0306-4530. 157. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106356. Show summary

  Physical exercise can improve neurocognition in individuals with schizophrenia, presumably by facilitating neuroplasticity. There is, however, large inter-individual variation in response. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed to mediate these effects. The current aim was to investigate the sparsely studied relationship between peripheral resting BDNF and neurocognitive response to physical exercise in individuals with schizophrenia. Method The current study reports secondary analyses of data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT), ClinicalTrials.gov number 02205684, recently reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. Eighty-two individuals with schizophrenia (mean age 37 ± 14 years old, 61% men) were randomly allocated to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or a comparison group performing low-intensity active video gaming (AVG). Both interventions consisted of 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. In previously published primary RCT analyses, HIIT and AVG showed comparable small to moderate improvements in neurocognition. We now address the inter-individual variability in neurocognitive response. We apply mediation and moderation analyses for repeated measures designs (MEMORE) and mixed effects models. Results Baseline neurocognition was not significantly correlated with baseline levels of mature BDNF (baseline-mBDNF) or the precursor proBDNF. Nonetheless, baseline-mBDNF , but not baseline proBDNF, moderated the effect of exercise on neurocognition ( p = 0.025) and explained 7% of the variance. The neurocognitive improvement increased with increasing baseline-mBDNF values. The moderating effect of baseline-mBDNF remained significant in a more complex model adding the moderating effects of exercise mode, sex, age, duration of illness and baseline VO 2 max on the outcome (neurocognition). Mean baseline-mBDNF significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention ( p = 0.036), regardless of exercise mode, differing by sex and associated with improved VO 2 max but not with change in neurocognition. A mediating role of mBDNF on the effect of physical exercise on neurocognition was not supported. Values of proBDNF mainly remained stable from baseline to post-intervention. Conclusion We found that baseline-mBDNF moderated the effect of physical exercise on neurocognition in individuals with schizophrenia and explained a small part of the inter-individual variation in neurocognitive response. Mean mBDNF decreased from baseline to post-intervention, regardless of exercise mode. A mediating role of mBDNF on the effect of exercise on neurocognition was not supported. The inter-individual variation in neurocognitive response and the complex role of peripheral BDNF in physical exercise is still to be elucidated.

• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Engh, John Bjarne Abel; Andersen, Eivind; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens & Falk, Ragnhild Sørum [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Alterations in inflammatory markers after a 12-week exercise program in individuals with schizophrenia—a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1175171. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: In individuals with schizophrenia, inflammation is associated with depression, somatic comorbidity and reduced quality of life. Physical exercise is known to reduce inflammation in other populations, but we have only limited knowledge in the field of schizophrenia. We assessed inflammatory markers in plasma samples from individuals with schizophrenia participating in an exercise intervention randomized controlled trial. We hypothesized that (i) physical exercise would reduce levels of inflammatory markers and (ii) elevated inflammatory status at baseline would be associated with improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) following intervention. Method: Eighty-two individuals with schizophrenia were randomized to a 12-week intervention of either high-intensity interval training (HIIT, n = 43) or active video gaming (AVG, n = 39). Participants were assessed at baseline, post intervention and four months later. The associations between exercise and the inflammatory markers soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), soluble TNF receptor 1 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were estimated using linear mixed effect models for repeated measures. For estimating associations between baseline inflammation and change in CRF, we used linear regression models. Results: Our main findings were (i) TNF and IL-6 increased during the intervention period for both groups. Other inflammatory markers did not change during the exercise intervention period; (ii) baseline inflammatory status did not influence change in CRF during intervention, except for a positive association between baseline IL-6 levels and improvements of CRF to post intervention for both groups. Conclusion: In our study, HIIT and AVG for 12-weeks had no reducing effect on inflammatory markers. Patients with high baseline IL-6 levels had a positive change in CRF during intervention. In order to increase our knowledge regarding association between inflammatory markers and exercise in individuals with schizophrenia, larger studies with more frequent and longer exercise bout duration are warranted.

• Øie, Merete Glenne; Storaas, Tor Amund Voll & Egeland, Jens (2023). Neuropsychological and Symptom Predictors of Diagnostic Persistence in ADHD: A 25-Year Follow-up Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 27(6), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1177/10870547231154903.
• Egeland, Jens; Lund, Olaf & Andreassen, Tor H (2022). Clinical Validation of the WISC-V. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 59(3), p. 198–205. doi: 10.52734/e4t74RZ6. Show summary

  Two-hundred and thirty-six WISC-V protocols from children assessed in the Child Psychiatric Clinic of Vestfold Hospital Trust took part in the study. We analyzed four issues known either to be specifically important or to be problematic in previous Wechsler adaptions. The first issue relates to whether the items on the translated verbal tests show the expected decreasing frequency of correct answers. Second, we check for invariance of the five-factor structure across age and gender groups. Third, we assess whether the new visual span test varies sufficiently from digit span to defend having two span tests. Fourth, we report the Cronbach’s alpha levels in the clinical sample and check for possible verbal items decreasing reliability. The analyses showed small insufficiencies, and thus we conclude that the test also maintains the necessary psychometric capacity in a clinical sample.

• Høiland, Kristoffer & Egeland, Jens (2022). alcohol use disorder. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 59(9), p. 798–808. doi: 10.52734/dX5j39y5. Show summary

  Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is among the three most common mental disorders in Norway. In general, treatment is provided by interdisciplinary specialized substance use disorder clinics. However, a substantial portion of AUD patients do not receive effective treatments, and we need to develop more efficient treatments that are tailored to the patient. This article presents findings from a clinically situated literature search on the significance of patient factors for completion and outcomes of AUD treatment. We found that severity of alcohol dependence, social network, personality disorders and cognitive impairments were significant factors for completion and outcomes in AUD treatment. Demographic factors such as gender and age were of minor importance. This can be useful hands-on knowledge for clinicians working in the field of addiction treatment when providing and adapting treatment to AUD patients.

• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Engh, John; Holst, Rene; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Andersen, Eivind [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). High-intensity interval training may reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia, putatively through improved VO 2 max: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 13, p. 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.921689. Show summary

  High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mental health. The current observer-blinded RCT investigates the sparsely studied efficiency of HIIT in reducing psychotic and non-psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and complements previous studies by investigating whether symptom reduction following HIIT is associated with, putatively partly mediated by, increased VO2max. Methods: Participants (outpatients meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia) were randomized to HIIT (n = 43) or a comparison group performing low-intensity active video gaming (AVG) to control for social interaction (n = 39). Both interventions consisted of two supervised sessions/week for 12 weeks and a 4 months follow-up. Effects on overall symptoms and symptom domains [PANSS (0–6 scale), five-factor model] were estimated using mixed-effects models (intention-to-treat, n = 82). Underlying mechanisms were analyzed using moderated mediation analyses (n = 66). We anticipated that HIIT would reduce overall symptoms, particularly depressive symptoms, more than AVG, and symptom reduction would be associated with, putatively mediated through, improved VO2max. Results: Depressive symptoms (baseline score 3.97, 95% CI: 3.41, 4.52), were −1.03 points more reduced in HIIT than AVG at post-intervention (95% CI: −1.71, −0.35, p = 0.003), corresponding to a small to moderate effect size (d = 0.37) and persisting at follow-up. There was a small reduction in overall symptoms, but no significant between-group differences were observed. Change in VO2max correlated negatively with the change in depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis showed a significant effect of change in VO2max on change in depressive symptoms within HIIT. The total effect was moderated by group, and depressive symptoms were more reduced in HIIT. Direct effects, not mediated through VO2max, were non-significant. Indirect effects, mediated through VO2max, were non-significant, but the moderated mediation test indicated a non-significant trend of 0.4 points (95% CI: −1.188, 0.087) and a larger reduction in depressive symptoms through VO2max in HIIT. Conclusion: HIIT reduced depressive symptoms more than AVG, which persisted at follow-up. HIIT may serve as a complementing treatment option targeting these symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia, even before they reach clinical depression. Depressive symptoms are important to prevent, stabilize, and treat due to their negative implications for psychological wellbeing and long-term functional outcome. Reduction in depressive symptoms was associated with improved VO2max, and non-significant trends in the data supported that improved VO2max may be part of the complex mechanisms underlying the anti-depressive effect of HIIT.

• Wormgoor, Marjon; Indahl, Aage & Egeland, Jens (2022). The impact of comorbid spinal pain in depression on work participation and clinical remission following brief or short psychotherapy. Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial with two-year follow-up. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273216. Show summary

  This explorative study analyses the influence of baseline comorbid long-lasting spinal pain (CSP) on improvement of long term work participation and clinical remission of mental health illness following either brief coping-focussed or short-term psychotherapy for depression. Whether type of treatment modifies outcome with or without CSP is also analysed. Design A secondary post hoc subgroup analysis of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Interventions Brief or standard short psychotherapy. Methods Based on baseline assessment, the sample was subdivided into a subgroup with and a subgroup without CSP. Work participation and clinical remission of depression and anxiety were assessed as treatment outcome at two-year follow-up. Simple and multivariate logistic regression analyses, across the intervention arms, were applied to evaluate the impact of CSP on treatment outcome. Selected baseline variables were considered as potential confounders and included as variates if relevant. The modifying effect of CSP on treatment outcome was evaluated by including intervention modality as an interaction term. Main results Among the 236 participants with depressive symptoms, 83 participants (35%) were identified with CSP. In simple logistic regression analysis, CSP reduced improvements on both work participation and clinical remission rate. In the multivariate analysis however, the impact of CSP on work participation and on clinical remission were not significant after adjusting for confounding variables. Reduction of work participation was mainly explained by the higher age of the CSP participants and the reduced clinical remission by the additional co-occurrence of anxiety symptoms at baseline. The occurrence of CSP at baseline did not modify long term outcome of brief compared to short psychotherapy. Conclusions CSP at baseline reduced work participation and worsened remission of mental health symptoms two-year following psychotherapy. Older age and more severe baseline anxiety are associated to reduced effectiveness. Type of psychotherapy received did not contribute to differences.

• Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Hauger, Solveig Lægreid; Forslund, Marit Vindal & Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Feasibility and Acceptability of a Complex Telerehabilitation Intervention for Pediatric Acquired Brain Injury: The Child in Context Intervention (CICI). Journal of Clinical Medicine. ISSN 2077-0383. 11(9), p. 1–23. doi: 10.3390/jcm11092564. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The current study is a feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial (RCT): the Child in Context Intervention (CICI). The CICI study is an individualized, goal-oriented and home-based intervention conducted mainly through videoconference. It targets children with ongoing challenges (physical, cognitive, behavioral, social and/or psychological) after acquired brain injury (ABI) and their families at least one year post injury. The CICI feasibility study included six children aged 11–16 years with verified ABI-diagnosis, their families and their schools. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of the intervention components, child and parent perceptions of usefulness and relevance of the intervention as well as the assessment protocol through a priori defined criteria. Overall, the families and therapists rated the intervention as feasible and acceptable, including the videoconference treatment delivery. However, the burden of assessment was too high. The SMART-goal approach was rated as useful, and goal attainment was high. The parents’ ratings of acceptability of the intervention were somewhat higher than the children’s. In conclusion, the CICI protocol proved feasible and acceptable to families, schools and therapists. The assessment burden was reduced, and adjustments in primary outcomes were made for the definitive RCT.

• Egeland, Jens; Andreassen, Tor & Lund, Olaf (2021). Factor structure of the new Scandinavian WISC-V version: Support for a five-factor model. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 63(1). doi: 10.1111/sjop.12780. Show summary

  The fifth version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is designed to measure five distinct aspects of intelligence, incorporating a new fluid reasoning index to the four indexes of the previous fourth version. Several factor analyses, however, have failed to support the fifth factor. The Scandinavian version is the only national version not showing clear superiority for the five-factor solution in the Manual. In the present study, we analyze WISC-V protocols from a clinical sample of 237 children tested with the new Scandinavian version. We perform six confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing three hierarchical-, two bifactor-, and one correlated candidate factor models. The study shows that the three-factor model does not fit the data, and that all four- and five-factor models showed good fit. The four-factor bifactor model was somewhat better than the five-bifactor and hierarchical models, but the correlated five-factor model was the superior model. Finding support for five-factors in a clinical sample representative of those most probable to be tested with the test, strengthen the claim that also the Scandinavian version measure a distinct fluid factor as intended by the test owners, and thus that clinicians may use the index scores as their main level of analysis. Review of previous CFAs show that the choice of statistical methods for CFA, bifactor or hierarchical/correlated, influence whether second order factor models are better than g-factor models.

• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Engh, John; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Exploring low grade inflammation by soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels in schizophrenia: a sex-dependent association with depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 21(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03522-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background There is evidence of increased low grade inflammation (LGI) in schizophrenia patients. However, the inter-individual variation is large and the association with demographic, somatic and psychiatric factors remains unclear. Our aim was to explore whether levels of the novel LGI marker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) were associated with clinical factors in schizophrenia and if such associations were sex-dependent. Method In this observational study a total of 187 participants with schizophrenia (108 males, 79 females) underwent physical examination and assessment with clinical interviews (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT)). Blood levels of suPAR, glucose, lipids, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were determined and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used adjusting for confounders, and sex interaction tested in significant variables. Results Adjusting for sex, age, current tobacco smoking and BMI, we found that levels of hsCRP and depressive symptoms (CDSS) were positively associated with levels of suPAR (p < 0.001). The association between suPAR and CDSS score was significant in females (p < 0.001) but not in males. Immune activation measured by hsCRP was not associated with depressive symptoms after adjusting for BMI. Conclusion Our findings indicate that increased suPAR levels are associated with depressive symptoms in females with schizophrenia, suggesting aberrant immune activation in this subgroup. Our results warrant further studies, including longitudinal follow-up of suPAR levels in schizophrenia and experimental studies of mechanisms.

• Egeland, Jens (2021). Following H.N. over 21 years: recency change and reduced retention predict later impairment in memory, and recency ratio may combine both effects. Neurocase. ISSN 1355-4794. 27(2), p. 147–154. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1893339.
• Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Fredriksen, Mats; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Elevated levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a low-grade inflammation marker in schizophrenia: A case-control study. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 228, p. 190–192. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.051.
• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Andersen, Eivind & Mordal, Jon [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). High-intensity interval training and active video gaming improve neurocognition in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. ISSN 0940-1334. 271(2), p. 339–353. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01200-4. Show summary

  There is a need for treatments targeting neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurocognitive effect of aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIIT). A comparison group performed sport simulating active video gaming (AVG). We anticipated that HIIT would improve neurocognition beyond any effect of AVG, due to engagement in higher intensity cardiorespiratory demands. Recent research on the beneficial neurocognitive effect of AVG challenges this expectation but added new relevance to comparing the two interventions. This is an observer-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eighty-two outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were allocated to HIIT (n = 43) or AVG (n = 39). Both groups received two supervised sessions per week for 12 weeks. The attrition rate was 31%, and 65% of the participants were defined as protocol compliant study completers. Intention-to-treat analyses showed significant improvements in the neurocognitive composite score from baseline to post-intervention and from baseline to 4 months follow-up in the total sample. The same pattern of results was found in several subdomains. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no interaction effects of time and group, indicating equal effects in both groups. Separate within-group analysis unexpectedly showed trends of differential effects in the learning domain, as HIIT showed post-intervention improvement in verbal but not visual learning, while AVG showed improvement in visual but not verbal learning. HIIT and AVG improve neurocognition equally, suggesting that both interventions may be applied to target neurocognition in schizophrenia. Future research should investigate trends towards possible differential effects of exercise modes on neurocognitive subdomains

• Andersen, Eivind; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud & Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and body composition in people with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 20, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02827-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Exercise may improve cardiorespiratory fitness in people with schizophrenia, however, possible condition-specific cardiorespiratory disadvantages, a scarcity of methodologically sound studies, and conflicting results raise questions about the effect of exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in this group. The primary aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on VO2max in people with schizophrenia. Second, we sought to determine whether the intervention would have an effect on general physical activity (PA) level and body composition. Methods Eighty-two patients with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to supervised high-intensity interval training or computer gaming skills training, performed twice a week for 12 weeks. Oxygen uptake was measured directly, during a maximum exercise session on a treadmill. PA level were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometer, and body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance using a univariate general linear model. Results There were no significant differences between the groups on any of the cardiorespiratory variables neither at baseline nor after the program. There were also no significant within-group differences in any of the cardiorespiratory fitness variables between the baseline and post-program time points, despite that 61% of the participants performing high-intensity interval training showed a significant increase in workload on the treadmill. However, 47% of the participants in the high-intensity interval training group had a ≥ 5% increase in VO2max. Participants supervised by mental health care providers with PA competence (e.g. rehabilitation center staff, sport scientist, physical trainer) had a much larger increase in VO2max compared to participants supervised by mental health workers without such competence, and when adding PA competence to the model, the intervention group increased VO2max significantly compared to the comparison group. The intervention had no significant effect on PA level or body composition. Conclusions The intervention did not improve VO2max, PA level or body composition but succeeded in increasing workload on the treadmill. With regard to VO2max, approximately half of the patients may be considered responders.

• Egeland, Jens & Follesø, Knut (2020). Offering Alphabet Support in the Trail Making Test: Increasing Validity for Participants With Insufficient Automatization of the Alphabet. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. 29(4), p. 478–485. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1774377. Show summary

  Insufficient automatization of the alphabet may falsely impair performance on the Trail Making Test among persons with dyslexia or persons not accustomed to the Latin alphabet. We analyze whether writing the alphabet on top of the test sheet changes performance in these risk groups, and whether alphabet support reduces the complexity of the set-shifting task.One-hundred and seventy patients referred to neuropsychological assessment participated and were given both a TMT-version offering alphabet support and the D-KEFS TMT. The discrepancy between the D-KEFS subtask where lines are drawn successively between numbers only, and the task where lines are drawn between letters only, was operationalized as measuring insufficient alphabet automatization.Both the possible dyslexia group, and persons taught to read with another alphabet, had a larger discrepancy score than the remaining sample. Regression analyses showed that the discrepancy scores explained 3.4% of the variance beyond age and speed when giving alphabet support. The corresponding percentage for the D-KEFS Switching task was 17.5%. The findings indicate that alphabet support alleviated effects of non-automatization. The TMT-B-NR: TMT-A ratio score was equivalent to what is found when not applying alphabet support, showing that alphabet support did not contaminate the test as a EF-measure.

• Brøndbo, Per Håkan & Egeland, Jens (2019). Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V). PsykTestBarn. ISSN 1893-9910. 9(utg. 1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.21337/0064. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V) ble publisert i USA i 2014 og den norske versjonen kom i 2017. Norsk og internasjonal rettighetshaver er Pearson Assessment. Oversettelsesarbeidet, inkludert kulturell tilpasning, ble gjennomført av Pearson Assessment med hjelp fra klinisk ekspertise i Norge, Danmark og Sverige. WISC-V er en individuelt administrert test av intellektuelle evner hos barn og ungdom i alderen 6:0-16:11 år. Testen består av 15 deltester, ti primære og fem sekundære deltester. Testtiden er beregnet til 45–80 minutter, avhengig av antall deltester og barnets alder. Psykologer og fagpersoner med mastergrad i pedagogikk med fordypning i pedagogisk-psykologisk rådgivning eller spesialpedagogikk fra UiO er kvalifisert til å kjøpe testen. For personer med mastergrad i pedagogikk eller psykologi fra andre læresteder er det et eget sertifiseringsprogram. Søket førte til 1119 norske, respektive 1865 svenske og danske treff. Ingen av treffene var relevante. Manualens skandinaviske normering er det eneste grunnlaget for vurdering av testens psykometriske egenskaper. Normer for aldersgrupper, validitet og reliabilitet, samt gjennomsnittsskårer for barn med lett intellektuell funksjonsnedsettelse og for særlig evnerike barn, ble rapportert i manualen. Normeringsutvalget bestod av 660 barn fra 6:0 til 16:11. Resultatene ble presentert som skalerte skårer fra 1 til 19, med et gjennomsnitt på ti og et standardavvik på tre. Indeksskårer ble konstruert med et gjennomsnitt på 100, et standardavvik på 15 og et skåreintervall på 45–155, respektive 40–160. Reliabilitetskoeffisienter (indre konsistens) på deltestnivå og indeksnivå var fra gode til utmerkede. Goodness-of-fit-analyse i forbindelse med konfirmatorisk faktoranalyse ga CFI 0,97-0,98 og RMSEA 0,05 for valgt femfaktormodell. Mønsteret av interkorrelasjoner mellom deltest, prosesskår og indeks viser store likheter med resultatene fra den amerikanske standardiseringen. Korrigerte rangkorrelasjonene for FSIQ og på indeksnivå mellom WISC-V og WISC-IV er høye (0,67-0,91). Kriterierelatert validitet som predikerer både intellektuell funksjonsnedsettelse og særlige evner var dårligere enn forventet og spesielt for gruppen særlig evnerike barn. Det er behov for mer dokumentasjon av måleegenskapene i en klinisk skandinavisk kontekst. Basert på dokumentasjonen som finnes fremstår WISC-V i hovedsak som et reliabelt instrument for vurdering av evnenivå og kognitiv profil. Foreliggende data er utilstrekkelige til å vurdere hvorvidt WISC-V også er et valid instrument for vurdering av kognitiv profil. Klinisk profiltolkning bør dermed gjøres med forsiktighet.

• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Mordal, Jon; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Ueland, Thor [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition appears neither related to current physical activity nor mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 10:785, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00785. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: We investigated whether levels of current physical activity (PA) contribute to the established relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cognition in schizophrenia and whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or its precursor proBDNF mediates this relationship. Method: Sixty-one outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and nine subtests from the MATRICS battery comprising a neurocognitive composite score (NCS). CRF was assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) measured directly during a maximum exercise test. Current PA levels were objectively assessed by an accelerometer worn for four consecutive days. BDNF and proBDNF were measured in fasting blood. Four serial parallel mediation analyses and two additional parallel mediation analyses were conducted, while controlling for age and sex at all levels. Results: No direct effects were found between PA measures and WAIS or NCS. No significant mediating effects of CRF or BDNF/proBDNF were detected. Conclusion: The results do not support the hypothesis that PA contributes to the naturally occurring relationship between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia or the hypothesis that BDNF or proBDNF mediates this relationship. The results arguably support the assumption that the association between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia is established developmentally early.

• Walderhaug, Eirik Paulsen; Gjestad, Rolf; Egeland, Jens; Havik, Odd E. & Nordgreen, Tine (2019). Relationships between depressive symptoms and panic disorder symptoms during guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for panic disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 73(7). doi: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1646803. Full text in Research Archive
• Wormgoor, Marjon; Indahl, Aage; Andersen, Eivind & Egeland, Jens (2019). Effectiveness of Briefer Coping-Focused Psychotherapy for Common Mental Complaints on Work-Participation and Mental Health: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial with 2-Year Follow-Up. Journal of occupational rehabilitation. ISSN 1053-0487. 30(1), p. 22–39. doi: 10.1007/s10926-019-09841-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose The aim of this study was to assess short and long-term effectiveness of brief coping-focused psychotherapy (Brief-PsT) compared with short-term psychotherapy (Short-PsT) on work-participation (WP) and mental health. Both treatments were preceded by group education. Methods All participants were on, or at risk of, sick leave due to common mental complaints. Patients were selected for inclusion in this study based on levels of self-reported symptoms (‘some’ or ‘seriously affected’) of anxiety and depression. They were randomized to Brief-PsT (n = 141) or Short-PsT with a more extended focus (n = 143). Primary outcome was the transition of WP-state from baseline to 3 months follow-up. In addition, WP at 12 and 24 months follow-up were assessed. The secondary outcome, clinical recovery rate (CR-rate) was obtained from the Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventories, at 2-year follow-up. In addition, self-reported mental health symptom severity, self-efficacy, subjective health complaints and life satisfaction were assessed. Results At 3 months follow-up, the increase in WP was significantly greater in Brief-PsT than in Short-PsT (p = 0.039). At 3 months, 60% in Brief-PsT and 51% in Short-PsT was at work, partial or full. Thereafter, these differences diminished, 84% and 80% were at work at 2-year follow up. The 2-year follow-up of the secondary outcome measurements was completed by 53% in Brief-PsT and 57% in Short PsT. CR-rate was significantly greater in Brief-PsT compared with the Short-PsT (69% vs. 51%, p = 0.024). Furthermore, there was a greater reduction in the number of subjective health complaints in Brief-PsT (4.0 vs. 1.9 p = 0.012). All other measurements favoured Brief-PsT as well, but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Brief coping-focused psychotherapy added to group education for persons with depression or anxiety complaints seemed more effective in enhancing early work participation compared with additional short-term psychotherapy of standard duration with more extended focus. Clinical recovery rate and decline of comorbid subjective health complaints at 2-year follow-up were also in favour of the brief coping-focused program.

• Engh, John; Egeland, Jens; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Holmen, Tom Langerud [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Objectively Assessed Daily Steps—Not Light Intensity Physical Activity, Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time—Is Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00082. Full text in Research Archive
• Fredriksen, Mats; Egeland, Jens; Haavik, Jan & Fasmer, Ole Bernt (2019). Individual Variability in Reaction Time and Prediction of Clinical Response to Methylphenidate in Adult ADHD: A Prospective Open Label Study Using Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 25(5), p. 657–671. doi: 10.1177/1087054719829822. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether reaction time parameters in adult patients with ADHD could predict their response to methylphenidate (MPH). Method: Previously unmedicated patients (N = 123) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II) at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment with immediate-release MPH. In addition to traditional CPT measures, we extracted intraindividual raw data and analyzed time series using linear and nonlinear mathematical models. Results: Clinical responders, assessed with the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale, showed significant normalization of target failures, reduced variability and skewness, and increased complexity of reaction time series after 6 weeks of treatment, while nonresponders showed no significant changes. Prior to treatment, responders had significantly higher variability and skewness, combined with lower complexity, compared with nonresponders. Conclusion: These results show that the CPT test is useful in the evaluation of treatment response to MPH.

• Egeland, Jens (2019). Emotion Perception in Members of Norwegian Mensa. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00027. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Are people with superior intelligence also superior in interpreting the emotions of others? Some studies find that an underlying g-factor links all mental processes leading to an expectation of a positive answer to the question, while other studies find that there is a cost to giftedness. No previous study have tested social cognition among highly gifted, or the Mensa society specifically. The study measures emotion recognition in 63 members of the Norwegian Mensa and 101 community controls. The Mensa group had a higher total score on the EmoBio test and was specifically better at differentiating the anger emotion, otherwise hypothesized to be mediated by subcortical processes. There was no difference in heterogeneity between the groups, contrary to the expectation of an autistic subgroup in Mensa. The study indicate that the positive manifold extends also to social cognition, and runs counter to the concept of a cost to giftedness.

• Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen; Vaskinn, Anja & Engh, John (2019). Body language reading of emotion and outcome in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 24(1), p. 54–64. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2019.1568234. Full text in Research Archive
• Matre, Martin Engen; Løvstad, Marianne; Egeland, Jens; Hessen, Erik & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2018). Historiske røtter, fagets utvikling og veien videre – en samtale mellom pionerer i norsk nevropsykologi. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. 1, p. 4–12.
• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Engh, John; Andersen, Eivind; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Bigseth, Therese Torgersen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Cardio-respiratory fitness is associated with a verbal factor across cognitive domains in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.033. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Objective We investigated whether the relationship between cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) and cognition in schizophrenia is general, or due to selective relationships between CRF and specific aspects of cognitive function. Method Eighty outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version 4 General Ability Index (WAIS GAI), the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Emotion in Biological Motion (EBM) test. CRF was assessed with peak oxygen uptake measured directly during maximum exercise using a modified Balke protocol. Partial correlations, controlling for sex and age, were obtained for the perceptual and the verbal indices of WAIS GAI, six cognitive domains of MCCB, and the EBM total score. A factor analysis was conducted on all 15 subtests of the WAIS GAI and the MCCB, and the factors were subjected to separate regression analyses with CRF as predictor. Results Significant, moderately sized correlations were found between CRF and all cognitive domains except processing speed. The correlation appeared strongest for CRF and the Verbal Comprehension Index of WAIS GAI (r = 0.29, p = .005). The factor analysis identified three factors: one speed/attention/executive function factor, one verbal factor, and one perceptual factor. Regression analyses showed that VO2peak explained a significant amount of variance in the verbal factor only (R2 = 0.06, β = 0.329, p = .03). Conclusion The results indicate that the relationship between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia is selectively tied to a modality-specific association with verbal cognitive abilities. These findings have implications for understanding the relation between cognitive factors and physical health in schizophrenia.

• Skogan, Annette Holth; Ørbeck, Beate; Christiansen, Cathrine; Lande, Hilde Lillian & Egeland, Jens (2018). Updated developmental norms for fine motor functions as measured by finger tapping speed and the Grooved Pegboard Test. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 43(7), p. 551–565. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1495724.
• Ness, Elisabeth; Dahl, Hanne-Sofie Johnsen ; Tallberg, Björn Peter Urban; Amlo, Svein; Høglend, Per Andreas & Thorén, Agnetha [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Assessment of dynamic change in psychotherapy with asdolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (CAPMH). ISSN 1753-2000. 12:39, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13034-018-0246-z.
• Andersen, Eivind; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Bang-Kittilsen, Gry [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Physical activity pattern and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with schizophrenia compared with a population-based sample. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.038. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Thorough description of objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in people with schizophrenia is lacking, and previous studies comparing PA and cardiorespiratory fitness levels with healthy controls are limited by their small sample size and/or poor methodology. Method: PA, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness level were assessed in 67 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia (EPHAPS study) and compared with a population-based sample of 2809 adults (NPASS study). Results: Fifty-five percent of the participants with schizophrenia had the unhealthy combination of not meeting the PA recommendations and sitting >7.5 h per day compared to 32% in the population-based sample. The PA level was especially low on weekday afternoons and evenings and throughout most of the day on weekends. The peak oxygen uptake for EPHAPS women was on average 23% lower than that for NPASS women, while EPHAPS men achieved on average 34% lower oxygen uptake on the exercise test compared with NPASS men. Conclusion: People with schizophrenia are significantly less physically active, more sedentary, and have a poorer cardiorespiratory fitness level compared with the general population. Tailor-made PA interventions for people with schizophrenia should target their PA and sedentary behavior on afternoons and weekends especially.

• Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Engh, John (2018). Category fluency in schizophrenia: opposing effects of negative and positive symptoms? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 23(1), p. 28–42. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1418306.
• Holmen, Tom Langerud; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Eivind; Bigseth, Therese Torgersen & Engh, John (2018). The association between cardio-respiratory fitness and cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. ISSN 0920-9964. 193, p. 418–422. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.015. Show summary

  Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with reduced cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF), and impaired cognition is a core feature of the disorder. Despite their particular significance to schizophrenia disparately, the relationship between these two variables has not yet been thoroughly assessed. In this study we aimed to investigate naturally occurring associations between CRF and all cognitive domains within this patient population. Method: Eighty outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders participated in the study. Neurocognition was assessed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version 4 General Ability Index (WAIS GAI) and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Oxygen uptake was measured directly by analyzing O2 and CO2 content in expired air during a maximum exercise session on a treadmill using a modified Balke protocol. Clinical symptom load was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted, controlling for sex and age, and negative psychotic symptom levels. Results: CRF explained a significant 8.2% and 9.1% of the variance in general intellectual ability and state-sensitive cognitive functioning respectively, beyond the impact of negative psychotic symptom load. Conclusion: The study indicates a direct relation between CRF and cognition in schizophrenia. Impaired cognition is a difficult-to-treat expression of the disorder, and identifying modifiable factors possibly mediating cognition, such as CRF, is of great clinical value.

• Evers, Arne; McCormick, Carina M; Hawley, Leslie R; Muniz, Jose; Balboni, Giulia & Bartram, Dave [Show all 33 contributors for this article] (2017). Testing Practices and Attitudes Toward Tests and Testing: An International Survey. International Journal of Testing. ISSN 1530-5058. 17(2), p. 158–190. doi: 10.1080/15305058.2016.1216434.
• Skule, Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2017). Interventions for Subjects with Depressive Symptoms with or without Unhealthy Alcohol Use: Are There Different Patterns of Change? Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. 8(MAY). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00788.
• Norup, Anne; Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Education, training, and practice among nordic neuropsychologists. Results from a professional practices survey. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. 31, p. 20–41. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1291857.
• Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Norup, Anne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Questionnaire Use Among Nordic Neuropsychologists: Shift From Assessing Personality to Checking Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological Assessments? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. ISSN 0735-7028. 48(4), p. 227–235. doi: 10.1037/pro0000119.
• Skule, Cecilie; Berge, Torkil; Eilertsen, Espen Moen; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara & Egeland, Jens [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Levels of alcohol use and depression severity as predictors of missed therapy sessions in cognitive behavioral psycho-educational group treatment for depression. Addiction Research and Theory. ISSN 1606-6359. 25(1), p. 11–16. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2016.1173683.
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isguith,, Peter K.; Gioia, G; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Distinct Patterns of Everyday Executive Function Problems Distinguish Children With Tourette Syndrome From Children With ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 21(10), p. 811–823. doi: 10.1177/1087054714550336. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The aim is to investigate the everyday executive function (EF) in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), Inattentive or Combined presentations of ADHD (ADHD-I/ADHD-C), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and typically developing children (TDC). Method: Nineteen TS, 33 ADHD-C, 43 ADHD-I, 34 ASD, and 50 TDC participated (8-17 years). Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Results: TS, ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD were rated with significantly more regulation problems on all scales compared with TDC. Considerable overlap of symptoms between clinical groups made differentiation difficult on individual scales. Scale configurations showed children with TS to have more problems with emotional control (EC) than cognitive flexibility in relation to children with ASD, more problems with EC than inhibitory control in relation to ADHD-C, and more problems with EC than planning/organizing in relation to ADHD-I. Conclusion: Paired BRIEF scales dissociated EF problems in children with TS from children with ADHD-C, ADHD-I, or ASD. Clinical relevance is discussed.

• Egeland, Jens; Løvstad, Marianne; Norup, Anne; Nybo, Taina; Persson, Bengt A. & Rivera, Diego Fernando [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Following international trends while subject to past traditions: neuropsychological test use in the Nordic countries. The Clinical Neuropsychologist. ISSN 1385-4046. 30, p. 1479–1500. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1237675.
• Skogan, Annette Holth; Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig; Baumgartner, Nina; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe; Ørbeck, Beate & Aase, Heidi [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Eksekutiv funksjon i tidlig førskolealder-funn fra den norske ADHD-studien. Nevropsykologi : Medlemsblad for Norsk Nevropsykologisk Forening. ISSN 1500-8347. 18(1), p. 4–13.
• Holth Skogan, Annette; Egeland, Jens; Zeiner, Pål; Øvergaard, Kristin Romvig; Ørbeck, Beate & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Factor structure of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF-P) at age three years. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 22(4), p. 472–492. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2014.992401. Show summary

  The preschool period is an important developmental period for the emergence of cognitive self-regulatory skills or executive functions (EF). To date, evidence regarding the structure of EF in preschool children has supported both unitary and multicomponentmodels. The aimof the present study was to test the factor structure of early EF as measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version (BRIEF-P). BRIEF-P consists of five subscales and three broader indexes, hypothesized to tap into different subcomponents of EF. Parent ratings of EF from a nonreferred sample of children recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (N = 1134; age range 37–47 months) were subjected to confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Three theoretically derived models were assessed; the secondorder three-factor model originally proposed by the BRIEF-P authors, a “true” first-order one-factor model and a second-order one-factor model. CFA fit statistics supported the original three-factor solution. However, the difference in fit was marginal between this model and the second-order one-factor model. A follow-up exploratory factor analysis (EFA) supported the existence of several factors underlying EF in early preschool years, with a considerable overlap with the five BRIEF-P subscales. Our results suggest that some differentiation in EF has taken place at age 3 years, which is reflected in behavior ratings. The internal consistency of the BRIEF-P five clinical subscales is supported. Subscale interrelations may, however, differ at this age from those observed in the preschool group as a whole. Keywords: Executive function; BRIEF-P; Preschool; Factor analysis; Development.

• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Personality Disorder and Changes in Affect Consciousness: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study of Patients with Avoidant and Borderline Personality Disorder. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145625.
• Engh, John; Andersen, Eivind; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Mordal, Jon & Morken, Gunnar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise on psychotic symptoms and neurocognition in outpatients with schizophrenia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. ISSN 1745-6215. 16(557). doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-1094-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Eikenæs, Ingeborg Helene; Egeland, Jens; Hummelen, Benjamin & Wilberg, Theresa (2015). Avoidant personality disorder versus social phobia: The significance of childhood neglect. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122846.
• Egeland, Jens (2015). Measuring Working Memory With Digit Span and the Letter-Number Sequencing Subtests From the WAIS-IV: Too Low Manipulation Load and Risk for Underestimating Modality Effects. Applied neuropsychology: Adult. ISSN 2327-9095. 22(6), p. 445–451. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2014.992069.
• Skogen, Annette; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe; Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted & Aase, Heidi (2015). Parent ratings of executive function in young preschool children with symptoms of attention-deficit/-hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions. ISSN 1744-9081. 11. doi: 10.1186/s12993-015-0060-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Annette Skogen heter egentlig Annette Skogan men hun er feilregistrert i navne databasen og den er vanskelig å endre i cristin når en person er registrert med P-nummer. 15.02.16 Ørjan Berg Anne-Margrethe Urnes er det fulle navnet til Anne-Grethe Urnes. Får ikke endret navn. 17.02.16 Ingvild Follestad

• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Associations among symptoms of autism, symptoms of depression and executive functions in children with High-Functioning Autism; a two year follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. ISSN 0162-3257. 45(8), p. 2497–2507. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2415-8.
• Solli, Hans Magnus; Barbosa da Silva, Antonio & Egeland, Jens (2015). Usefulness of an ability-based health model in work ability assessments provided by psychiatrists and psychology specialists writing social security certificates. Disability and Rehabilitation. ISSN 0963-8288. 37(7), p. 571–578. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.935491.
• Andersen, Per Normann; Skogli, Erik Winther; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Geurts, Hilde; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2015). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Results from a 2-year longitudinal study. Autism. ISSN 1362-3613. 19(4), p. 443–450. doi: 10.1177/1362361314524844. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to analyse the development of verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. A total of 34 children with high-functioning autism, 72 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 45 typically developing children (age 9–16 years) were included at baseline and followed up approximately 25 months later. The children were given a letter/number sequencing task to assess verbal working memory. The performance of children with high-functioning autism on verbal working memory did not improve after 2 years, while improvement was observed in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. The results indicate a different developmental trajectory for verbal working memory in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typically developing children. More research is needed to construct a developmental framework more suitable for children with autism spectrum disorder.

• Egeland, Jens (2014). Klinisk utprøving av WAIS-IV : bleddanalyser, stopp-kriterier og arbeidsminnemåling. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 51(11), p. 911–919.
• Egeland, Jens; Andersson, Stein; Sundseth, Øyvind Østberg & Schanke, Anne-Kristine (2014). Types or Modes of Malingering? A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Performance and Symptom Validity Tests. Applied Neuropsychology. ISSN 0908-4282. Oct 2, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2014.910212.
• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Egeland, Jens; Øygarden, Bjørg; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Løvdahl, Hans & Pripp, Are Hugo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Differentiating between comorbidity and symptom overlap in ADHD and early onset bipolar disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology. ISSN 8756-5641. 39(4), p. 249–261. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2014.886692.
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin; Skogen, Annette & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Does IQ influence Associations between ADHD Symptoms and other Cognitive Functions in young Preschoolers? Behavioral and Brain Functions. ISSN 1744-9081. 10(1). doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-16. Full text in Research Archive
• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Ulleberg, Pål; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2014). Alcohol use is not directly related to the perceived control of depressive symptoms in patients with depressive symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry. ISSN 1664-0640. 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00031.
• Skule, Anne Cecilie; Ulleberg, Pål; Lending, Hilde Dallavara; Berge, Torkil; Egeland, Jens & Brennen, Tim [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Depressive Symptoms in People with and without Alcohol Abuse: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Across Groups. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 9(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088321. Show summary

  This study explored differences in the factor structure of depressive symptoms in patients with and without alcohol abuse, and differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between the two groups. In a sample of 358 patients without alcohol problems and 167 patients with comorbid alcohol problems, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the same factor structures, Beck et al.’s two-factor Somatic Affective-Cognitive (SA-C) model, and Buckley et al.’s three-factor Cognitive-Affective- Somatic (C-A-S) model, demonstrated the best fit to the data in both groups. The SA-C model was preferred due to its more parsimonious nature. Evidence for strict measurement invariance across the two groups for the SA-C model was found. MIMIC (multiple-indicator-multiple-cause) modeling showed that the level of depressive symptoms was found to be highest on both factors in the group with comorbid alcohol problems. The magnitude of the differences in latent mean scores suggested a moderate difference in the level of depressive symptoms between the two groups. It is argued that patients with comorbid depression and alcohol abuse should be offered parallel and adequate treatment for both conditions.

• Skogen, Annette; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Baumgartner, Nina Marit; Urnes, Anne-Margrethe & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Inhibition and working memory in young preschool children with symptoms of ADHD and/or oppositional-defiant disorder. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 20(5), p. 607–624. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2013.838213.
• Skogli, Erik Winther; Egeland, Jens; Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Few differences in hot and cold executive functions in children and adolescents with combined and inattentive subtypes of ADHD. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 20(1), p. 38–48. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.753998.
• Andersen, Per Normann; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Learning and memory impairments in children and adolescents with attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities. ISSN 0022-2194. 46(5), p. 453–460. doi: 10.1177/0022219412437040.
• Normann, Eivind; Johansen, Merete Selsbakk; Normann-Eide, Tone; Egeland, Jens & Wilberg, Theresa (2013). Is low affect consciousness related to the severity of psychopathology? A cross-sectional study of patients with avoidant and borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. ISSN 0010-440X. 54(2), p. 149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.003.
• Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Eadie, Patricia; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Language delay in 3-year-old children with ADHD symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 20(10), p. 867–878. doi: 10.1177/1087054713497253.
• Aarlien, Anne-Kristine; Saunes, Brit & Egeland, Jens (2013). Arbeidsminnetrening - overføringseffekt til matematikk og leseferdigheter for barn med ADHD. Spesialpedagogikk. ISSN 0332-8457. p. 40–54.
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Saunes, Brit ; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Egeland, Jens (2013). RCT of working memory training in ADHD: long-term near-transfer effects. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 8(12:80561). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080561.
• Egeland, Jens; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Saunes, Brit (2013). Few Effects of Far Transfer of Working Memory Training in ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 8(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075660.
• Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Eadie, Patricia; Egeland, Jens; Gustavson, Kristin Brun & Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Language Delay in 3-Year-Old Children With ADHD Symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. doi: 10.1177/1087054713497253.
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Symptoms of ADHD in children with high-functioning autism are related to impaired verbal working memory and verbal delayed recall. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 8(5:e64842). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064842.
• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Øygarden, Bjørg; Egeland, Jens; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik; Løvdahl, Hans & Pripp, Are Hugo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Executive deficits in early onset bipolar disorder versus ADHD : Impact of processing speed and lifetime psychosis. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. ISSN 1359-1045. doi: 10.1177/1359104512455181.
• Udal, Anne Beate Helseth; Øygarden, Bjørg; Egeland, Jens; Malt, Ulrik Fredrik & Grøholt, Berit (2012). Memory in early onset bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: similarities and differences. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. ISSN 0091-0627. 40(7), p. 1179–1192. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9631-x.
• Vaskinn, Anja & Egeland, Jens (2012). Testbruksundersøkelsen: En oversikt over tester brukt av norske psykologer. (An overview of tests used by Norwegian psychologists). Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 49(7), p. 658 –665.
• Egeland, Jens (2012). Cutting corners: Neuropsychological Research into the Energetics of ADHD. In Norvilitis, Jill M. (Eds.), Contemporary Trends in ADHD research. IntechOpen. ISSN 978-953-307-858-8. p. 69–84. doi: 10.5772/30006.
• Sjåstad, Hege Nordem; Gråwe, Rolf W. & Egeland, Jens (2012). Affective Disorders among Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 7(12). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050930.
• Evers, Arne; Muniz, Jose; Bartram, Dave; Boben, Duscia; Egeland, Jens & Fernandez-Hermida, José R. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2012). Testing practices in the 21st century: Developments and European psychologists' opinions. European Psychologist. ISSN 1016-9040. 17(4), p. 300–19. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000102.
• Egeland, Jens & Landrø, Nils Inge (2011). Hukommelsesforstyrrelser ved schizofreni. In Rund, Bjørn Rishovd (Eds.), Schizofreni. Hertervig Akademisk. ISSN 9788282170222. p. 118–135.
• Fallmyr, Øyvind & Egeland, Jens (2011). Psykometriske egenskaper for den norske versjonen av Behavior Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) :. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 48(4), p. 339–343.
• Egeland, Jens; Johansen, Susanne Nordby & Ueland, Toril (2011). Central processing energetic factors mediate impaired motor control in ADHD combined subtype but not in ADHD inattentive subtype. Journal of Learning Disabilities. ISSN 0022-2194. 45(4), p. 361–370. doi: 10.1177/0022219411407922. Show summary

  Subjects with ADHD are often impaired in visuo-motor tasks. However, little is known about the contribution of modal impairment in motor function relative to central processing deficits or whether different processes underlie the impairment in ADHD combined (ADHD-C) versus ADHD inattentive (ADHD-I) subtype. The present study analyzes performance on the Visual Motor Integration test relative to less effortful motor tests as well as on measures of Energetics. Results: Both ADHD groups showed evidence of impaired motor function on both VMI and the less effortful motor tests. The ADHD-C group performed below the ADHD-I group on VMI, but their performance correlated highly with the measures of the Energetic pools of Arousal and Effort. Conclusion: Different mechanisms may underlie impaired fine motor skills in ADHD. Central processing deficits contribute significantly to the deficit of ADHD-C but do not explain the motor impairment in ADHD-I.

• Egeland, Jens & Kowalik-Gran, Iwona (2010). Measuring several aspects of attention in one test: The factorstructure of Conner' continuous Performance Test. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 13, p. 339–347.
• Egeland, Jens & Kowalik-Gran, Iwona (2010). Validity of the factor structure of Conners' CPT. Journal of Attention Disorders. ISSN 1087-0547. 13, p. 347–357.
• Egeland, Jens (2010). Frequency of attention deficit in first episode schizophrenia compared to ADHD. Applied Neuropsychology. ISSN 0908-4282. 17, p. 125–134.
• Egeland, Jens; Johansen, Susanne Nordby & Ueland, Toril (2010). Do low effort learning strategies mediate impaired memory in ADHD? Journal of Learning Disabilities. ISSN 0022-2194. 43.
• Egeland, Jens & Fallmyr, Øyvind (2010). • Egeland, J. & Fallmyr, Ø. (2010). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF): Support for a distinction between Emotional and Behavioral Regulation. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal of Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. ISSN 0929-7049. 16, p. 326–337.
• Egeland, Jens & Ueland, Toril (2010). Schizofreni. In Hestad, Knut & Egeland, Jens (Ed.), Klinisk nevropsykologi. Undersøkelse av voksne pasienter. Tapir Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 9788251924672. p. 231–246.

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• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen; Egeland, Jens & Wade, Shari L. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Families´self-reported challenges in daily life in the chronic stage of pediatric brain injury.
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Laberg Holthe, Ingvil; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Strand-Saugnes, Anine; Røe, Cecilie & Wade, Shari L. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). The Child in Context Intervention (CICI) Study: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Goal-Oriented and Individualized Rehabilitation for Children With Chronic Acquired Brain Injury.
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Røe, Cecilie; Egeland, Jens & Borgen, Ida Maria Henriksen [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2022). Rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury in the Child in Context Intervention (CICI) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. ISSN 1745-6215. 23. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06048-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Holthe, Ingvil Laberg; Svendsen, Edel Jannecke; Strand-Saugnes, Anine; Røe, Cecilie & Wade, Shari L. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). The Child in Context Intervention (CICI) Study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a goal oriented and individualized rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury.
• Bang-Kittilsen, Gry; Egeland, Jens; Holmen, Tom Langerud; Andersen, Eivind; Ulleberg, Pål & Bigseth, Therese Torgersen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Shared and differential neurocognitive effects comparing high-intensity interval training and active video-gaming in schizophrenia - results from an rct. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 46, p. S9–S9.
• Egeland, Jens (2019). Response: Commentary: Emotion Perception in Members of Norwegian Mensa. Frontiers in Psychology. ISSN 1664-1078. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02337. Show summary

  Reply by the current author to the comments made by A. Vaskinn (see record 2019-31702-001) on the original article (see record 2019-06987-001). My colleague Vaskinn published recently a commentary on my study on Emotion Perception in Norwegian Mensa. My study is the first to actually test social cognition in Mensa Members, although self-ratings have been published previously. Vaskinn questions the validity of the finding that Mensa members score superior to community controls on the EmoBio test of emotion recognition. Her point is important, and that is why all research has to be replicated with new community samples as well as new experimental groups. There are, however, two possible reasons for the difference in scores. The first is related to the distribution of age in her study compared to the Mensa study. The community sample in the Mensa study was graduate students from a local high school and employees in a national governmental agency. There were no exclusion criteria. They were tested in a group session, everyone was given a scoring sheet and a pen. The testing was incorporated in a guest lecture on psychology in the High School and on social abilities in the governmental agency.

• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina; Zeiner, Pål; Egeland, Jens; Skogan, Annette Holth; Zahl, Per-Henrik & Urnes, Anne-Grethe [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Gender differences in associations between expressive language skills, verbal IQ, and ADHD symptoms in young preschoolers.
• Hovik, Kjell Tore; Egeland, Jens; Isquith, Peter; Gioia, Gerard; Skogli, Erik Winther & Andersen, Per Normann [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Distinct Patterns of Executive Dysregulation Distinguish Children with Tourette’s from Children with ADHD or Autism Spectrum Disorders .
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther; Geurts, hilde; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2013). Working memory arrest in children with high-functioning autism compared to children with ADHD; Results from a two-year longitudinal study.
• Solli, Hans Magnus; Barbosa da Silva, Antonio & Egeland, Jens (2013). The need for a holistic model of functioning in WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF.
• Egeland, Jens; Aarlien, Anne-Kristine & Saunes, Brit (2012). Both sides now: Transfer effect of Working Memory Training. Show summary

  Studies have shown that children with ADHD profit from Working Memory training, although few studies have investigated transfer effects comprehensively. The present study analyzes transfer both to other neuropsychological domains, academic performance and daily life functioning at home and school. Seventy-two children with ADHD were randomized into a control group or a training group completing Cogmed’s RoboMemo program. They were assessed pre-training, immediately after and eight months later with a battery of neuropsychological tests, measures of mathematical and reading skills as well as rating scales filled out by parents and teachers. There were significant training effects in psychomotor speed, and to one of several measures of controlled attention but no effect on memory. Reading and mathematics were improved. Inattention-ratings at home were differentially reduced in the training group, but more detailed mapping of executive function by BRIEF, did not show improvement. There was no improvement in teacher ratings. Generally, improvements attained immediately post training also remained eight months later. The study is the most comprehensive study of transfer effects to date, and with mixed results compared to previous research. More research is needed as to how improve the training program and regarding conditions and thresholds for successful training.

• Aarlien, Anne-Kristine; Saunes, Brit & Egeland, Jens (2012). Working memory training: Transfer effects to math and reading abilities for ADHD preadolescents (10-12 years).
• Egeland, Jens; Saunes, Brit & Aarlien, Anne-Kristine (2012). Successful Working Memory Training: Initially inattentive but not hyperactive, or merely regressing to the mean?
• Andersen, Per Normann; Hovik, Kjell Tore; Skogli, Erik Winther; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2012). Stronger association between working memory and learning in Aspergers syndromet han in ADHD.
• Holth-Skogan, Annette; Aase, Heidi; Zeiner, Pål; Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina Marit; Egeland, Jens & Urnes, Anne-Grethe (2011). Working memory and ADHD symptoms in young preschool children.
• Rohrer-Baumgartner, Nina Marit; Aase, Heidi; Zeiner, Pål; Holth-Skogan, Annette; Egeland, Jens & Urnes, Anne-Grethe (2011). Language Skills, ADHD Symptoms and other Psychiatric Symptoms in Preschool Children.
• Andersen, Per Normann; Egeland, Jens & Øie, Merete Glenne (2011). Learning and memory impairment exceeding the effect of IQ in Children and Adolescents with ADHD.
• Baumgartner, Nina; Aase, Heidi & Egeland, Jens (2015). Neurocognitive functions and ADHD symptoms in young preschoolers, with a particular focus on language skills. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 1504-3991.

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